Tim duab nrag. Art painting. Art painting ntawm ntoo

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev kos duab kos duab ua ib hom kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua txuas ntxiv cov kab ke ntawm pej xeem kos duab. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev pom ntau yam xwb, nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntau dua, vim tias nws zoo li nce siab ntawm lub sijhawm, koom ua ke ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov tswv. Nws yog organically txuas nrog Motherland - nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub zej zog ntawm peasants (nyuj breeders, ua liaj ua teb, yos hav zoov).

Kev saib ntawm kos duab keeb kwm ntawm kos duab kos duab

Kev kos duab kos duab yog siv rau cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim "kev ywj pheej" cov ntaub ntawv: natural fabrics, ntoo, av nplaum, tawv, pob zeb, pob txha.

Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 17th, nws cov sprouts muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb. Kev txawj ntse tau dhau los ntawm cov tswv raws li tsev neeg, los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb kos duab tau raug hwm, tso cai rau kev nthuav qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom. Txoj kev qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov khoom zoo nkauj tau xaiv. Painting nyob rau hauv architecture dai lub qab nthab, phab ntsa, vaults, kab teeb thiab ncej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub - tais diav, khoom siv tes ua.

Lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 17th txog rau xyoo pua 18th, kev kos duab kos duab hauv tebchaws Russia tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv rau kev ua lag luam. Nws tsis yog ib tus neeg masters uas pib koom nrog nws, tab sis tus kheej hauv zos, cov zos. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, ib lub koom haum artel ntawm kev kos duab kos duab tau tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, Fedoskino miniature masters tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej hauv txoj kev no tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tswv ntiag tug hauv xyoo 1903 thiab khaws cia lawv cov duab. Nyob rau hauv 1876, lub systematization ntawm ntau yam paintings pib los ntawm xibfwb Isaev A. A. Nyob rau hauv ob-ntim monograph "Crafts ntawm lub xeev Moscow."

Nyob rau xyoo 1920-1930s ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, qhov tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim cov kev sib koom ua lag luam artels uas keeb kwm muaj cov chaw ntawm pej xeem kos duab tsim thawj hom duab. Piv txwv li, Khokhloma painting nyob rau hauv lub Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam.

Lub tswv yim rau kev txhim kho cov duab kos duab, nrog rau lwm yam kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua, tau nkag siab thiab piav qhia los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tus kws qhia ntawv Vasily Sergeevich Voronov hauv cov ntawv sau "On Peasant Art".

Tam sim no, cov tuam txhab kos duab kos duab tau nquag tsim cov duab kos duab txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws. Cov khoom pleev xim, thaum tuav lawv txoj haujlwm niaj hnub, tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kos duab. Rau lawv cov khoom siv, cov tshuab niaj hnub thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb yog siv - rau kev ua haujlwm roughing thiab npaj ua haujlwm. Lub ntsiab muaj tswv yim ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li ob peb centuries dhau los, yog ua los ntawm tes los ntawm masters.

Painting as art

Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab tias lub teb chaws painting hloov cov duab ntawm cov khoom. Nws dhau los ua kev nthuav qhia ntau dua ntawm cov xim, kev sib dhos ntawm cov kab thiab proportionality. Cov khoom lag luam "soulless" ua kom sov thiab muaj sia nyob los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam. Cov tom kawg yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj (graphics thiab painting). Ntau hom kev pleev xim tsim muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo rau yav tom ntej, sib xyaw nrog thaj chaw uas muaj kev nuv ntses.

Kev hais lus, kos duab kos duab yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov xim rau ib qho chaw nrog txhuam. Ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg: tsis zoo li painting, uas ua qauv ib qho chaw, painting yog ib txwm fragmentary.

Cov kws tshaj lij-tus tsim qauv feem ntau tham txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kos duab Lavxias: nws sib haum xeeb nrog txhua yam style: minimalism, niaj hnub, lub teb chaws. Cov txuj ci tsim los ntawm cov tswv thaum ub tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov tswv hauv qee thaj chaw, tsim kom muaj kev qhia tshwj xeeb stylistic. Hmoov zoo, nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, ntau hom kev pleev xim tau khaws cia thiab tab tom tsim: Gzhel, Khokhloma, Boretskaya, Gorodets, Mezen, Onega, Permogorskaya, Pizhma, Polkhovsko-Paydanskaya, Puchzhskaya, Rakulskaya. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv qub no.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm Khokhloma

