Zenon Kosidovsky, "Vajtswv Txojlus"

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lub npe ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Polish Zenon Kosidovsky paub txog nws cov haujlwm kev tshawb fawb nrov, cov phau ntawv keeb kwm txog kev vam meej thaum ub thiab kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub socialist bloc, lawv raug muag nyob rau hauv ntau lab luam. Nws tej hauj lwm muaj txhua yam kom Kosidovsky yog ib tug pioneers ntawm nrov-keeb kwm sau ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm ancient sij hawm: zoo heev storytelling, cus ciav, cov yeeb yuj cim, ib tug nyob deb yav dhau los thiab ib tug tsim nyog pinch ntawm keeb kwm materialism.

History cycle

Thawj "ntaus" yog phau ntawv, luam tawm xyoo 1956, "Thaum lub hnub yog vajtswv." Zenon Kosidovsky qhia txog Mesopotamia, Tim lyiv teb chaws, Aegea thiab Central America thiab nrhiav ib lub hom phiaj - kom pom cov yeeb yuj thiab vividly li cas kev vam meej tshwm sim, npog nrog cov plua plav thiab xuab zeb. Qhia cov neeg nyeem txog qhov pom ntawm archaeologists thiab cov kws tshawb fawb.

Txhua plaub ntu muaj cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg uasleej twg nrhiav kom nkag mus rau lub thickness ntawm lub centuries thiab ua raws li nyob rau hauv lub footsteps ntawm ancient neeg. Ntau xyoo dhau los, tom qab kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, phau ntawv tau tso tseg los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg nyiam keeb kwm, vim tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb tau nthuav tawm hauv Kosidovsky phau ntawv.

bible tales

Tab sis txoj haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog Zenon Kosidovsky phau ntawv "Bible Tales" luam tawm xyoo 1963. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv no tau nthuav dav thiab dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tham. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tus kws sau ntawv muab rau hauv nws cov haujlwm hauv keeb kwm thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv phau Vajlugkub, tab sis lawv tsis xav tias cov tswv yim tawm tsam kev ntseeg.

Tus sau suav tias cov xwm txheej uas tau piav qhia hauv phau Vajlugkub yog keeb kwm. Tej txuj ci tseem ceeb, xws li lub hav txwv yeem kub hnyiab, hla hiav txwv, thiab dej ntws tawm ntawm lub pob zeb, tab tom sim nrhiav qhov tseeb lossis qhov tseeb. Qee tus sau cov lus sib cav zoo li muaj laj thawj, qee cov lus nug tsis teb.

Raws li cov neeg nyeem xyoo sau ntawv, lawv xav tias yuav tsis lees paub los ntawm pawg ntseeg, tab sis nws tsis ua raws. Tej zaum qhov no tsis tshwm sim, vim nws yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm lub tebchaws cov tebchaws, uas suav nrog cov tebchaws socialist, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Tab sis Kosidovsky cov phau ntawv tau ntau xyoo dhau los ua lub desktop rau cov neeg ntseeg, vim hais tias ntxiv rau tus sau cov lus sib cav, lawv muaj cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, uas nyob rau xyoo ntawd tsis tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntawm cov neeg zej zog.

Tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub 90s puas tau tshuaj xyuas cov pov thawj Orthodox txog "Vajtswv TxojlusLegends" los ntawm Zenon Kosidovsky, qhov twg cov thawj coj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hu ua tus sau cov hauj lwm "pseudo-scientific nyeem", tag nrho ntawm contradictions, myths xwb thiab fairy tales sau los ntawm ib tug "layman". hais txog kev ntseeg, kev txaus siab rau Kosidovsky tej hauj lwm tsis tau txo qis, yog vim li cas? Cia peb sim nrhiav cov lus teb.

