Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th: keeb kwm, yam ntxwv thiab tshuaj xyuas

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ntawm Ntawv Moo Zoo ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv pej xeem lub neej. Cov neeg thuam niaj hnub thiab cov neeg nyeem feem ntau ntseeg txog qhov no. Thaum ntawd, kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog kev lom zem, tab sis txoj kev paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm ib puag ncig. Rau tus kws sau ntawv, kev muaj tswv yim nws tus kheej tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev pabcuam pej xeem rau tib neeg, txij li nws muaj kev ntseeg siab rau lub zog ntawm cov lus muaj tswv yim, nyob rau hauv qhov zoo li tias phau ntawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub siab thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus neeg kom nws hloov pauv. rau qhov zoo.

Kev sib cav hauv Cov Ntawv Sau

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub sau tseg, nws yog qhov tseeb vim qhov kev ntseeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tias cov pej xeem pathos ntawm kev tawm tsam rau qee lub tswv yim tau yug los uas tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv lub tebchaws., xa tag nrho lub teb chaws raws ib txoj kev los yog lwm qhov. Lub xyoo pua 19th yog lub xyoo pua ntawm kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchawskev xav. Yog li ntawd, cov lus hais nyob rau hauv xovxwm ntawm critics ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd nkag mus rau lub annals ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Qhov kev sib cav uas paub zoo, uas tau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tau tshwm sim ntawm Westernizers thiab Slavophiles. Cov kev sib raug zoo no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia thaum ntxov li 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov neeg sab hnub poob tau tawm tswv yim tias kev txhim kho tiag tiag ntawm Russia pib nrog kev hloov kho ntawm Peter I, thiab yav tom ntej nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li keeb kwm no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau kho tag nrho cov pre-Petrine Russia nrog kev tsis saib xyuas, ceeb toom qhov tsis muaj kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm tsim nyog ntawm kev hwm. Cov Slavophiles tau tawm tsam kev ywj pheej ntawm Russia, tsis hais sab hnub poob.

Tsuas yog lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov kev tawm tsam loj heev tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam ntawm cov neeg sab hnub poob, uas yog raws li kev qhia ntawm utopians nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees, tshwj xeeb, Fourier thiab Saint-Simon. Lub tis radical tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev txav no pom kev kiv puag ncig yog tib txoj hauv kev los hloov qee yam hauv lub xeev.

Slavophiles, dhau los, hais tias keeb kwm ntawm Russia tsis muaj tsawg dua li ntawm sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, Western kev vam meej raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug neeg thiab tsis ntseeg, disillusioned nrog sab ntsuj plig muaj nuj nqis.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm Westernizers thiab Slavophiles kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev thuam ntawm Gogol. Cov neeg sab hnub poob suav hais tias tus kws sau ntawv no yog tus tsim ntawm kev sib raug zoo-tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv, thaum cov Slavophiles insisted rau lub epic fullness ntawm paj huam "Tuag Souls" thiab nws cov yaj saub pathos. nco, tiasCov ntawv tseem ceeb tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Naturalists

Nyob rau xyoo 1840, tag nrho cov galaxy ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tau tshwm sim uas tau sib sau ua ke ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thuam Belinsky. Cov neeg sau ntawv no tau pib hu ua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "natural school".

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19, lawv tau nrov heev. Lawv protagonist yog ib tug sawv cev ntawm cov underprivileged class. Cov no yog cov neeg txawj ntse, cov neeg saib xyuas, neeg thov khawv, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Cov kws sau ntawv tau nrhiav muab sijhawm rau lawv los hais lus, qhia lawv txoj kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ua neej, xav txog lawv txhua tus ntawm Russia los ntawm lub kaum tshwj xeeb.

Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog hom "kev sau ntawv lub cev". Nws piav txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov zej zog nrog kev tshawb fawb nruj. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm "lub tsev kawm ntawv ntuj" yog Nekrasov, Grigorovich, Turgenev, Reshetnikov, Uspensky.

Revolutionary Democrats

Thaum xyoo 1860, kev tawm tsam ntawm Westerners thiab Slavophils tau los tsis muaj tseeb. Tab sis kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse txuas ntxiv mus. Lub nroog, kev lag luam tau loj hlob sai, keeb kwm hloov pauv. Lub sijhawm no, raznochintsy tuaj rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lawv tuaj ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo. Yog hais tias yav dhau los sau tau ntau ntawm cov nom tswv, tam sim no cov tub lag luam, cov pov thawj, cov neeg Filitees, cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb coj cwj mem.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab kev thuam, cov tswv yim muab los ntawm Belinsky tab tom txhim kho, cov kws sau ntawv muab tso ua ntej cov neeg nyeem ntse kev sib raug zoolus nug.

Chernyshevsky nteg lub hauv paus philosophical hauv nws tus tswv thesis.

Aesthetic criticism

Nyob rau 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kev taw qhia ntawm "kev thuam zoo nkauj" tau tsim tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Botkin, Druzhinin, Annenkov tsis lees txais kev ntseeg, tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, nrog rau nws txoj kev sib cais los ntawm cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo.

