Hom yog keeb kwm. Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib yam li tus kws sau keeb kwm, tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem tsim kho qhov tshwm sim thiab cov xwm txheej yav dhau los, txawm tias lawv cov kev tsim ua yeeb yam, tau kawg, txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tus kws sau ntawv, tso siab rau cov dab neeg no, kuj suav nrog cov ntawv tseeb muaj tswv yim hauv nws cov haujlwm - nws piav qhia qhov yuav ua tau, thiab tsis yog qhov tseeb xwb.

Cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws uas sawv cev rau cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tsis tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis tseem muaj txiaj ntsig keeb kwm thiab kev kawm. Cov ntawv tseeb tuaj yeem piav qhia txog lub sijhawm dhau los ntawm nws tag nrho, nthuav tawm lub tswv yim, kev ua si, kev xav, thiab lub neej hauv cov duab nyob. Cov keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub ib hom ntawv muaj kev sib raug zoo, txij li lub neej niaj hnub yog ib feem ntawm keeb kwm. Xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.

keeb kwm taug txuj kev nyuaj

Tsis yog txhua txoj haujlwm uas piav txog cov xwm txheej yav dhau los nrhiav kom rov tsim dua li lawv tau ua tiag tiag. Qee lub sij hawm qhov no tsuas yog cov khoom siv rau cov yeeb yuj paintings, ib lub tswv yim ntse, xim tshwj xeeb - kab txawv, sublime, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no characterizes keeb kwm taug txuj kev nyuaj (piv txwv li, ua hauj lwmA. Dumas "Ascanio", "Erminia", "Black", "Tus suav ntawm Monte Cristo", "Corsican Cov kwv tij" thiab lwm yam). Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog los tsim ib zaj dab neeg lom zem.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm hom

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los tau pib ua zoo thaum tig ntawm 18th thiab 19th centuries. Lub sijhawm no, keeb kwm tshiab tau raug tsim - ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb uas tsim nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev piav qhia lub neej yav dhau los. Nws (zoo li zaj yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm uas tshwm sim tom qab) yog qhov txawv ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm yav dhau los. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los pib ua kom zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm kev paub, uas yog, txheej txheem ntawm nws tsim los ua kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog vim li no thiaj li cov hom no tshwm sim.

thawj tus kws sau ntawv hauv hom tshiab

Thawj tus kws sau ntawv uas pib tsim cov haujlwm uas peb nyiam yog W. Scott. Ua ntej no, I. Goethe thiab F. Schiller, cov kws sau ntawv German zoo, tau pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thawj zaug, keeb kwm ua yeeb yam yog sawv cev los ntawm cov haujlwm "Egmont" (1788) thiab "Getz von Berlichingen" (1773). Qhov thib ob tsim "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "William Qhia" nyob rau hauv 1804, thiab "Mary Stuart" nyob rau hauv 1801. Txawm li cas los, nws yog ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm W alter Scott, uas yog xam tau tias yog tus tsim ntawm lub keeb kwm tshiab hom, uas yog. qhov tiag frontier.

Nws muaj tag nrho cov haujlwm ua haujlwm piav qhialub sij hawm ntawm lub crusades ("Richard lub Lionheart", "Ivanhoe", "Robert, suav ntawm Paris"), raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm tsim lub teb chaws monarchies nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe ("Quentin Dorward"), lub bourgeois kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv. ("Woodstock", "Puritans"), lub cev qhuav dej ntawm pawg neeg hauv Scotland ("Rob Roy", "Waverley") thiab lwm tus. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv no cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv uas ntau hom kev ua tiav.

Ntau tus kws sau ntawv classic tig mus rau cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm. Cov no suav nrog V. Hugo, uas tau sau ntau phau ntawv. Cov dab neeg keeb kwm tsim los ntawm tus sau no yog Cromwell, Xyoo 93, Notre Dame Cathedral thiab lwm yam.

A. de Vigny ("Saint-Mar"), Manzoni, uas tau tsim Lub Betrothed hauv 1827, nrog rau F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov thiab lwm tus tau txaus siab rau lub ntsiab lus no.

