2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Mineral paints ntawm cov xim dawb, ua los ntawm cov hlau lead, muaj npe tom qab cov ntxhia uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv - cov hmoov lead dawb. Nyob ntawm lub teb chaws, lub sij hawm thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim, cov hlau lead-raws li cov xim raug hu ua txawv: psimition, Dutch, cerussa, nyiaj ua npuas ncauj los yog tsuas yog nyiaj, Klagenfurt, Venetian dawb, ntshiab lead dawb, thiab lwm yam.
History of tshwm sim
Thawj thawj zaug cov hlau lead dawb tau piav qhia hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Greek kws sau ntawv Dioscorides thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 4 BC. Txawm tias tom qab ntawd lawv paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau lead thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov xim los ntawm nws. Ib me ntsis tom qab, thev naus laus zis rau kev ua dawb, lossis, raws li lawv hu ua, cerussa, twb tau piav qhia los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Loos xws li Vitruvius, Pliny thiab Theophrastus. Nyob rau hauv lub "tshiab" ntiaj teb no dawb lead thawj tshwm nyob rau hauv Holland twb nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Factory zus tau tej cov whitewash sai heev los ua thoob plaws, thiab lawv noj yog tas li loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tshawb fawb Bergman muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dawb xwb los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.
Raws li Russia, keeb kwm ntawm kev siv thiab tsim cov hlau lead dawb tsis yog li qub, tsuas yog ib puas xyoo dhau los lawv pib tsim tawm ntawm no. Xim rautxhuas-raws li yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl, uas yog suav hais tias yog lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm whitewash. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau lub Hoobkas tsim cov npe nrov dawb uas nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Scope of application
Nws txwv tsis pub siv cov hmoov lead dawb ua cov kuab tshuaj rau lwm cov xim. Tib yam siv rau lawv siv nyob rau hauv painting ua hauj lwm vim lub siab toxicity ntawm cov khoom. Hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, kev siv cov hlau lead-raws li dawb rau qhov chaw hlau tau tso cai.
Yog tias, txawm li cas los xij, cov hmoov lead dawb siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, yog li kev ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb uas tau teev tseg rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev siv cov kev npaj no yog tsim nyog. Vim muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub cev, txawm tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov xim, nws raug txwv tsis pub siv cov hmoov lead dawb.
Vim muaj cov tshuaj toxicity siab, kev siv cov tshuaj ntxuav tes dawb yog tswj hwm ntawm qib kev cai lij choj. Yog li, cov kev cai lij choj ntawm 1909 thiab 1926 tau cuam tshuam qhov kev poob qis hauv kev tsim cov xim txhua xyoo hauv Fabkis. Kaum ob lub chaw pleev xim thiab cov kua roj vanish hauv lub tebchaws no tau tsim ntau tshaj 20,000 tons ntawm dawb ib xyoos, thaum tam sim no lub ntim tsis tshaj 1,000 tons. Cov kev cai no, hmoov tsis, tsuas yog siv rau thaj tsam ntawm Fabkis, nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws siv cov hmoov lead dawb tsis txwv raws li txoj cai.
khoom siv lead ua dawb
Lawv yog tsim los ua cov hmoov dawb hnyav nrog cov qauv granular. Thaum raug vaporacetic acid rau txhuas thiab dawb txhuas yog tsim. Lawv cov xim, raws li lub npe qhia, yog dawb. Vim qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, cov khoom tiav muaj cov hmoov lead me me. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov hmoov lead dawb, lawv muaj cov qaub qaub me ntsis, thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsev ntsev ntawm cov hmoov lead yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 1% ntawm tag nrho cov impurities.
Cov xim av, uas muaj cov hmoov lead dawb, muaj lub zog zais siab thiab lub sijhawm ziab luv luv. Txog li 10% ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm cov xim yog lawv cov roj nqus. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua qhib, cov dawb hardens sai heev, thiab qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov thickness ntawm cov xim txheej. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov zoo no uas cov hlau lead dawb yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv painting nyob rau hauv multi-txheej txheej txheem thiab nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov roj av coatings.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab, yog li ntawd, muaj peev xwm kom qhuav sai, cov xim no tau yooj yim xa mus rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias cov xim qhuav qhuav qhuav sai sai thoob plaws lawv cov txheej txheem. Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb rau kev pleev xim rau hauv qab, vim tias lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov xim tom ntej, thaum lawv sib raug zoo nrog cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab tsis tawg.
