2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Peb txhua tus yeej paub zoo tias phau ntawv yog dab tsi. Ib qho me me tab sis ntxim nyiam uas qhib lub ntiaj teb tshiab. Muaj tseeb connoisseurs ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg nyiam phau ntawv, uas tsis tuaj yeem nyob ib hnub yam tsis nyeem ntawv, muaj kev hlub tshwj xeeb. Muaj tag nrho cov kev faib tawm ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta, tab sis nyob rau hauv feem ntau lawv muaj ib tug xov tooj - ib tug xov xwm qhia rau cov nyeem. Wb sim teb lo lus nug: "Phau ntawv yog dab tsi?".
Kev xa xov xwm
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim phau ntawv rov qab mus rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Tam sim no peb tau pom zoo kom pom nws hauv lub hau zoo nkauj, nrog lub hau tawv tawv uas tso cai rau koj kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau xyoo. Kev tsim qauv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim phau ntawv, raws li tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsis tshua nyiam rau cov duab pom dua li cov ntsiab lus.
Tab sis, saib mus rau yav dhau los, peb tuaj yeem hais tias hauv kev nkag siab yooj yim, phau ntawv yog hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv, cov lus xa mus rau lwm tus. Li no lub siab xav ntawm cov neeg primitive kom dhau cov kev txawj ntse mus rau tiam tom ntej. Lawv tsis muaj caij nyoog thaum ntawd. Thiab tseem, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ancientkev vam meej tau pom txoj hauv kev tawm.
Dab tsi yog thawj?
Yog tias peb tig mus rau kev tsim cov lus, los ntawm Proto-Slavic lus "phau ntawv" yog folded, fastened nplooj ntawv, uas tau hloov los ntawm scrolls. Cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho phau ntawv. Txhawm rau khaws nws, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tuaj nrog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev coj ua. Thawj cov no yog cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum, thiab tom qab ntawd cov ntawv hlau thiab cov ntoo tawv tau siv.
Tablets yog cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov. Av nplaum thiab siv quav ciab, lawv sib npaug nrog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv lawv. Yog li, thawj zaug, cov ntsiav tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab hlawv kom thiaj li kho tau cov ntawv nyeem, uas tsis hloov pauv lawm. Thaum siv cov quav ciab, cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, lawv siv cov planks fastened ua ke. Hu ua codex, lawv tsim cov phau ntawv niaj hnub qauv.
Kev txhim kho phau ntawv hom
Nws paub tias hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub lawv siv papyrus, uas suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm daim ntawv peb paub niaj hnub no. Nws cov nplooj ntawv tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv cov ntawv sau - thawj phau ntawv hom, uas, nrog rau cov ntoo tawv ntoo, tau siv dav. Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov ntawv sau ua ke (cov ntawv sau) tau muab faib. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb, thiab rau cov neeg uas muaj kev sau ntawv zoo nkauj, txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau tsim. Cov ntawv nyeem tau sau nrog tus cwj mem thiab cwj mem. Tom qab ntawd, siv cov txheej txheem xim xim rau cov ntawv sau.
Woodcut (nyob rau hauv kev pom niaj hnub no, qhov no yog stencilrau ntau lub hom phiaj siv) thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th. Ib lub matrix raug txiav tawm ntawm cov ntoo, uas tau dipped rau hauv tus cwj mem thiab luam tawm rau ntau daim ntawv luam. Niaj hnub no, lub tshuab luam ntawv tuaj yeem ua tau zoo ib yam li txheej txheem.
Qhov chaw ntawm phau ntawv hauv kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv
Kev tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thaum ub yog txuam nrog kev tsim lub xeev nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th. Nyob rau hauv lub pre-Christian lub sij hawm, sau ntawv twb muaj lawm. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev tsim cov tsiaj ntawv Glagolitic, uas coj mus rau kev tsim cov tsiaj ntawv, ib txwm hu ua Cyrillic, yog ntaus nqi. Kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau cim los ntawm kev paub nrog phau ntawv kab lis kev cai. Ib qho ntawm thawj cov ntawv sau cia yog "Sermon on Law and Grace", sau los ntawm Metropolitan Hilarion nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th. Tom qab ntawd, "The Tale of Bygone Years" thiab "Instruction" los ntawm Vladimir Monomakh tshwm. Qhov no yog ua raws li "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Igor Txoj Kev Sib Tw", "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Kev Ntshai ntawm Ryazan los ntawm Batu".
Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, cov phau ntawv Lavxias teb sab tau txais txiaj ntsig thoob plaws hauv zej zog. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov classics tau luam tawm: Pushkin (xav tias yog leej txiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv), Lomonosov, Tolstoy, Turgenev thiab ntau lwm yam eminent sau ntawv. Lub Golden, Nyiaj Hnub nyoog hloov lawv txoj cai mus rau lub hnub nyoog niaj hnub - nws yog cim los ntawm kev loj hlob tsis tau muaj dua nyob rau hauv phau ntawv luam tawm thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau tus sau phau ntawv ntawm ntau yam lus qhia.
