Cov ntawv sau txog lub cev: kev piav qhia ntawm chav sib raug zoo, nws lub neej, ib puag ncig, kev lis kev cai thiab qhov tseem ceeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv pej xeem kev nco qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib hom ntawv raws li kev sau ntawv lub cev. Nekrasov thiab Belinsky, tsim almanacs ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab, zoo li tab tom sim rov qab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Russia mus rau cov tub rog ua raws li cov cai ntawm lub Ryleev thiab Bestuzhev "Polar Star". Ib pawg neeg sau ntawv loj heev tau koom ua ke los ntawm kev xav siab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li kev nkag siab ntawm cov haujlwm muaj tswv yim tau hloov pauv radically.

Problems of realism

Cov nom tswv hloov siab ntev tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, yog li kev nyiam pej xeem nyiam tau hloov los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tiag tiag. Lub physiological sketch tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov cim ci ntsa iab ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv. Lo lus heev"physiology" tsis tau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov neeg tsim thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab. Nws tshwm sim ntau dhau lawm.

F. Rov qab rau xyoo 1841, Koni tau luam tawm cov duab me me nrog cov npe lom zem hauv Literary Gazette: "Physiology ntawm Poj Niam Kev Zoo Nkauj", "Physiology ntawm Nose", piv txwv li. Cov neeg txhais lus ntawm tib lub xyoo coj los ntawm Fab Kis "Physiology of the Parisian Theaters" thiab "Physiology of a Married Man".

Kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm lo lus no tsis yog txhua qhov cuam tshuam nrog Nekrasov cov neeg niaj hnub txhais los ntawm nws. Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th pom nws raws li kev kawm ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev txawj ntse los yog kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig.

YPhysiology ntawm Petersburg

Cov kws sau ntawv-cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov qauv tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim siab los hais rau tus nyeem nrog lub cev ntawm St. Petersburg. Thiab tsis yog tus thawj coj, sab pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov chaw lag luam loj tshaj plaws thiab kev tswj hwm, lawv xav tias muaj tswv yim, tab sis lub neej ntawm nws cov kev sib raug zoo hauv qab. Cov ntawv sau txog lub cev raws li ib hom ntawv tau ntxiv nrog cov duab zoo nkauj sau ntawm tib neeg lub neej, ntxiv rau, nws qhov chaw nyob deb tshaj plaws, uas yog, nooks thiab slums.

Yog li, Vladimir Dal coj ib tsab ntawv hais txog St. Petersburg janitor, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev piav txog St. Petersburg feuilletonist, Alexander Kulchitsky - lub St. Petersburg omnibus, thiab Evgeny Grebenka - lub St. Petersburg sab … Cov neeg sau ntawv yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov xwm txheej no nrog lawv lub taub hau txhawm rau txhawm rau txiav txim siab ua tib zoo xav txog txhua yam tsis paub zoo.kuv lub qab ntuj khwb.

Lub ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus

Cov ntawv sau txog lub cev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis zoo vim nws nyiam heev hauv lub cev, uas yog, qhov kev txaus siab no ua rau nws tus kheej txaus. Kev piav qhia txhua hnub, duab, hais lus lossis cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws cuam tshuam tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, txawm hais tias kev khuv leej rau cov neeg pluag yeej tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.

Qhov no poob rau hauv naturalism - nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntsiab lus - ua rau tus kws sau ntawv raug kev thuam. Txawm hais tias artistic kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo lub neej, ntawm chav kawm, twb mus rau pem hauv ntej. Kev coj ncaj ncees los ua tsis yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog hom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Cov cim ntawm cov cim tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm txoj kev niaj hnub ntawm lub neej, cov lus piav qhia tau muab qhov chaw tsawg thiab tsawg, cov phiaj xwm kev tsim kho tuaj yeem tsis muaj tseeb, txij li cov txheej txheem tau kov yeej - cais cov duab thiab cov xwm txheej niaj hnub txuas tsis tau los ntawm ib zaj lus, tsis yog los ntawm ib qho kev ua, tab sis los ntawm ib qho teeb meem ideological.

Physiology ntawm peasantry

hom ntawv ntawm lub cev sau ntawv tau nrawm nrawm, dhau los ua lo lus tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xyoo 1840. Petersburg cov kws sau ntawv tsis txwv. Txaus siab rau lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb, nws cov serf feem kuj zoo heev. Cov kws sau ntawv hluas tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej hauv kev nthuav tawm cov ncauj lus no: Grigorovich ("Anton Goremyka" thiab "Village"), Dal ("Lavxias teb sab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb"), Herzen ("The Thieving Magpie").