"Pure art" yuav tsum daws cov teeb meem zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "organic thuam" tuaj rau cov lus xaus. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsim los ntawm Strakhov thiab Grigoriev, tiag tiag kos duab los ua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tsis tsuas yog lub siab, tab sis kuj tus ntsuj plig ntawm artist.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm av tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thaum lub sijhawm no. Dostoevsky, Grigoriev, Danilevsky, Strakhov suav nrog lawv tus kheej. Lawv tau tsim cov tswv yim hauv txoj kev Slavophilic, ceeb toom tib lub sijhawm kom dhau mus nrog cov tswv yim hauv zej zog, kom tawg tawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, kev muaj tiag, keeb kwm thiab tib neeg.

Lawv sim nkag mus rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam, txiav cov ntsiab lus dav dav rau kev txhim kho cov organic ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Epoch thiab Vremya, lawv thuam cov rationalism ntawm lawv cov neeg tawm tsam, uas, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, yog heev revolutionary.

Nhiilism

Ib qho ntawm qhov peculiarities ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog nihilism. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov kws tshawb fawb hauv av pom ib qho kev hem thawj rau kev muaj tiag. Nihilism tau nrov heev ntawm ntau seem ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Nwsqhia nyob rau hauv qhov tsis lees paub cov qauv ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, kev coj noj coj ua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov thawj coj lees paub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev coj ncaj ncees tau hloov los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws tus kheej txaus siab thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig.

Txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv no yog Turgenev cov ntawv tshiab "Txiv thiab Tub", sau rau xyoo 1861. Nws protagonist Bazarov tsis lees paub kev hlub, kos duab thiab kev khuv leej. Nws tau qhuas los ntawm Pisarev, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb ideologists ntawm nihilism.

Nkauj tawm tshiab

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm no yog nyob ntawm qhov tshiab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th uas Leo Tolstoy lub epic "Kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb", Chernyshevsky txoj kev nom tswv tshiab "Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum tau ua?", Dostoevsky lub puas siab puas ntsws tshiab "Kev ua phem thiab kev rau txim", thiab S altykov-Shchedrin lub social tshiab "Tus Tswv Golovlev. " tawm los.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dostoevsky, xav txog lub sijhawm.

paj huam

Nyob rau xyoo 1850, paj huam vam meej tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv uas ua raws li lub hnub nyoog kub ntawm Pushkin thiab Lermontov. Polonsky, Fet, Maikov los ua ntej.

Nyob rau hauv paj huam, cov kws sau paj lug tau mob siab rau pej xeem kos duab, keeb kwm, lub neej txhua hnub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Maikov, Tsib Hlis. Nws yog epics, pej xeem lus dab neeg thiab cov nkauj qub uas txiav txim siab tus neeg sau ntawv.

Nyob rau xyoo 1950 thiab 1960, txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau paj huam tau nrov. Cov paj huam yog txuam nrog kev hloov pauv cov tswv yim kev ywj pheejMinaeva, Mikhailov, Kurochkina. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov kws sau paj huam ntawm cov qauv no yog Nikolai Nekrasov.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov neeg sau paj huam tau nrov. Ntawm lawv yog Trefolev, Surikov, Drozhzhin. Nws txuas ntxiv cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Nekrasov thiab Koltsov hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Dramaturgy

Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho lub tebchaws thiab thawj qhov ua yeeb yam. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov yeeb yam nquag siv cov lus dab neeg, ua tib zoo mloog rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tub lag luam lub neej, keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg. Feem ntau koj tuaj yeem pom cov haujlwm ua haujlwm rau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, uas yog romanticism ua ke nrog kev muaj tiag. Cov playwrights xws li Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Ostrovsky, Sukhovo-Kobylin.

Ntau yam ntawm cov qauv thiab cov duab kos duab hauv kev ua yeeb yam ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj los ntawm Chekhov thiab Leo Tolstoy thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua.

Influence of Foreign literature

Ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 2nd ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kws sau ntawv thiab kws sau paj huam.

Lub sijhawm no, cov dab neeg muaj tseeb muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov haujlwm ntawm Balzac ("Shagreen Skin", "Parma Convent", "Eugenia Grande"), Charlotte Bronte ("Jane Eyre"), Thackeray ("Newcomes", "Vanity Fair", "History of Henry Esmond"), Flaubert ("Madame Bovary", "Education of the Senses", "Salambo", "Simple Soul").

In England thaum lub sijhawmCharles Dickens raug suav hais tias yog tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm, nws cov haujlwm Oliver Twist, Pickwick Papers, Lub Neej thiab Kev Lom Zem ntawm Nicklas Nickleby, Christmas Carol, Dombey thiab Leej Tub kuj tau nyeem hauv Russia.

Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam nyob sab Europe, cov paj huam sau los ntawm Charles Baudelaire "Flowers of Evil" dhau los ua qhov kev tshwm sim tiag tiag. Cov no yog cov hauj lwm ntawm tus naas ej European symbolist, uas ua rau ib tug tag nrho cua daj cua dub ntawm kev tsis txaus siab thiab indignation nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe vim muaj coob tus ntawm cov kab lus qias neeg, tus kws sau paj lug txawm raug nplua rau kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, ua rau sau cov paj huam ib. qhov nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum.