Nkauj kho siab tshaj plaws

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Qab txhua lub tsev yog tus kws kos duab. Qhov no tsis tshua nco qab txawm tias thaum mus xyuas cov tsev nto moo rau lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj lossis originality. Lub caij no, cov kws tsim qauv zoo nkauj cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai tsis muaj tsawg dua li cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws kos duab. Lawv nqus cov tswv yim uas nyob hauv huab cua thiab muab cov khoom siv rau lawv. Cov vaj tsev uas muaj kev cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm, nws lub siab xav thiab lub tswv yim tseem ceeb dhau los ua tus tswv. Cov neeg uas muab lawv rau lub ntiaj teb no yuav tham hauv qab no.

Inspirer of Geniuses

Cov kws tsim vaj tsev nto moo tshaj plaws yav dhau los tsis txawj tuag lawv lub npe, tsim cov tsev zoo nkauj, nto moo rau lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab ntau pua xyoo tom qab. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Giotto di Bondone. Tus neeg pleev kob Italian thiab tus kws kos duab yug hauv 1267. Nws tau los ua tus tsim kho tshiab hauv kev kos duab kos duab, tsim lub hauv paus rau Italian tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting. Frescoes thiab icons los ntawm Giotto tau qhuas los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci thiab Michelangelo.

Qee zaum nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev sau ntawv ntawm Arena Chapel hauv Padua, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo nrog qhov no. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias Giotto tsim cov frescoes uas dai lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub ntsiab architectural creation ntawm tus tswv yog lub tswb pej thuam ntawm Santa Maria del Fiore, lub Cathedral ntawm Florence. Giotto tsis nyob kom pom kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho - hauv 1337, thaum nws tuag, tsuas yogthawj theem ntawm tus qauv.

tus neeg xav zoo

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) feem ntau yog cov npe ntawm "Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm Ntiaj Teb". Tus nto moo Italian yog sculptor, thinker, painter thiab poet. Ntawm nws architectural creations yog lub Medici Chapel, Laurentian Library, lub facade ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Lorenzo. Raws li nws txoj haujlwm, Roman Palace ntawm Senators thiab Palace ntawm Conservatives tau tsim tsa. Hauv kev tsim ntawm cov tsev no, Michelangelo tau siv qhov kev txiav txim siab loj, uas tom qab ntawd dhau los ua zam nrog nws txhais tes. Tus kws kes duab vajtse kuj tau ua haujlwm rau txoj kev npaj ntawm lub npe nrov St. Peter's Basilica hauv Rome. Niaj hnub no, Michelangelo tau raug hu ua ib tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej.

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

Ntaus Italian kws kes duab vajtse tsis xaus rau ntawd. Michelangelo tus successor yog Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug architect, tab sis kuj yog ib tug sculptor thiab painting. Bernini tau paub qhov txawv ntawm nws lub peev xwm los ua ke tag nrho peb hom kev kos duab, tsim ib qho chaw pom. Ua ke nrog Francesco Borromini thiab Pietro da Cortona, nws tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Baroque architecture.

Ib qho tseem ceeb tsim ntawm Bernini - qhov project ntawm St. Peter's Square. Lub colonnade nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub npe nrov Cathedral kuj yog lub hlwb ntawm ib tug kws kes duab vajtse. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv secular thiab kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse. Thaum tsim cov tom kawg, Bernini feem ntau siv cov teeb pom kev zais zais los txhim kho qhov kev xav tau los ntawm kev pabcuam. Nws kuj yog tus sau ntawm ntau qhov chaw Roman, tsis muaj qhov nyuaj niaj hnub noxav txog lub nroog nyob mus ib txhis.

Palladian los ntawm Adas dynasty

Tam sim no tsiv mus rau Scotland ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Ntawm no, xyoo 1728, Robert Adam, yog ib tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm British classicism, tau yug los. Nws tau koom nrog Palladian dynasty, cov neeg ntawm cov classicism thaum ntxov hauv architecture. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov style yog nruj symmetry thiab siv cov canons uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Antiquity.

Txoj kev tsim ntawm Adas muaj cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb uas paub tau. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lightness thiab elegance, nquag tsos ntawm neo-Gothic ntsiab. Tus kws tsim qauv tsim lub hauv paus rau lub npe hu ua Adas style. Nws paub yuav ua li cas muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm classicism nrog qhov yooj yim, zoo li nws tau nyob hauv cov kev tsim thaum ub tau ntev thiab paub tias nws cov neeg tsim xav li cas.

Hnub no, tsuas yog ob peb ntawm Adas cov txuj ci tsim vaj tse tau muaj sia nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv qub. Ntawm lawv yog lub tsev ntiag tug Kedleston Hall nyob ze lub nroog Derby. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tus kws kes duab vajtse ua haujlwm feem ntau hauv Edinburgh. Raws li nws txoj haujlwm, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim tsa hauv lub nroog no.

Ntaus architects ntawm Russia

Thiab hauv peb lub tebchaws ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm Vasily Bazhenov ua haujlwm. Ib tug kws kho vaj tse, kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws kos duab, nws nyiam classicism thiab tso lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab pseudo-Gothic. Bazhenov tau tsim ntau lub tsev zoo nkauj hauv Moscow thiab St. Ib lub tsev nto moo tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog niaj hnub - lub tsev Pashkov - tau ua raws li nws tus qauv tsim. Bazhenov cov kev tsim tawm tsis tshua muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.

