Sonnet yog dab tsi? Paj huam yog sonnet. Sonnet sau ntawv
Sonnet yog dab tsi? Paj huam yog sonnet. Sonnet sau ntawv

Video: Sonnet yog dab tsi? Paj huam yog sonnet. Sonnet sau ntawv

Video: Sonnet yog dab tsi? Paj huam yog sonnet. Sonnet sau ntawv
Video: P nyoom Y tsis yog ua si 4/24/2020 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Ib tus nyiam ntawm cov kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam aficionados, sonnet taug qab nws cov caj ces mus rau cov hauj lwm ntawm Provençal troubadours, uas tau tsim cov nkauj secular thiab yog thawj tus sau nkauj hauv cov lus tsis yog Latin. Lub npe ntawm ib hom ntawv rov qab mus rau Provencal lo lus sonet - ib tug sonorous, sonorous song.

Sonnet yog dab tsi? Keeb kwm keeb kwm

dab tsi yog ib tug sonnet
dab tsi yog ib tug sonnet

Lub Albigensian kev tsov kev rog (1209-1229), uas tau nkag mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis, yuam ntau tus neeg mob tsiv mus rau Sicily, qhov twg hauv 1200s hauv Naples, ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas thiab kws sau paj huam Frederick thib ob, ib lub tsev kawm ntawv. ntawm paj huam raug tsim. Nws cov neeg sawv cev tau pab txhawb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm sonnet - hauv Italis nws twb hu ua sonetto - rau hauv hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Sicilian kws sau paj lug siv Tuscan lus, uas twb nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 13th thiab 14th centuries tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus Italian sau ntawv. Ntau tus neeg txawj ntse ntawm Renaissance tau sau cov tub txib: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Pierre de Ronsard, Lope de Vega, Shakespeare…

Shape Features

Tus classic sonnet muaj kaum plaub nqe lus. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Italian thiab Fabkis Renaissance, kws sau paj lug sau paj huam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob quatrains (quatrains) thiab ob tertsinas (peb kab), thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm lus Askiv - peb quatrains thiab ib tug khub.

zaj paj huam sonnet yog suab paj nruag incredibly, yog vim li cas nws yooj yim rau nws sau nkauj. Ib qho kev sib dhos tau ua tiav vim yog kev sib hloov ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam rhymes, thaum kev ntxhov siab poob rau qhov kawg thiab, raws li, ntawm lub suab lus kawg. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov classic sonnet muaj 154 lub suab, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus kws sau paj huam ua raws li kev lig kev cai no. Ltalis, Fabkis thiab Askiv yog peb lub txaj ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm daim ntawv poetic no. Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm sonnets - haiv neeg ntawm txhua lub teb chaws - tau hloov qee yam hauv daim ntawv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

sonnet hom
sonnet hom

Nkauj ntawm sonnets

Cov paj huam tshwj xeeb no tshwm sim hauv Ltalis hauv xyoo pua 13th. Muaj 15 sonnets hauv nws, thiab qhov kawg muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kaum plaub ntxiv. Vim li no, cov neeg sau ntawv tau pib ua haujlwm los ntawm qhov kawg. Nyob rau hauv kaum tsib sonnet, thawj ob stanzas yog ib qho tseem ceeb, thiab raws li kev lig kev cai, thawj sonnet yuav tsum yeej pib nrog thawj kab ntawm lub xeem thiab xaus nrog lub thib ob. Lwm qhov chaw ntawm paj huam paj huam tsis muaj tsawg nthuav. Nyob rau hauv kaum peb sonnets ntxiv, kab kawg ntawm tus dhau los yuav tsum yog thawj kab ntawm tus tom ntej.

Los ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv, lub npe ntawm Vyacheslav Ivanov thiab Valery Bryusov tau nco qab. Lawv paub zoo kawg nkaus hais tias ib tug sonnet yog dab tsi, yog li ntawd lawv tau pom kev txaus siab rau lub wreath ntawm sonnets. Nyob rau hauv Russia, daim ntawv no sau keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Genius Valery Bryusovyog ib tug tswv ntawm hom ntawv no thiab nruj me ntsis soj ntsuam lub prevailing foundations. Nws zaj paj huam kawg los ntawm wreath of sonnets ("The Fatal Row") pib nrog cov kab:

Kuv yuav tsum muaj npe kaum plaub

Npe ntawm cov neeg hlub, nco, ciaj sia!"

Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm hom kev nkag siab ntau dua, xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas me ntsis. Raws li kev lig kev cai, thawj sonnet pib nrog qhov kawg stanza, thiab xaus nrog lub thib ob; tus thib peb sonnet pib nrog kab kawg ntawm yav dhau los, hauv qhov no - "cov npe ntawm cov neeg hlub, nco, ciaj sia!" Nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias Valery Bryusov tau mus txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv hom ntawv no. Txog niaj hnub no, cov neeg sau ntawv tau suav 150 wreaths ntawm sonnets los ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam, thiab muaj txog 600 ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no paj huam.

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374). Italian Renaissance

sonnets ntawm petrarch
sonnets ntawm petrarch

Nws raug hu ua thawj tus txiv neej ntawm Renaissance thiab tus tsim ntawm classical philology. Francesco Petrarca tau kawm ua ib tug kws lij choj, los ua pov thawj, tab sis tsis ua raws li txoj cai ntawm theocentrism. Petrarch tau mus ncig thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, ua haujlwm ntawm cardinal, pib nws txoj haujlwm sau ntawv hauv lub zos Vaucluse nyob rau sab qab teb Fabkis. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws txhais cov ntawv sau thaum ub thiab nyiam cov classics - Virgil thiab Cicero. Ntau ntawm nws cov paj huam, suav nrog sonnets, Petrarch muab tso rau hauv cov khoom sau "Canzoniere", uas txhais tau tias "Phau Ntawv Nkauj". Nyob rau hauv 1341, nws tau crowned nrog laurel crown rau nws kev sau ntawv zoo.

Txoj kev muaj tswv yim

Lub ntsiab ntawm Petrarch yog kev hlub thiab kev hlub, tab sis kev hlub noyuav tsum siv tsis tau rau ib tug poj niam, tab sis kuj rau cov phooj ywg, cov txheeb ze, xwm. Nws tau xav txog lub tswv yim no hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws phau ntawv "Canzoniere" hais txog muse Laura de Noves, tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug tub rog. Cov ntawv sau tau sau yuav luag tag nrho nws lub neej thiab muaj ob tsab ntawv. Lub sonnets ntawm thawj phau ntawv yog hu ua "Nyob rau lub neej ntawm Laura", lub thib ob - "Nyob rau hauv lub Tuag ntawm Laura". Muaj 366 paj huam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sau. Nyob rau hauv 317 sonnets ntawm Petrarch, lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm kev xav tuaj yeem taug qab. Nyob rau hauv "The Canzoniere" tus sau pom cov hauj lwm ntawm paj huam nyob rau hauv lub glorification ntawm tus zoo nkauj thiab siab phem Madonna. Nws idealizes Laura, tab sis nws tsis poob nws tus yam ntxwv tiag. Tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam ntsib txhua yam kev nyuaj ntawm kev hlub uas tsis muaj kev hlub thiab raug kev txom nyem uas nws yuav tsum rhuav tshem nws cov lus cog tseg dawb ceev. Tus sau tus tub nto moo tshaj plaws yog 61, uas nws nyiam txhua feeb nrog nws tus hlub:

"Zoo siab hnub, hli, lub caij ntuj sov, teevThiab lub sijhawm uas kuv ntsia pom cov qhov muag!"

Petrarch's collection yog ib lo lus lees txim uas nws qhia nws txoj kev ywj pheej sab hauv thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Nws txhawj, tiam sis tsis khuv xim kev hlub. Nws zoo nkaus li ua kom pom tseeb rau nws tus kheej thiab qhuas lub ntiaj teb kev mob siab rau, vim tias tsis muaj kev hlub tib neeg yuav tsis muaj nyob. Cov nqe lus sonnet qhia txog lub tswv yim no, thiab nws tseem tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam tom qab.

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375). Italian Renaissance

sonnet sau ntawv
sonnet sau ntawv

Tus kws sau ntawv Renaissance zoo tshaj plaws (paub zoo tshaj rau nws txoj haujlwm "The Decameron") yog menyuam yaus tsis raug cai, yog li nws tau raug saib xyuas thaum xub thawj, tab sis kev txawj ntse yeejsab saum toj, thiab tus kws sau paj huam hluas tau txais kev lees paub. Kev tuag ntawm Petrarch kov Boccaccio heev uas nws tau sau ib tug sonnet nyob rau hauv nws lub meej mom, nyob rau hauv uas nws qhia lub tswv yim ntawm lub fragility ntawm lub ntiaj teb no lub neej.

"Rau Sennuccio, koom nrog Chino, Tom qab ntawd qhov uas zais ntawm peb tau tshwm sim."

Giovanni Boccaccio mob siab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas rau Dante Alighieri thiab lwm tus neeg txawj ntse, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - rau cov poj niam. Nws tau hu nws tus hlub los ntawm ib lub npe - Fiametta, tab sis nws txoj kev hlub tsis yog siab dua li Petrarch, tab sis ntau dua. Nws hloov me ntsis ntawm ib hom ntawv ntawm sonnet thiab hu nkauj ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntsej muag, plaub hau, lub puab tsaig, daim di ncauj, sau txog nws qhov kev nyiam rau kev zoo nkauj thiab piav qhia txog kev xav tau ntawm lub cev. Txoj hmoo hnyav tau tos cov neeg siab phem thiab nyiam ntawm cov poj niam: disillusioned nrog qhov zoo nkauj creatures thiab raug kev txom nyem betrayal, Boccaccio coj dawb huv txiav txim nyob rau hauv 1362.

Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585). Fabkis Renaissance

lus sonnet
lus sonnet

Yug los rau hauv tsev neeg muaj nyiaj txiag thiab cov niam txiv muaj txiaj ntsig, Pierre de Ronsard muaj txhua lub sijhawm kom tau txais kev kawm zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1542, nws muab 'meter' tshiab thiab rhyme rau meager Fabkis paj huam, uas nws deservedly hu ua "tus huab tais ntawm poets." Alas, nws tau them nyiaj ntau rau nws txoj kev vam meej thiab tsis hnov lus, tab sis kev nqhis dej rau kev txhim kho nws tus kheej tsis tso nws tseg. Nws suav hais tias Horace thiab Virgil yog tus kws sau paj huam tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los. Pierre de Ronsard tau coj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov thawj coj: nws paub tias tus tub yog dab tsi, thiab piav qhia txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov poj niam, nws txoj kev hlub rau lawv. Tus kws sau paj huam muaj peb muses: Cassandra, Marie thiab Elena. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov sonnetstshaj tawm nws txoj kev hlub rau ib tug hluas nkauj tsaus nti thiab lub qhov muag xim av thiab lees paub nws tias tsis yog plaub hau liab lossis qhov muag ncaj ncees yuav tsis muaj lub siab zoo nyob hauv nws:

"Kuv hlawv kuv lub qhov muag xim av nrog hluav taws nyob, Kuv tsis xav pom qhov muag grey…"

Kev txhais lus ntawm tus sau tus tub no tau tsim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum - Wilhelm Levik thiab Vladimir Nabokov.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616). Lus Askiv Renaissance

Shakespeare's sonnets
Shakespeare's sonnets

Ntxiv rau qhov zoo nkauj comedies thiab xwm txheej uas teev nyob rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv, Shakespeare tau sau 154 sonnets tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg sau ntawv niaj hnub no. Nws tau hais txog nws tej hauj lwm uas "nrog tus yuam sij no nws qhib nws lub siab." Hauv qee qhov sonnets, tus kws sau ntawv tau qhia txog nws txoj kev xav, thaum lwm tus nws tau txwv tsis pub, ua yeeb yam. Shakespeare tau mob siab rau kaum plaub zaj paj huam rau nws tus phooj ywg thiab Swarthy Lady. Txhua tus sonnet muaj tus lej, yog li nws tsis yooj yim rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib tw ntawm tus sau txoj kev xav: yog tias thawj zaug ua haujlwm tus neeg hu nkauj qhuas txog kev zoo nkauj, tom qab 17th sonnet, thov rau kev sib raug zoo tuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam uas muaj 27-28, qhov kev xav no tsis yog kev xyiv fab, tab sis yog kev xav.