Ceeb toom tshwj xeebNekrasov thiab nws zaj paj huam "Nyob rau hauv txoj kev", qhov twg cov duab ntawm ib tug zoo tib yam neeg pluag poj niam, txawm tias zoo nkauj heev, tab sis puas los ntawm serfdom, yog heev txawj ntse conveyed. Ivan Turgenev kuj tau koom nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev muaj tiag nrog lub cev ntawm Lavxias lub zos, uas los ntawm 1847 pib tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov tswv av thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb lub neej.

Sympathy rau kev thuam

Belinsky tau mob siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom tshiab. Nws sim theoretically substantiate cov tsos, originality thiab tsim nyog ntawm xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li ib tug physiological sau ntawv. Nws txhais tau tias yog ib hom kev sau ntawv xov xwm lossis cov ntawv sau uas tshawb txog qee yam hauv zej zog, nrog rau nws cov hauv paus, qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov chaw nyob, tau muab rau hauv cov lus tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg thuam, qhov uas nws qhia cov dab neeg tshiab los ntawm lub neej. neeg ua liaj ua teb. Feem ntau Belinsky txaus siab rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hauv hom ntawv no.

Cov yam ntxwv sib xyaw tau txais nws qhov tshwj xeeb. Belinsky ntseeg hais tias kev sau ntawv ntawm lub cev yuav tsum tsis txhob dhau los ua ib zaj dab neeg lossis ib qho tshiab. Yog li, thuam Grigorovich, nws tau sau tseg tias tus kws sau ntawv lub peev xwm rau kev sau ntawv ntawm kev ua neej nyob, tab sis thuam Lub Zos rau nws cov lus piav qhia. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm no, raws li Belinsky, yog tias nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau tag nrho cov duab ntawm lub neej nyob deb nroog yuav tsum yog sab nraud tsis muaj kev sib txuas, tab sis yuav tsum ua pa nrog ib qho kev xav.

Txoj kev sau txhua hnub

Ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau hloov kho tam sim ntawd, ob qho tib si cov neeg koom thiab cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb hauv kev muaj tswv yim tau nthuav tawm maj mam. Belinsky tau paub tseeb tias kev sau ntawv txhua hnub pib nrog Gogol, uas tau qhia tshiab thiab yog li ntawdCov ntsiab lus ci ntsa iab uas ua rau muaj ntau tus neeg coj li, nws yog Gogol uas tau qhia txog tib neeg txoj kev xav txog qhov tseeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshiab, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog los ntawm nws tias lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv pib.

Los ntawm cov thwjtim ntawm Nikolai Vasilyevich, Belinsky tau hu ua Vladimir Sollogub nrog nws cov dab neeg "Ob tug Tub Kawm", "Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Ob Galoshes", "Tus Dais" thiab "Pharmacist". Sollogub, tus neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv no, pom qhov khoob ntawm lub neej secular, sib piv nrog lub siab dawb paug thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg los ntawm cov chav kawm qis. Belinsky tau sau tseg tias Sollogub tsis muaj kev ntseeg sib sib zog nqus thiab kev ntseeg siab, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw cov duab hloov mus rau qhov tsis muaj qhov txawv txav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov yooj yim thiab qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb tam sim no ua rau Sollogub cov dab neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev.

Lub luag haujlwm kev kawm

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev kos duab kos duab hauv "Oblomov's Npau suav" tshwj xeeb yog pom meej. Tus cwj pwm ntawm tus hero yog kwv yees los ntawm txhua yam uas tau piav qhia los ntawm Goncharov uas nyob ib puag ncig nws. Txhua yam zoo li zoo, tab sis txawm tias kev ua siab zoo tsis hais txog Oblomov qhov kev txaus siab ntawm nws tus kheej lub neej. Nws txoj hauj lwm tam sim no yog npliag thiab nyuaj siab, thiab tus phab ej paub txog qhov no.

Nws npau suav ntawm nws thaum yau, uas tau siv nyob rau hauv yawg suab Oblomovka, qhov twg ib tug me nyuam tub inquisitive thiab frisky tseem tsis tau tso cai hnav nws tus kheej. Tsuas yog cov tub qhe ua haujlwm nyob ntawd. Kev npau suav coj Oblomov mus rau ib pliag hauv nws lub neej uas tsis pom zoo, tab sis qhov hloov pauv. Raws li thaum yau, Oblomov, tam sim no paub txog txhua yam, thiab sawv, tsis tig qhov twg.

Tsis muaj kev cia siab

YogCov kws sau ntawv uas Belinsky tau txiav txim siab muab tso rau hauv lub hauv ntej ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, txawm hais tias nws tus kheej pom ib co shortcomings nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, tab sis nws paub tseeb hais tias cov sau ntawv yuav kov yeej txhua yam.

Cov neeg thuam qhov kev cia siab yog, piv txwv li, I. I. Panaev, uas nws cov dab neeg "Tus Poj Niam", "Onagr", "Akteon" thiab lwm tus tau raug hu ua tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li qhov tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws tau sau tseg tias hauv cov dab neeg no muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov tseeb, yam ntxwv, deftly thiab tenaciously tuav. Belinsky kuj pom qee yam tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis txaus ntseeg, tsis khov kho, tab sis nws tau piav qhia qhov no los ntawm qhov tsis paub txog ntawm nws cov txuj ci zoo kawg li. Qhov tseeb, cov no yog cov khoom ntawm tus sau txoj kev xav, uas nws yeej tsis muaj peev xwm kov yeej.

Tus neeg thuam kuj qhuas txog cov dab neeg ntawm V. I. Feem ntau nws tau pab zaj dab neeg "Batman" rau lub txhab nyiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Thiab nws zoo siab rov hais dua tias tom qab Gogol, Dal tsuas yog thawj lub peev xwm, tus kws sau paj huam tseeb ntawm kev sau ntawv lub cev. Qhov tseeb, Dal tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntawv tseeb, thiab yav tom ntej sai sai ua qhov tseem ceeb.

Fantasy world vs hard truth

Tam sim no peb sawv daws paub tias muaj qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws yog qhov tseeb tiag tias daim duab thib ob yog kim dua. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov kws sau ntawv tau taug kev txoj kev tsis muaj kev sib tw hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev sau ntawv tiag tiag. Belinsky tau sau txog qhov sib txawv loj ntawm kev coj, yam ntxwv, cov ntsiab lus thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsev kawm qub thiab tshiab. Cov dab neeg qub piav txog lub ntiaj teb kev npau suav, thiab cov tshiab piav txog lub neej tiag tiag.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab tau tsim lub koom haum thaum cov kws sau ntawv hluas koom nrog Belinsky - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, me ntsis tom qab - Dostoevsky. Tom qab ntawd peb almanacs tau sau thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv kev kho ntawm Nekrasov: ob phaus ntawm "Physiology ntawm Petersburg" thiab "Petersburg Collection", uas tau los ua ib yam ntawm manifesto ntawm no literary sib. Nws muaj ob daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab cai muaj tswv yim (Belinsky cov lus qhia) thiab ib txoj hauv kev rau kev ua tiav zoo.

Naturally, qhov no primitive ib hom ntawv nyeem tsis tau tso tseg tsis muaj masterpieces - nrog xws li thiab xws li sau ntawv. Ntawm no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau lub npe Turgenev "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg yos hav zoov": thaum tag nrho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ib tug physiological essay tau ua raws li, tag nrho yim hom paintings tau ua piv txwv ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws poetic lo lus. Ntxiv rau - qhov kev tawm tsam kev xav uas nrog tus nyeem ntawv thoob plaws hauv "Notes".

Cov ntawv xov xwm qub tshiab

Txij li xyoo 1847, qhov rov ua dua tshiab "Sovremennik" tau pib tshwm sim, uas tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshaj lij Lavxias kev sau ntawv. Txawm hais tias kev hloov pauv ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm (zits-tus thawj tswj hwm), NA Nekrasov tau txiav txim siab rau phau ntawv xov xwm tag nrho. Tau nees nkaum xyoo phau ntawv xov xwm no yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov haujlwm luam tawm hauv Sovremennik thiab Otechestvennye Zapiski tau nthuav dav thiab ua tiav ntau duaphysiological sau ntawv, thiab cov tswv yim tswv yim siv los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tsis txwv rau txhua hnub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim lub neej. Goncharov's "Ordinary History" tau luam tawm ntawm no, thiab qhov thib ob ntawm Herzen tus tshiab tshiab "Leej twg yuav liam?" tau luam tawm ntawm no. Tag nrho cov tshiab tau luam tawm raws li ib qho ntxiv rau Sovremennik. ME S altykov (tsis tau Shchedrin) tshwm sim nrog nws thawj zaj dab neeg. Thiab Fyodor Dostoevsky. Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, los ntawm ib tug physiological sau ntawv, pom thiab mastered ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia, thiab tsis yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, - realism.