Fairy tale or true story

Phau ntawv "cov dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub" muaj 7 tshooj. Thaum pib ntawm txhua tshooj, tus kws sau phau Vajlugkub piav qhia meej, thaum kawg nws hais txog qhov tseeb keeb kwm, cov txiaj ntsig tshawb fawb, thiab hais txog kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm. Hauv thawj ntu ntawm "Los ntawm Kev Tsim Ntiaj Teb mus rau Ntauwd ntawm Babel" tom qab cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm tshooj los ntawm Phau Qub, Zenon Kosidovsky piav qhia "Cov kev tshawb pom zoo txog kev tsim ntiaj teb". Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws ua tau zoo heev, tsis categorically tsis lees paub Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, tab sis hais txog cov lus xaus thiab cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Zaj dab neeg hauv phau Vajluskub hais txog kev tsim lub ntiaj teb yog hauv paus hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws yuav zoo li tias dab tsi tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov dab neeg hauv phau npaiv npaum li cas thiab cov dab neeg Mesopotamian thaum ub? Tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm D. Smith, tau nyeem cov paj huam Babylonian "Enuma Elish" ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj cuneiform los ntawm Mesopotamia, pom qhov zoo sib xws ntawm lawv thiab paub tseeb tias cov paj huam tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov ntawv sau hauv phau Vajlugkub. Lub Vaj Kaj Siab kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Sumerian fantasy, raws li ntau cov lus dab neeg tau sau rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, zoo ib yam li Phau Qub cov dab neeg. Tab sis cov lus dab neeg hais txog Abel thiab Cain tshwj xeeb rau Hebrew fantasy, D. Smith paub tseeb tias,Nws txiav txim siab cov ntsiav tshuaj los ntawm Nineveh, nws pom ib feem ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm dej nyab.

Nyob rau tshooj thib ob "Aplaham, Isaac thiab Yakhauj" tus kws sau ntawv muab rau cov neeg nyeem cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv cov lus hais "Qhov Tseeb thiab Cov Lus Dab Neeg ntawm Patriarchs". Cov neeg sau keeb kwm hais tias cov ntawv sau hauv phau Vajlugkub tau tshwm sim ntawm 6th thiab 4th centuries BC. e. thiab nws cov kws sau ntawv yog cov pov thawj, uas nws lub luag hauj lwm tsis yog sau cov xwm txheej, tab sis qhia cov neeg. Tus kws tshawb fawb Yu. Velgause, tau kawm phau Vajlugkub, tau sau tseg tias keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Yudais tau sau tsis yog hauv cov hneev taw tshiab, tab sis ntau tom qab tshaj li cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, raws li cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov yawg koob.

Archives pom nyob rau hauv Nineveh ua pov thawj tias keeb kwm cuab yeej cuab tam yog ntau dua. Cov ntsiav tshuaj pom ntawm Damascus thiab Mosul ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kawm tau tias cov npe ntawm cov yawg koob sib raug rau cov npe ntawm cov nroog qub thiab cov pab pawg. Nyob rau hauv Qumran scrolls yos los ntawm 2nd xyoo pua BC. e., kev zoo nkauj ntawm Sarah tau hais.

Phau Qub dab neeg

Nyob rau ntu thib peb ntawm phau ntawv, tus kws sau ntawv rov hais txog phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum "Keeb Kwm ntawm Yauxej", thiab thaum kawg nws hais txog kev kawm "Cov Neeg Txoj Cai lossis Lub Hwj Chim". Ntawm no nws sau hais tias nws tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej seb Yauxej yog ib tug keeb kwm daim duab? Tab sis cov neeg sau cov lus dab neeg yog cov neeg uas paub Iyiv meej, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv Phau Qub cov dab neeg cov keeb kwm tseeb ntawm Egyptian kev lis kev cai yog tawm tsam.

Nyob rau tshooj tom ntej no, cov nyeem yuav kawm txog Mauxe zaj dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub appendix "Moses nyob rau hauv lub halo ntawm myths" tus sau piav hais tias cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mauxes tau dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj, overgrown.paub meej thiab tau txais ib tug mystical cim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim cais qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseeb los ntawm cov ntawv tseeb thiab tseem tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb hnub ntawm kev khiav tawm.

Zenon Kosidovsky piav ntau "zoo heev tshwm sim". Raws li Vajluskub, Mauxes hais rau Vajtswv los ntawm ib tsob ntoo uas kub hnyiab. Xws li ib tsob ntoo yeej muaj thiab hu ua diptam. Cov nroj tsuag tsim ib qho tseem ceeb roj uas ignites nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Biblical manna tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib hom tamarisk uas exudes kua qab zib thiab sai hardens nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob uas zoo li hailstones.

Qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav los ntawm lub pob zeb uas Mauxes ntaus nrog nws cov neeg ua haujlwm kuj pom qhov piav qhia. Nyob rau ntawm ko taw roob, txawm tias lub caij ntuj qhuav qhuav heev, cov dej khaws cia hauv qab cov xuab zeb tawg thiab tawg lub plhaub, nws yooj yim mus rau nws.

Kingdom of Israel

Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum "Yexus Nun" thiab "Cov Neeg Txiav Txim", cov kws tshawb fawb los xaus tias qhov no yog ib qho kev sib sau ua ke ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub sijhawm sib txawv, raws li tus sau qhia rau cov neeg nyeem txog nyob rau hauv "Lub Hnub nyoog ntawm Kev Sib Tw. thiab Heroism" appendix.

Nyob rau hauv tshooj "Lub Hnub Nyoog Kub ntawm Cov Neeg Ixayees" Zenon Kosidovsky hauv nws cov lus hais "Qhov Tseeb thiab cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov neeg tsim ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm cov neeg Ixayees" sau tias cov keeb kwm qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Ixayees tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib nrab thib ob. ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 BC. e. Piav qhia meej txog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws United States, uas kav ntau tshaj 100 xyoo.

Tom qab cov xeem sab qaum teb tawg ntawm nws, ob tugwarring states, hais txog qhov uas tus sau piav qhia nyob rau hauv tshooj tom ntej "Israel thiab Judea". Hauv daim ntawv ntxiv "Kuv puas yog kuv tus tij laug tus neeg zov?" Nws sau txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Yudais - kev sib cais ntawm lub xeev ntawm David rau hauv Yudas thiab Ixayees.

Tshooj kawg ntawm phau ntawv "Six Biblical Tales" qhia cov neeg nyeem txog zaj dab neeg ntawm Yauj, Daniel, Jonah, Esther thiab Judith. Cov cim hauv phau Vajlugkub nyob rau hauv tus cwj mem ntawm Kosidovsky tuaj rau lub neej thiab caw koj kom paub txog lub neej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tham txog kev siv dag zog thiab kev yeej. Thiab thaum kawg ntawm zaj dab neeg, tus sau nyob rau hauv cov lus tawm tswv yim "Cov lus qhia pej xeem tales" piav qhia tias zaj dab neeg ntawm tag nrho cov dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub yog ua raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, vim lawv qhia qhov tseeb paub los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.

Nkauj Ntseeg Vajtswv

Phau ntawv zoo nkauj "Vajtswv Cov Dab Neeg", sau ua lus nyob, qhia xim zoo nkauj txog kev khawb hauv Mycenae, Syria, Anatolia, Palestine thiab Egypt. Tus kws sau ntawv tau nthuav qhia cov neeg nyeem nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tau pom, txog qhov pom me ntsis ntawm archaeologists. Raws li cov neeg nyeem sau hauv lawv cov kev txheeb xyuas, "Vajtswv Cov Dab Neeg" los ntawm Kosidovsky tau dhau los ua thawj phau ntawv uas tau hloov pauv, qhov tseeb "tshem tawm" lawv qhov kev xav txog keeb kwm feem ntau.

Nyob rau xyoo 1979, ib phau ntawv hais txog Phau Tshiab zaj dab neeg tau luam tawm - "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm". Zenon Kosidovsky nyob rau hauv nws vividly hais txog tus cwj pwm ntawm Tswv Yexus, txog txoj moo zoo cov ntawv thiab apocrypha. Piav qhia meej txog Romanfaj tim teb chaws, ib puag ncig, tus cwj pwm rau cov ntseeg. Nws hais txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm theologians thiab theologians, nrhiav pom ntawm archaeologists thiab historians. Raws li cov neeg nyeem, txawm tias phau ntawv tau cim los ntawm tus tshaj tawm raws li kev tshawb fawb nrov, nws tau nyeem hauv ib qho pa.

Tsis yog phau ntawv ntawm phau Vajlugkub cov ntsiab lus tau xav tau, tab sis kuj tseem "Lub Sijhawm Hnub Nyoog", "Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Kua Muag", "Cov paj huam hais txog Stanislav Vysotsky" thiab ntau lwm tus.