Thiab thawjDomenico Trezzini los ua tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm St. Nws ua pa cua tshiab rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture, coj European kab lis kev cai nrog nws. Trezzini yog tus sau ntawm ntau lub tsev uas tsim cov tsos ntawm St. Petersburg paub rau peb. Cov no suav nrog Lub Caij Ntuj Sov ntawm Peter the Great, Peter thiab Paul Cathedral, lub tsev ntawm Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj, uas niaj hnub no tsev kawm ntawv qib siab.

nto moo Lavxias teb sab architects Nikolai Alexandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mikhail Grigoryevich Zemtsov thiab lwm tus neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv txawv xyoo. Qhov kawg ntawm cov npe yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Trezzini. Zemtsov tau los ua thawj tus kws kos duab Lavxias ntawm Lub Nroog ntawm Neva. Ntawm nws cov creation nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov baroque style yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Simeon thiab Anna, lub Golden Roob Cascade nyob rau hauv lub Lower Park ntawm Peterhof, tus tsim ntawm lub Anichkov Palace thiab lub Transfiguration Cathedral kiag li rebuilt tom qab hluav taws.

Soviet architects

Ntau tus kws kos duab tseem ceeb ua haujlwm hauv USSR. Cov rationalists coj los ntawm Nikolai Ladovsky, uas nrhiav kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, tau hloov los ntawm constructivists uas xav txog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb dua li kev zoo nkauj. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm tom kawg yog cov kwv tij Vesin. Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin, uas yog tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub peev los ntawm lub 60s mus rau thaum ntxov 80s, tshuav ib tug tseem ceeb cim ntawm lub tsos ntawm Moscow. Ua tsaug rau nws, Palace ntawm Congresses, lub tsev CMEA, Olimpiysky kev ua si complex, thiab thiaj li nyob rau hauv lub nroog.

pib ntawm style

Lub tsev ntawm cov kws kos duab nto moomodernity txawv ntawm cov creation ntawm yav dhau los los ntawm eclecticism. Yog hais tias cov style ntawm lub nraub qaum meters ntawm Renaissance los yog Hnub Nyoog Tshiab yog qhov yooj yim los txiav txim siab, ces niaj hnub no cov tsev feem ntau muab cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, eclecticism tsis tau yug los ntawm kos: nws nqus cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv, feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem.

Ib qho kev nyiam tshaj plaws hauv architecture niaj hnub no yog high-tech. Norman Foster (b. 1935) thiab nws "Bureau of Four" feem ntau raug suav hais tias yog cov tho kev ntawm cov qauv. Nws tsim lub tshav dav hlau hauv Hong Kong, Millennium Choj thiab Mary Ax skyscraper hauv London. Thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tom kawg, lub thiaj li hu ua mesh plhaub, tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853-1939), uas Foster, los ntawm nws tus kheej nkag, xam nws tus mlom. Shukhov tsim thawj cov kav dej thiab cov roj refineries hauv peb lub tebchaws. Cov hlau mesh plhaub nws tau siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev tom qab qee lub sijhawm dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg sawv cev high-tech. Foster lub chaw ua haujlwm tau tsim cov tsev hauv tebchaws Russia: kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm New Holland Island, Moscow City International Business Center tab tom tsim kho.

Kev sib haum xeeb nrog xwm

Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau high-tech, glorifying qhov zoo ntawm kev kawm txuj ci, bio-tech style qhia tsim cov tsev uas tsis sib cav nrog xwm, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus. Ntau tus kws kos duab nto moo ntawm peb lub sijhawm them tribute rau lub tswv yim no. Antonio Gaudí (1852-1926) yog suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm style. Feem ntau ntawm cov creationsnto moo Spanish architect nyob rau hauv Barcelona. Nws tej hauj lwm - lub Palace ntawm Güell, lub tsev ntawm Mila, lub tsev ntawm Batllo - yuav tsis to taub dab tsi. Lawv zoo li tseem ciaj sia thiab txav mus los. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshoov siab rau tus tswv yog qhov xwm txheej. Li no qhov tshwj xeeb fluidity ntawm lub tsev, tsis muaj cov kab ncaj nraim, cov duab txawv txawv thiab cov duab. Sagrada Familia, uas zoo li lub tsev fuabtais xuab zeb, tseem tab tom ua raws li nws txoj haujlwm.

Kev xav rau kev sib koom siab nrog xwm txheej yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas qhia txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws kos duab nto moo uas suav tias yog cov thwjtim ntawm Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Nws raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws architecture. Wright tsim lub tswvyim ntawm "organic architecture". Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev xav yog kev ncaj ncees thiab kev sib koom ua ke nrog xwm. Cov tuam tsev tsim los ntawm Wright yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj, uas muaj cov phiaj xwm qhib, siv cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, tsim qauv qiv los ntawm cov tuam tsev Japanese thaum ub.

modernism thiab functionalism

Tsis muaj tus lej tseem ceeb yog Le Corbusier (1887-1965). Cov creations thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm Fabkis tus kws kes duab vajtse muab lub ntiaj teb no lub architecture ntawm modernism thiab functionalism. Cov tsev tsim los ntawm Le Corbusier tsis yooj yim rau kev lees paub. Lawv txawv los ntawm peb-dimensional blocks tsa saum toj no hauv av, tiaj tus ru tsev- terraces, pom facades, thiaj li hu ua dawb daim ntawv. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv no tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm niaj hnub architecture.

Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua tus kws kos duab nto moo tau teev tseg saum toj no. Zaj dab neeg tuaj yeem mus ntev heev.thiab cov npe tau hloov kho tas li. Cov kws tsim qauv zoo nkauj ntawm lub sijhawm uas peb nyob feem ntau qhia rau peb txog kev tsim cov tswv ntawm xyoo dhau los, tsis nco qab lawm.