Muaj peev xwm pleev xim tsob ntoo kub yam tsis siv cov kub, qhov tseeb, tau hloov mus rau Khokhloma masters los ntawm cov neeg pleev kob schismatic icon, uas nrhiav pom qhov kev paub no rov qab rau xyoo pua 12th hauv hav zoov zais cia hauv hav zoov. ntawm thaj av Volga. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv yogpaub txog cov crafts uas muab painting: tig thiab kos duab ntawm ancient ornamentation. Tej zaum lawv kuj tau paub txog hom kev kos duab thaum ub, Ib lub zos lag luam loj ntawm thaj av Nizhny Novgorod ntawm thaj av Volga - Khokhloma - zoo li cov hlau nplaum, nyiam cov neeg txawj ntse.

Qhov no, raws li niaj hnub no, kev ncaj ncees hauv cheeb tsam rau ib pawg ntawm cov zos raws ntug dej Uzola ua haujlwm tsis yog rau kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Russia nkaus xwb. Cov tub lag luam nplua nuj tau yuav khoom loj ntawm cov khoom nrov ntawm nws thiab coj lawv mus rau kev xa tawm. Yog li, Khokhloma kev ua lag luam yog "hauv qab phom" ntawm kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, uas txhais tau hais tias kev sib tw zoo tau dhau los ntawm kev sib tw nqi. Qhov kev txhawb siab tiag tiag tau tsim: kev txawj ntawm tus neeg txawj ntse coj nws txoj kev vam meej.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li 12 mus rau 17th centuries, Khokhloma style tau hloov zuj zus mus, rau hauv uas lub ancient Nizhny Novgorod hom ntoo painting tau ua ke.

Lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 17th txog rau xyoo pua 18th, Khokhloma style pib pib zoo. Hauv peb lub sijhawm, nws cov chaw yog:

- Hoobkas "Khokhloma artist", uas ntiav craftsmen los ntawm cov zos ntawm Koverninsky koog tsev kawm ntawv (Semino, thiab lwm yam). Lawv cov duab kos yog cov paj ntoo thiab cov txiv ntoo qus;

- koom haum "Khokhloma painting", Semenov. Cov tswv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ib txwm tsim lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov paj zoo heev.

Khokhloma technology

Lub tuam tsev craftsmanship ntawm "thin txhuam" tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub richest floral ornament. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj. Cov kos duab ntawm Khokhloma presupposed qhov kev soj ntsuam los ntawm tus tswv ntawm ib tug tej yam technology. Nws yog yam ntxwv uas nws tsis tau hloov mus txog rau thaum peb lub sijhawm. Peb teev nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nws theem:

- tig rau ntawm lub tshuab dhos ntoo ib qho khoob ntawm cov tais diav ("linen");

- priming blanks nrog cov kua tov ntawm cov av nplaum tshwj xeeb npaj ("ncej"). Niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv dag zog siv rau lub hom phiaj no;

- tinning nrog tin lossis nyiaj. Tam sim no aluminium yog siv rau qhov no;

- ntoo pleev xim thiab qhov cub kom qhuav;

- Varnishing thiab shoving.

Kev kho cua sov ntau ntawm cov khoom tau txiav txim siab cov xim uas nyiam los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias thaum ub: kev sib xyaw ntawm kub thiab liab cinnabar nrog dub. Cov. Qhov kub ntawm Khokhloma qhov cub tsis cuam tshuam qhov ci thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim.

Khokhloma painting method

Ancient hom painting on ntoo, integrating rau hauv Khokhloma, txiav txim siab nws ob lub tshuab: "tom qab" thiab "sab saum toj" painting. Lub npe heev ntawm lub kaw lus muaj ib txoj hauv kev los kos lub ntsiab silhouette.

"Nes" system suav nrog kev kos duab xim silhouette qhia ncaj qha rau ntawm keeb kwm golden. Cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ua cov xim kub "contour" ncaj qha los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, los ntawm "sketching" qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig "golden curls" nrog cov xim dub thiab liab.

Txhua lub tshuab siv tib hom Khokhloma painting. Tsuas muaj plaub ntawm lawv: "curly", "hauv qab txiv ntoo" (lossis "hauv qab nplooj"); "hauv qab gingerbread"; "nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau".

"Kudrina" qhia txog "tshuaj ntsuab" qauv, pleev xim nrog txhuam nyias. Nws yog me ntsis reminiscent ntawm ib tug sedge, txawm li cas los, curled nrog intricate harmonious dynamic rings. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, qhov no yog cov khoom qub qub tshaj plaws.

"Nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo" - yog kos nrog txhuam tuab. Ntxiv nrog rau "tshuaj ntsuab puag", nplooj thiab berries twb tshwm sim ntawm no. Daim ntawv cog yog stylized thiab ua ke. Ntawm tib "stem" koj tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si chamomile thiab strawberry nplooj.

Painting "hauv qab lub gingerbread" suav nrog kev ua si nrog cov duab geometric (feem ntau yog rhombus). Daim duab yog animated los ntawm "vaj" nyob rau sab thiab illuminated los ntawm lub hnub nyob rau hauv nruab nrab.

Nrog rau "hauv qab" txoj kev, ib qho kev cog qoob loo yog ua raws li cov duab kos, tom qab ntawd qhov seem dawb tom qab yog pleev xim rau, thiab feem ntau yog xim dub.

Ua tsaug rau qhov sib txawv ntawm txhuam ntawm txhua tus tswv, Khokhloma yog qhov tsis raug thiab tshwj xeeb. Cov hom kev pleev xim uas peb tau txiav txim siab saum toj no hloov pauv ntawm nws, zoo siab rau lub qhov muag nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov xim kub, liab thiab dub.

Gzhel. Nrhiav av nplaum rau porcelain

Gzhel raws li kev kos duab kos duab kos duab tau yug los ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub Ramensky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov chaw no hu ua lub Gzhel volost, thiab lub zos ntawm Bokhteevo, Volodino, Gzhel, Kuzyaevo, Novokharitonovo, Turygino tau kis thoob plaws cheeb tsam no.

Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 17th, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv zos tau tsim cov tais diav los ntawm av nplaum. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv vim muaj kev tsim kho ntawm cov av nplaum hauv zos tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain). Qhov chaw pib yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm huab taisAlexei Mikhailovich mus nrhiav tau "av nplaum haum" rau zus tau tej cov apothecary hlab ntsha - nyob rau hauv 1663.

Qhov kev sim ua tiav, txij li xyoo 1710 lub tsev muag tshuaj xaj pib siv cov khoom siv hauv zos. Cov kws muag tshuaj tau qhuas txog qhov zoo ntawm cov av nplaum, thiab lub sijhawm tuaj txog thaum cov neeg ua lag luam tau nyiam lawv. Lawv txaus siab rau cov khoom siv raw uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain). Los ntawm txoj cai ntawm tsar nyob rau hauv 1844, ib tug commission raug tsim, uas muaj xws li tus tswv ntawm lub porcelain Hoobkas nyob rau hauv Moscow, Afanasy Grebenshchikov, thiab engineer ntawm lub Porcelain Manufactory, Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov, uas tau txais ib tug mining engineering kev kawm nyob rau hauv University of Marburg.. Tsib xyoos nrhiav cov av nplaum zoo. Xyoo 1849, tom qab yim lub hlis ntawm kev tshawb fawb, av nplaum tau txais, los ntawm cov khoom ua ntej-chav kawm porcelain. M. V. Lomonosov nws tus kheej, ib tug phooj ywg kawm ntawm Vinogradov, hais lus zoo heev.

Gzhel. Production Development

Industrialist Grebenshchikov pib siv cov ntaub ntawv raw ntawm nws cov nroj tsuag Moscow. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm lub zos Gzhel thiab cov zos nyob ib puag ncig, los ntawm txoj kev, raws li peb tau hais, uas twb muaj cov txuj ci ntawm cov tais diav, kuj paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov av nplaum zoo dua.

Txhua yam mus nrawm, vim tias cov kws pab tswv yim zoo nyob hauv cov zos - cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom los ntawm lub Hoobkas ntawm A. Grebenshchikov. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1750 txog 1820, handicraftsmen tsim majolica - oblong fermented jugs, phaj, mugs, tais diav. Ornamental painting tau ua tiav nrog ntsuab, daj, xiav thiab eggplant pleev xim rau ntawm ib tug dawb tom qab. Cov duab suav nrog ib tug noog - nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws - ntoo, bushes, tsev. (cov.ua qauv qhia txog yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub tais pleev xim). Cov tais diav tau xav tau. Muaj kev sib tw rau qhov zoo. Yav dhau los cov chaw tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob tau nyob rau hauv cov hlau lead, ua ib nrab-faience ntawm cov khoom zoo, zoo ib yam rau "tib neeg txawv teb chaws" tais.

