Jazz: nws yog dab tsi, cov lus qhia dab tsi, leej twg ua

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm jazz niaj hnub no yog hauv paus hauv African suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Tom qab Christopher Columbus nrhiav tau ib lub teb chaws tshiab thiab cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau nyob ntawd, cov nkoj ntawm tib neeg cov neeg ua lag luam nce raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asmeskas.

Nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, mob hauv tsev thiab kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua phem ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas, cov qhev pom kev nplij siab hauv suab paj nruag. Maj mam, cov neeg Asmeskas thiab cov neeg European tau nyiam cov suab paj nruag txawv txawv thiab cov suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog li cas jazz yug. Dab tsi yog jazz, thiab nws cov nta yog dab tsi, peb yuav xav txog hauv kab lus no.

Txoj kev coj ua suab paj nruag

Jazz yog hais txog suab paj nruag ntawm African-Asmeskas keeb kwm, uas yog ua raws li kev hloov pauv (swing) thiab kev tsim kho tshwj xeeb (syncope). Tsis zoo li lwm qhov chaw uas ib tus neeg sau suab paj nruag thiab lwm tus ua yeeb yam, cov suab paj nruag jazz kuj yog tus sau.

Lub suab nkauj yog tsim los ntawm tus kheej, lub sijhawm sau ntawv, kev ua haujlwm raug cais los ntawm lub sijhawm tsawg kawg nkaus. Qhov no yog li cas jazz los txog. Dab tsi yog orchestral improvisation? Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag kom hloov mus rau ib leeg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txhua leej txhua tus improvises lawv tus kheej.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib sau ua ke yog khaws cia hauv cov suab paj nruag (T. Cowler, G. Arlen "Zoo Siab Txhua Hnub", D. Ellington "Koj Tsis Paub Kuv Hlub Koj?" etc.).

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov suab paj nruag African tau tsim nrog European. Cov suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim uas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm plasticity, atherosclerosis, melodiousness thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub suab (CHEATHAM Doc, Blues In My Heart, CARTER James, Centerpiece, thiab lwm yam).

Kev taw qhia

Muaj ntau dua peb caug tus qauv ntawm jazz. Wb mus saib lawv ib co.

1. Blues. Txhais los ntawm Askiv, lo lus txhais tau tias "sadness", "melancholy". Blues yog Ameslikas ib zaj nkauj solo los ntawm African Asmeskas. Jazz-blues yog lub sijhawm kaum ob-bar sib raug rau ib kab lus peb kab. Blues compositions yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug qeeb qeeb, qee qhov understatement tuaj yeem taug qab hauv cov ntawv. Cov kws ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb xws li Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith thiab lwm tus.

2. Ragtime. Cov lus txhais ntawm lub npe ntawm cov style yog lub sijhawm tawg. Hauv cov lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, "reg" qhia cov suab uas yog ntxiv ntawm cov neeg ntaus ntawm qhov ntsuas. Cov kev taw qhia tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tom qab lawv tau nqa tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. Schubert, F. Chopin thiab F. Liszt txawv teb chaws. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm European composers tau ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm jazz. Tom qab ntawd thawj compositions tshwm. Ragtime yog qhov zoo rau cov haujlwm ntawm S. Joplin, D. Scott, D. Lamb thiab lwm tus.

3. Boogie Woog. Cov style tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Cov tswv ntawm pheej yig cafes xav tau cov kws ntaus nkauj ua si jazz. Dab tsi yog suab paj nruag accompaniment nrog rau lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug orchestra, ntawm chav kawm, tab sis caw ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm musiciansnws nyuaj. Lub suab ntawm cov cuab yeej sib txawv tau them nyiaj los ntawm pianists, tsim ntau cov suab paj nruag. Boogie Nta:

• improvisation;
• virtuoso technique;
• tshwj xeeb accompaniment: sab laug tes ua lub cev muaj zog ostinant teeb tsa, lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm ntses bass thaj tsam thiab suab paj nruag yog ob lossis peb octaves;
• nraug zoo;
• pedal tawm.

Boogie-woogie ua si los ntawm Romeo Nelson, Arthur Montana Taylor, Charles Avery thiab lwm tus.

Style legends

Jazz yog nrov hauv ntau lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb. Txhua qhov chaw muaj hnub qub, uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ib pab tub rog ntawm cov kiv cua, tab sis qee lub npe tau dhau los ua cov lus dab neeg tiag tiag. Lawv paub thiab hlub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Xws li cov kws ntaus nkauj, tshwj xeeb, suav nrog Louis Armstrong.

Nws tsis paub tias txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub los ntawm ib tug neeg pluag Negro lub quarter yuav zoo li cas yog tias Louis tsis tau xaus rau hauv ib lub chaw kho mob. Ntawm no, lub hnub qub yav tom ntej tau raug kaw rau hauv ib lub suab paj nruag, txawm li cas los xij, pab pawg tsis ua si jazz. Dab tsi yog kev nyuaj siab, thiab nws ua li cas, tus tub hluas nrhiav tau ntau tom qab. Armstrong tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb ua tsaug rau kev mob siab thiab ua siab ntev.

Tus tsim ntawm jazz hu nkauj yog Billie Holiday (lub npe tiag tiag Eleanor Fagan). Tus neeg hu nkauj tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj npe nyob rau hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum nws hloov lub scenes ntawm nightclubs mus rau theatrical theem.

Lub neej tsis yooj yim rau tus tswv ntawm ntau yam ntawm peb octaves, Ella Fitzgerald. Tom qab nws niam tuag, tus ntxhais khiav tawm hauv tsev thiab coj txoj kev ua neej tsis zoo. Qhov pib ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj txoj haujlwm yog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev sib tw suab paj nruagAmateur Nights.

George Gershwin yog ntiaj teb nto moo. Tus composer tsim jazz tej hauj lwm raws li classical music. Qhov kev npaj txhij txog ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau ntxim nyiam mloog thiab cov npoj yaig. Concerts tau invariably nrog applause. Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm D. Gershwin yog "Rhapsody in Blues" (co-sau nrog Fred Grof), cov yeeb yaj kiab "Porgy thiab Bess", "Ib Neeg Asmeskas hauv Paris".

Janis Joplin, Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughn, Miles Davis thiab lwm tus kuj yog cov neeg ua yeeb yam nrov jazz.

Jazz in the USSR

Cov tsos ntawm cov suab paj nruag no nyob rau hauv Soviet Union yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, tus txhais lus thiab ua yeeb yam-mus Valentin Parnakh. Thawj qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm jazz band coj los ntawm ib tug virtuoso coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1922. Tom qab ntawd A. Tsfasman, L. Utyosov, Y. Skomorovsky tsim cov kev taw qhia ntawm theatrical jazz, combining instrumental kev ua tau zoo thiab operetta. E. Rozner, A. Varlamov, O. Lundstrem tau ua ntau yam kom nrov suab paj nruag jazz.

Nyob rau hauv lub 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, jazz tau dav thuam raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm bourgeois kab lis kev cai. Hauv xyoo 1950 thiab 1960, kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau tso tseg. Jazz ensembles tau tsim ob qho tib si hauv RSFSR thiab hauv lwm lub koom haum koom pheej.

Hnub no, jazz tau ua yeeb yam dawb hauv cov chaw ua yeeb yam thiab cov koom haum.