Kev siv cov hmoov lead dawb
Nrog rau qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov hmoov lead dawb, lawv muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog sau cia qhov siab toxicity ntawm cov hmoov. Thaum sib tsoo, txhua txoj cai kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau ua kom cov hmoov tsis txau. Paub tsis tau xwbmob hnyav heev, tab sis kuj tuag.
Lead dawb tuaj yeem hloov nws lub teeb. Thaum cov xim raug rau hydrogen sulfide, thawj zaug nws pib tig xim av, thiab tom qab ntawd tig dub tag. Qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog hais tias tsis muaj txaus binder nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dawb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov txheej txheem no yog thim rov qab. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov xim pleev xim rau ntawm nws qhov zoo li qub, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kho cov xim nrog hydrogen peroxide, uas tuaj yeem hloov cov hlau lead sulfide rau hauv cov dawb sulfide.
Nyob hauv ib puag ncig alkaline, dawb tsis ruaj tsis khov, uas yog vim li cas lawv tsis haum rau alkaline tempera thiab frescoes.
Qhov tshwj xeeb no tau pom hauv kev pleev xim. Lead dawb hauv av nrog linseed roj muaj peev xwm hloov lub teeb. Yog tias daim duab tig tawm ntawm qhov rais thiab coj mus rau ntawm phab ntsa, cov xim raws li cov hlau lead dawb tig daj, tab sis muaj peev xwm rov qab los rau nws cov xim qub yog tias nws raug tshav ntuj ncaj qha rau ib pliag.
Ntau yam tshuaj ntxuav tes
Hnub no, siv ntau hom xim dawb. Lead, zinc thiab titanium yog cov khoom siv tshaj plaws.
Lead - feem ntau ancient, feem ntau yog siv los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub. Lawv qhov zoo dua yog tias koj tuaj yeem siv cov txheej pob tshab, thiab cov xim dries sai heev. Nws muaj cov qauv hloov tau yooj yim thiab tiv taus ntau dua. Tab sis lub ntsiab tsis zoo yog nws toxicity.
Titanium dawb. Lawv tsis tshua nyiam nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab zoo ib yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv rau cov hlau lead dawb. Qhov no xim toneqhov dawb tshaj plaws, tab sis nws qhov kev rho tawm yog tias nws yog opaque kiag li thiab pleev xim rau lwm cov tones.
Ntawm no dawb yog nrov heev nrog potters. Lawv cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv av nplaum, thiab yog tias qhov no tsis txaus, ces lawv yuav tsum tau siv rau saum txheej nyias.
Zinc dawb. Lawv tsis yog tuab li titanium dawb thiab yog li ntawd lawv yog siv rau tinting thiab siv pob tshab txheej. Lub downside ntawm cov xim no tsuas yog lub sij hawm qhuav qhuav.
Dutch txoj kev
Qhov no yog thawj zaug thiab qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm cov hmoov lead dawb. Rau txoj kev no, cov hlau lead 2-3 hli dav yog txiav mus rau hauv ib daim hlab mus txog 6 cm ntev thiab muab tso rau hauv glazed earthenware lauj kaub, thaum coiling. Lub lauj kaub yuav tsum yog li 1 liter, thiab tsis pub tshaj 20 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab, 250 ml ntawm vinegar kuj poured rau ntawd. Cov lauj kaub yog muab tso rau hauv kab nyob rau hauv cib chambers thiab, sprinkled nrog txheej ntawm nees manure, yog stacked. Ib txheej ntawm nees quav yog them rau hauv qab, thawj txheej ntawm lub lauj kaub yog teem rau ntawm nws, los ntawm saum toj no lawv yog them nrog txhuas daim hlau thiab cov laug cam, thiab lub qhov khoob ntawm lub lauj kaub kuj muaj cov quav. Ua li no, cov lauj kaub tau muab tso rau hauv txheej rau saum toj kawg nkaus.