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Soviet era. Nws tau cim los ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj rau lub tebchaws. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv raug yuam kom tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tab sis hauv kev nkag siab dav dav qhov no tsis yog vim tsis muaj cov haujlwm lees paub tias yog classics. Ibrau tag nrho ib puas xyoo, paj huam, lub ntsiab ntawm revolutions thiab tsov rog, keeb kwm prose, satirical, sci-fi, ua yeeb yam taw qhia, lyrics, tej yam yees siv realism, camp, nyob deb nroog thiab nroog prose tau pom lawv qhov chaw. Yav dhau los tsis paub lossis tsis paub ntau yam ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, thriller, romanticism, postmodernism, realism, conceptualism, symbolism, neorealism tau txais kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg nyeem niaj hnub no nkag siab cov ntsiab lus no, tab sis lawv muaj nyob ua ib hom kev ywj pheej.
Tus sau ua haujlwm
Nyob rau ib puas xyoo keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm phau ntawv, cov neeg nyeem tau ntsib ntau tus kws sau ntawv. Cov kws sau phau ntawv tsis zoo li yog tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau "los ntawm pawg neeg", feem ntau sau txog qhov lawv pom nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Kuj tseem muaj cov neeg uas tau nthuav tawm cov tswv yim tshiab rau cov pej xeem, uas tsis tau pom tam sim ntawd. Cov no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, muaj xws li fantasy hom thiab nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb: Vladimir Obruchev, Alexander Belyaev, Grigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, Kir Bulychev, Ivan Efremov, Anatoly Dneprov. Cov kwv tij Strugatsky, uas suav hais tias yog classics ntawm Soviet science ntawv tseeb, muaj cai muaj xibtes.
Nyob hauv ntiaj teb no kev nyeem ntawv, phau ntawv tseem cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub xeev txoj kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov txheej xwm yog npaj los ua kom lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv. Kev ua koob tsheej, kev tshaj tawm thiab kev sib tw yuav muaj nyob hauv ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv hauv lub tebchaws. Txhua tus hlub phau ntawv yuav nrhiav tau ib yam tshiab thiab zoo siab heev.
Cov phau ntawv niaj hnub, ntxiv rau cov phau ntawv ib txwm,Xws li e-book thiab audiobook. Thawj yog npaj rau kev nyeem ntawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab digital. Feem ntau lawv yog CDs thiab DVDs, players, ntsiav tshuaj. Qhov peculiarity ntawm qhov thib ob yog tias nws yuav tsum tau mloog, vim nws muaj cov kaw suab.
Book today
Nyob hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no, phau ntawv tau hloov pauv ntau yam. Tseem yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm, nws tau muab faib ua ntu ntu, phau ntawv sau thiab albums, phau ntawv hom paub peb, ua nrog cov ntawv sau los yog cov ntawv sau, cov duab kos duab, cov ntaub mos muag thiab tawv. Tab sis feem ntau nws yog kev cai ntseeg hais tias ib phau ntawv yog kev tshawb fawb los yog kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv khij uas npaj rau luam tawm.
Pom zoo:
"Ib phau ntawv tshiab hais txog kev noj zaub mov nyoos, lossis yog vim li cas nyuj yog cov tsiaj nyeg" los ntawm Pavel Sebastyanovich
Tus sau phau ntawv "Vim li cas nyuj yog cov tsiaj nyeg" Pavel Sebastyanovich hais tias ib tug neeg yog omnivorous, tab sis cov zaub mov nyoos yog zaub mov txaus rau nws. Cov zaub mov txaus yog ib qho uas lub plab zom mov tau yoog. Pavel kos ib qho piv txwv nrog cov tsheb niaj hnub: 95 qib roj av haum rau lawv lub cav, Lub tsheb tseem tuaj yeem tsav ntawm 92, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov pa roj carbon deposits tshwm rau ntawm lub taub hau thiab lwm yam kev mob tshwm sim. Sebastianovich cov lus sib cav hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov khoom noj nyoos yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm
Muag Khoom Zoo Tshaj Plaws: Cov Qauv Suab Nkauj, Kev Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Kev Muag Khoom
Ntau lub sijhawm dhau los, tib neeg tsis siv discs, cassettes lossis cov ntaub ntawv yas, nyiam mloog nkauj hauv Is Taws Nem. Thiab tsuas yog cov kiv cua nyiam tshaj plaws tau luam tawm ntawm lub cev tawm, vim tias txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tus kws kos duab thiab ua rau lub cim xeeb ntawm cov khoom tom ntej. Yog li, qhov no yog qhov qeb duas ntawm cov khoom muag zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, cia mus
Daim ntawv teev cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws (cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws detective phau ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev. Detectives: ib daim ntawv teev cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws
Cov kab lus sau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm hom kev ua txhaum cai, uas nws cov haujlwm yuav tsis tso tseg tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam
Cov ntawv nyeem Baroque - yog dab tsi? Stylistic nta ntawm baroque ntaub ntawv. Baroque ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia: piv txwv, sau ntawv
Baroque yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Txhais los ntawm Italian, lub sij hawm txhais tau tias "bizarre", "strange". Qhov kev taw qhia no tau kov ntau hom kev kos duab thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, architecture. Thiab dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv baroque?
Cov phau ntawv txhawb siab - lawv yog dab tsi? Phau ntawv muaj nuj nqis npaum li cas thiab nyeem tau dab tsi rau peb?
Cov phau ntawv txhawb siab pab nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov lus nug nyuaj hauv lub neej thiab tuaj yeem coj tus neeg hloov pauv tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Qee zaum txhua yam koj xav tau kom tau txais kev txhawb siab kom ncav cuag koj lub hom phiaj tsuas yog qhib phau ntawv