Kev txawj ntse tau raug hwm ntau dua 80 xyoo, thiab txij li xyoo 1820, yuav luag txhua tus kws ua haujlwm Gzhel tau tsim ib nrab-faience. Qhov no yog lub hnub qub ntawm Gzhel kos duab. Cov khoom ntawm masters tuaj yeem pom hauv Hermitage. Cov zaub mov no tau pib suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov yam ntxwv pleev xim rau Gzhel teapots, tais, phaj puv lub tsev ntawm cov tub lag luam thiab cov nom tswv, taverns. Txhim kho hom kev pleev xim. Gzhel tau yuav thoob plaws lub tebchaws, los ntawm Arkhangelsk mus rau Astrakhan, xa tawm mus rau Central Asia thiab Middle East. Txog peb caug lub chaw tsim khoom tsim khoom. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov Gzhel: Barmins, Guslins, Gusyatnikovs, Kiselevs, Terekhovs, Sazonovs.

Hmoov tsis zoo, txij li xyoo 1860 Gzhel painting tau tsis kam. Folk creativity, yug los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm pua pua ntawm me me producers thiab kaum ob ntawm nruab nrab sawv daws yuav, tab tom hloov los ntawm pragmatism ntawm loj monopolies. Ntawm cov monopolists, M. S. Kuznetsov sawv tawm, nrog nws tsib lub chaw tsim khoom thiab cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo ntawm 2.1 lab rubles. Lub peev xwm ntawm tag nrho cov seem yog 14% ntawm Kuznetsovsky. Raws li qhov tseeb, cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus Kuznetsov "crushed" creativity. Kev sib tw tau ploj mus, kev txhawb siab tau ploj mus, qhov zoo tau ploj mus, kev poob qis tau teeb tsa.

Yuav ua li cas cov kws kos duab kos Gzhel

Gzhel yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv txhua tus tswv, siv hom kev kos duab kos duab rau nws, tsim nws tus kheejtechnical.

Qhov no yog kev kos duab tsis meej. Lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb belongs rau qhov kev paub ntawm tus tswv, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv txoj kev txhuam txav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntawm cov daus dawb ntawm cov plooj (porcelain), cov xim sib haum xeeb hloov los ntawm khaus xiav mus rau qhov muag plooj xiav. Tag nrho cov no yog kos nrog ib qho xim - cob alt. Tus qauv yog superimposed rau saum npoo "ntawm thawj zaug", sai sai.

Vim li cas kev txawj ntse thiaj tseem ceeb? Thaum pib, cov xim tiag tiag ntawm cov qauv tsis pom (ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cob alt). Txhua yam uas tau piav qhia zoo li yog ib xim, thiab tsuas yog thaum Gzhel raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub, tus qauv yuav tshwm sim tag nrho.

Gzhel muaj pes tsawg leeg yog dab tsi? Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws feem ntau yog nyob ntawm lub paj dai kom zoo nkauj. Rau ob sab ntawm nws yog ib qho kev sib haum xeeb ntawm "tshuaj ntsuab" zajlus, enriched nrog nplooj thiab berries. Nws tshwm sim tias cov phiaj xwm tsiaj txhu lossis cov uas cuam tshuam nrog lub neej txhua hnub (piv txwv li, hauv tsev) tau woven rau hauv daim duab no.

Daim duab zoo li no ua tau zoo li cas? Hom kev kos duab kos duab rau "kos los ntawm thawj zaug" Gzhel tau txo qis rau txoj hauv kev siv txhuam txhuam. Tsuas muaj plaub ntawm lawv: ntxoov ntxoo txhuam, pleev xim nrog ib txhuam, calico qauv, nrog rau cov duab ntxiv.

Shaded network smear yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam xim vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cob alt overlay los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb tig ntawm txhuam los ntawm tus kws kos duab.

Painting nrog ib txhuam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txhua qhov mob stroke tom qab sib txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm yav dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev siv zog ntawm cov hlab ntsha maj mam txo qis, lawv "ci ntsa iab".

Cov qauv calico yog thinnest. Nws yog kos nrog ib kawg ntawm txhuam.

Cov hom kev pleev xim siv los ntawm Gzhel tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov duab rov ua dua ntawm cov qauv tsim ntuj tsim, tab sis tau rov xav dua thiab nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev npaj npaj txhij txog. Cov nplooj xiav reimagined, petals ntawm xiav tulips, asters, carnations, roses piav qhia los ntawm tus kws kos duab ua raws li cov noog lossis tsiaj txhu. Qee lub sij hawm lawv piav qhia txog cov khoom siv niaj hnub lossis cov khoom siv niaj hnub (piv txwv li, cov tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb).