Thaum lub sijhawm fermentation ntawm cov quav, cua sov tawm, uas ua rau cov evaporation ntawm acetic acid. Thaum cov pa oxygen catalyzed los ntawm huab cua, ib qho acetic lead ntsev yog tsim, uas yog hloov mus rau carbon lead, uas yog dawb lead. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais dawb los ntawm cov hlau lead yog qhov mob siab tshaj plaws, feem ntau ua los ntawm cov tshuab. Feem ntau siv rau cov noLub hom phiaj yog Horn ntaus ntawv.
German way
Qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev German thiab txoj kev Dutch tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus. Cov nplooj ntawv txhuas tsis tau muab tso rau hauv lub lauj kaub, tab sis yog dai rau hauv cib thiab ntoo chambers. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm kev raug rau acetic acid thiab oxygen yog zoo tib yam. Feem ntau, Major lub cuab yeej siv rau txoj kev no.
French way
Tenar tau thov Fabkis txoj kev ua cov hmoov lead dawb. Rau nws, ua ntej, ib qho kev daws ntawm acetic lead ntsev yog tsim, los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide ces dhau. Yog li ntawd, dawb raug tso tawm, thiab qhov nruab nrab acetic lead ntsev tseem nyob rau hauv kev daws. Txoj kev no yog tas mus li, txij li thaum lub litharge yog yaj dua hauv cov tshuaj siv, ua cov ntsev tseem ceeb.
English way
Txoj kev no ntawm kev rho tawm cov hmoov lead dawb yog qhov nyuaj dua, thiab yog li ntawd nws tau siv tsawg dua thiab tsis ntev los no. Ib lub litharge moistened nrog 1% tov ntawm txhuas suab thaj yog muab tso rau hauv kab rov tav nruas. Nyob ntawd nws tig nrog kev pab los ntawm stirrers. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tau ua tiav nrog lub dav hlau ntawm carbon dioxide.
Rau txoj kev no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas tsis muaj impurities nyob rau hauv lub litharge, txwv tsis pub cov dawb yuav tau ib tug undesirable ntxoov ntxoo.
Pom zoo:
Cov khoom ua yeeb yam: cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab lawv cov khoom tsim
Yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau zoo? Undoubtedly, qhov kev ua si uas cov hauj lwm yuav tsum tau nqa tawm, tus thawj coj, txawj ntse lam … Tab sis lub tswv yim yuav tsis ua kom tiav yog tsis muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb Cheebtsam - ua yeeb yam props, uas yuav pab tau kom qhov kev txiav txim ntau cus ciav, ntuj, puv
Kuv Yuav Tsum Saib Taug Kev Taug Kev ntawm Quentin Dorward, Phom phom ntawm Kingsguard?
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Harry Potter potions: hom, kev faib tawm, cov khoom xyaw tej yam yees siv thiab kev cai potion, lub hom phiaj thiab kev siv
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Tsis muaj cov khoom txawv txawv uas nws yuav ua tsis tau daim duab. Tej zaum qee tus xav tias nws yog ib lub tswv yim vwm los tsim cov duab kos duab los ntawm kas fes, tshuaj yej, nplai, toothpicks, fluff, plaub, rau tes, nplej ntawm txhua hom cereal, thiab daim ntawv teev npe no nyob deb ntawm kev ua tiav. Nws tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus tsis kawg, vim tib neeg lub tswv yim yog inexhaustible. "Lawv tus kheej ua yeeb yam" tsim cov duab txawv txawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv improvised nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Nthuav tswv yim ntawm xws li paintings thiab panels, coj mus rau lub neej, yuav tham
Artistic sauce: hom, chaw tsim khoom, cov khoom siv duab, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov txheej txheem kos duab
Ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv kos duab, cov ntses yog kab tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Ntau tus neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam tseem tsis tau paub txog nws lub neej, thiab qee zaum txhob txwm zam nws hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Thiab tsis muaj dab tsi, vim tias nrog nws koj tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus thiab qhib ntau lub sijhawm rau kev sim. painting sauce yog dab tsi? Yuav ua li cas kos nrog cov khoom no? Cia peb xav txog nws