Shakespeare's sonnets tau sau tsis tsuas yog ntawm kev hlub cov ntsiab lus: qee zaum tus kws sau ntawv ua tus kws tshaj lij uas npau suav txog kev tsis txawj tuag thiab rau txim rau kev phem. Txawm li cas los xij, ib tug poj niam rau nws yog ib tug zoo tag nrho, thiab nws hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias kev zoo nkauj yog destined los cawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov sonnet 130, Shakespeare qhuas lub ntiaj teb kev zoo nkauj ntawm nws tus hlub: nws ob lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov hnub qub, nws lub ntsej muag nyob deb.ntxoov ntxoo ntawm ib tug mos mos rose, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg couplet nws lees tias:

"Thiab nws tseem yuav swb rau cov neeg nyuaj, leej twg raug iab liam hauv kev sib piv lush."

Italian, Fabkis thiab Askiv sonnets: zoo sib xws thiab qhov sib txawv

Lub Renaissance tau muab ntau yam txuj ci ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau noob neej. Pib nyob rau hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib kaum peb, ib tug me ntsis tom qab lub era tsiv mus rau Fabkis, thiab ob centuries tom qab mus rau England. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv, ua ib haiv neeg ntawm ib lub tebchaws, coj qee qhov kev hloov pauv rau daim ntawv sonnet, tab sis cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem tsis hloov pauv - kev qhuas ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm tus poj niam thiab kev hlub rau nws.

sonnet translations
sonnet translations

Nyob rau hauv classic Italian sonnet, quatrains tau sau ua ob lo lus, thaum tercetes raug tso cai sau ob thiab peb, thiab kev hloov ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam rhymes yog xaiv tau. Hauv lwm lo lus, kev ntxhov siab hauv ib nqe lus tuaj yeem poob rau ob lub suab lus kawg thiab lub suab lus kawg.

Fabkis qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub rov hais dua cov lus thiab siv cov lus sib dhos tsis raug. Quatrains los ntawm tercetes tau nruj me ntsis sib cais los ntawm ib leeg syntactically. Renaissance poets los ntawm Fabkis sau sonnets nyob rau hauv kaum syllables.

Ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab tau nthuav tawm hauv tebchaws Askiv. Cov kws sau paj lug paub tias tus sonnet yog dab tsi, tab sis tsis yog nws daim ntawv ib txwm muaj, muaj ob lub quatrains thiab ob lub tercets, muaj peb quatrains thiab ib khub. Qhov kawg stanzas tau suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab nqa ib qho kev nthuav qhia aphoristic maxim. Lub rooj qhia cov lus sib txawv ntawm cov lus sib txawv hauv ntau lub tebchaws.

Italy abab abab cdc dcd (cdecde)
Fabkis abba abba ccd eed
England abab cdcd efef g

Sonnet today

Kaum plaub-stanza thawj daim ntawv ntawm nqe lus tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, feem ntau yog cov qauv Fabkis. Tom qab Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak brilliantly txhais Shakespeare tus sonnets, cov kws sau ntawv tau nyiam ua lus Askiv. Cov tom kawg yog nyob rau hauv kev thov txawm tam sim no. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tag nrho cov sonnets tau txhais los ntawm cov neeg txawj sau ntawv zoo heev, kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem tseem muaj feem xyuam rau niaj hnub no: nyob rau hauv 2009, Alexander Sharakshane tau tso tawm ib phau nrog translations ntawm tag nrho cov Shakespeare sonnets.

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