Ntxiv "nyom" hom duab - tendrils, spirals, hatching ntsiab, ntau yam strokes, geometric fragments - ua kom tiav cov duab, tsim cov accents tsim nyog.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm Polkhov-Maidan painting

Lavxias teb sab painting muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nws hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv ntau haiv neeg, tej zaum, yuav piav nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb monograph, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm. Yog li ntawd, peb txoj hauj lwm yog me ntsis ntxiv. Peb twb tau muab npe rau feem ntau "txhim kho" hom painting: Khokhloma thiab Gzhel. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm tus, lawv tag nrho cov qub thiab muaj ntau heev ntawm lawv. Cia peb lub npe qee yam: Boretskaya, Gorodets, Mezenskaya, Onega, Permogorskaya, Pizhemskaya, Polkhovo-Maidanskaya, Puchuzhskaya, Rakulskaya, thiab lwm yam. Tsis muaj peev xwm qhia tau meej txog txhua tus ntawm lawv hauv kab lus no, peb yuav nthuav qhia cov lus piav qhia ntawm ib leeg ntawm lawv - Polkhov-Maidan.

Daim duab no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th hauv Voznesensky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Nizhny Novgorod. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Polkhovsky Maidan thiab nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Voznesenskoye, nyob rau hauv thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, muaj ib tug tig lub lag luam ntawm cov hauj sam ntawm lub Sarov Monastery. Tig craft kawm thiabcov neeg ua liaj ua teb, dhau los ua cov neeg txawj ntse hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv ntoo. Craftsmen kuj ua, raws li lawv hais, "tadarushki", piv txwv li cov khoom rau kev lom zem: xuav, nceb, nesting menyuam roj hmab, Easter qe, me nyuam cov khoom ua si.

Lub zog rau kev tsim cov duab kos duab yog kev yuav khoom los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Polin Pavel Nikitich ntawm cov cuab yeej rau vizhiganie, thiab txij li xyoo 1926, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb muaj tswv yim ua rau lawv pleev xim rau cov khoom siv roj, thiab txij li xyoo 1933. lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov xim aniline.

Tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Polkhovtsy tau txais los ntawm Zagortsy, Merinovtsy, Semenovtsy, hom tshiab ntawm cov duab kos duab zes menyuam roj hmab tau tsim (peb yuav kov lub ntsiab lus tom qab).

Technology ntawm Polkhov-Maidan style ntawm painting

Thaum pib, qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom ntoo tau sanded thiab primed nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Tom qab ntawd lub contour ntawm daim duab yog thov nrog tus number case, tom qab ntawd cov painting tau ua. Rau qhov no, cov xim ntawm plaub xim tau siv: liab, daj, ntsuab thiab xiav. Tom qab ntawd lub "ntsiab lus" tau nqa tawm, ib tug yam ntxwv artistic theem ntawm Polkhov-Maidan style, uas muaj nyob rau hauv tracing tus txheej txheem ntawm daim duab nyob rau hauv dub. Peb ntxiv hais tias hom tha xim no muaj xws li cov txheej txheem xws li overlaying paj.

hom kos duab no kuj siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev pleev xim tsis pom.

Peb tau hais txog hom duab no tsis yog caij nyoog. Nws vam meej nyob rau hauv lub USSR mus txog rau thaum lub 90s suav nrog. Tsib txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas Voznesenskaya. Ntawm cov no, 40% yog cov neeg pleev kob, tus so yog turners. Kev ua haujlwm tau kho kom zoo, ntawm lub hoobkasmuaj tswv yim lab. Cov khoom raug xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Europe. Niaj hnub no, cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub Hoobkas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam.

Her Majesty matryoshka

Lavxias teb sab painting tsis yog ib txwm hloov zuj zus nyob rau hauv evolution. Nws cov kev xav qee zaum tshwm sim tsis tau xav txog - tsis yog los ntawm "qhov tob ntawm ntau pua xyoo." Lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev pom ntawm qee tus tswv muaj tswv yim Lavxias teb sab. Qhov no tshwm sim nrog matryoshka. Nws tsis yog haiv neeg Russia invention.

Matryoshka tau tshwm sim hauv Russia hauv xyoo pua 19th hauv Sergiev Posad. Xyoo 1898, tus poj niam ntawm tus kws kos duab Sergey Vasilyevich Malyutin coj los ntawm Nyij Pooj ib daim duab ntawm tus txiv neej laus Fukurumu, uas muaj plaub daim duab ntxiv tau nqis peev (los ntawm txoj kev, raws li cov lus dab neeg Nyij Pooj, thawj cov duab zoo li no tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias Lavxias). Sergei Vasilievich rov xav txog "hauv Lavxias" nws lub tswv yim. Ib lub tswv yim ci ntsa iab tshwm sim - ua qauv rau tsev neeg Lavxias. Lub npe Matryona tau nrov nyob rau hauv Russia. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li Milyutin ntseeg, nws tau hais txog lub npe Roman thaum ub ntawm leej niam ntawm tsev neeg.

Sergey Vasilyevich ua ib daim duab ntawm ib daim duab nrog yim daim ntawv txuas. Tus poj niam ua raws li nws tus ntxhais nrog ib tug qaib dub, ces nws tus tub, ces dua ib tug ntxhais, tus thib yim daim duab yog ib tug me nyuam. Turner V. P. Zvezdochkin carved lawv cov duab los ntawm ntoo. Sergey Vasilievich nws tus kheej pleev xim rau daim duab.

Kev tsim cov menyuam roj hmab zes. Hom painting

Lub ntiaj teb muaj koob meej ntawm tus menyuam roj hmab zes, nws qhov kev lees paub los ntawm lub ntiaj teb hnub rov qab mus rau 1900, thaum nws "tawm los" - rau lub ntiaj teb exhibition hauv Paris.

Puas yog pej xeem kev kos duab hla dhau los ntawm nesting menyuam roj hmab? Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1899, tag nrho Sergiev Posad tau tsim cov menyuam roj hmab tshiab: cov ntxhaisthiab cov poj niam, ruddy, nyob rau hauv caftans thiab aprons los yog kerchiefs thiab sundresses, nrog baskets, tsiaj, noog, paj. Zagorsk style (raws li koj paub, Sergiev Posad tau renamed Zagorsk) tau txawv los ntawm nws cov picturesqueness, mloog rau cov ntsiab lus me me.

Txij li xyoo 1922, cov menyuam roj hmab zes kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub zos Merinovo hauv cheeb tsam Nizhny Novgorod. Lub zos turner Maiorov A. F., tau yuav ib tug Sergius matryoshka, carved "nws tus kheej". Nws tus ntxhais tau pleev xim rau cov duab. Cov neeg Merino tau paub sai sai rau kev tsim cov duab kos duab. Lub Merino matryoshka yog qhov ci ntsa iab, txawm hais tias muaj kev nthuav dav tsawg dua Zagorsk ib qho.

Qhov thib peb "matryoshka deposit" yog lub zos ntawm Polkhovsky Maidan, nto moo rau ob leeg turners thiab painting. Polkhovskaya matryoshka muaj nws tus yam ntxwv nta:

- sai sai, me strokes sau lub ntsej muag;

- qhov chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj phuam qhwv caj dab thiab cov kab ntawm sundress (daim tiab), los ntawm sab nraub qaum mus rau 2/3 lub matryoshka yog pleev xim liab (liab) lossis ntsuab. Cov xim ntawm txoj phuam qhwv caj dab sib txawv nrog nws. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub hauv pliaj ntawm matryoshka, ib tug qus grouse paj yog kos. Lub apron yog cim - los ntawm lub caj dab mus rau hauv av. Cov duab ntawm lub apron yog pawg "raws li oval". Hauv nruab nrab yog ib ceg nrog qhib sawv, nplooj, berries. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ua tiav nrog daisies thiab tsis nco qab-kuv-nots.

Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los ua yog tus menyuam roj hmab zes los ntawm Vyatka, uas cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zos tau sau nrog cov quav cab.

Zoo kawg

Lavxias teb sab kos duab kos duab ua ib hom kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua yog ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm haiv neeg sib sib zog nqus, ntawm tib neeg kev paub txog qhov Niam Txiv yog dab tsi, tsev neeg yog dab tsi. Nws yog txuam nrog lub hnub nyooglub neej ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, yog li ntawd, cov khoom pleev xim muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sov siab, tib neeg, thiab muaj tswv yim zoo rau lub neej. Lawv yeej kho lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub no, lawv hloov "kev tsis ncaj ncees", lawv qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw nyob.

Kev kos duab kos duab kuj coj qee lub suab rau hauv peb lub neej, ua rau peb nco txog kev txuas ntxiv, ntawm Niam Txiv, lub luag haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm txhua tus neeg - ua kom lub neej nyob ib puag ncig peb zoo nkauj dua.