Txoj haujlwm tsim los ntawm kev sib hlub

Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv, sawv cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm romantics, tsis tas yuav muaj nuj nqis keeb kwm. Ob qho tib si kev txhais lus ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab hloov cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tiag tiag los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem cuam tshuam nrog qhov no. Feem ntau, cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov dab neeg tsuas yog lub embodiment ntawmqhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv (piv txwv li, Esmeralda hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Hugo), thiab tsis yog hom keeb kwm tshwj xeeb. Kev ntseeg kev nom kev tswv ntawm tus tsim kuj cuam tshuam rau ntau txoj hauv kev. Yog li, A. de Vigny, uas muaj kev khuv leej rau cov aristocracy, tau ua ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub npe hu ua feudal tawm tsam rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam hero ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm.

kev taw qhia tiag tiag

Tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov haujlwm no los ntawm qib ntawm keeb kwm raug. Piv txwv li, Hugo cov dab neeg muaj lub siab xav zoo heev. Txawm li cas los xij, ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm keeb kwm ib hom ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xyoo pua 19th yog txuam nrog kev yeej ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseeb hauv nws. Kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag pib piav qhia txog cov cim kev sib raug zoo, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg hauv cov txheej txheem keeb kwm, kev nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau lub zog uas koom nrog nws. Lub sijhawm zoo nkauj no tau npaj ntau los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv W alter Scott (Mérimée's Jacquerie, Balzac's Chouans). Keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv lub realistic txhais lus nyob rau hauv Russia yeej lub yeej nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ("Arap ntawm Peter lub Great", "Boris Godunov", "Tus tauj ncov loj tus ntxhais").

Kev ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, nyob rau xyoo 1930 thiab 40s, kev nkag siab tob hauv cov haujlwm ntawm kev xav txog kev xav tau tshiab (piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm Waterloo hauv Stendhal's "Parma Monastery"). Lub ntsiab ntawm cov keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog lub epic "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb" los ntawm L. N. Tolstoy.hom keeb kwm, kev paub ntau yam ntawm keeb kwm, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua hnub, kev sib raug zoo, kev hais lus, kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm piav qhia.

keeb kwm hom nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th

Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tom qab ntau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj tiag, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau nug txog txoj hmoo ntawm lub tebchaws thiab tib neeg lub neej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, muaj kev rov qab los ntawm kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm artistic keeb kwm ntaub ntawv. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov kev xav dav dav ntawm bourgeois ideology kom nce cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th centuries, raws li zoo raws li mus puas tau muaj zog tawm ntawm lub historicism ntawm kev xav. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm ntau yam keeb kwm novels modernize keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, A. Fab Kis, hauv nws txoj haujlwm xyoo 1912 "The Gods Are Thirsty", tau mob siab rau lub sijhawm ntawm Fabkis Revolution, tuav lub tswv yim tias tib neeg hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob yog cim lub sijhawm.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas yog lub cim, uas qee zaum lees tias muaj kev nkag siab tob txog cov txheej txheem keeb kwm, tab sis qhov tseeb tsuas yog tsim cov kev tsim kho ntawm cov xwm txheej mystical, tab tom nthuav dav. Piv txwv muaj xws li cov hauv qab no: cov hauj lwm "Lub Veil ntawm Beatrice" tsim nyob rau hauv 1901 los ntawm A. Schnitzler, nyob rau hauv 1908, Merezhkovsky - "Paul I" thiab "Alexander kuv".

Historical genre in the East

Hauv qee lub tebchaws ntawm Eastern Europe, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lub sijhawm no cov keeb kwm ib hom ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau pej xeem thiab qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub sijhawm no kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej tau pib hauv cov xeev no. Qee zaum cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tau txais tus cwj pwm romantic. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm G. Sienkiewicz, ib tug Polish novelist: "Lub Dej nyab", "Nrog hluav taws thiab ntaj", "Kamo los", "Pan Volodyevsky", "Lub Crusaders".

Nyob hauv ntau lub teb chaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, lub teb chaws liberation txav yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov keeb kwm tshiab. Hauv Is Nrias teb, piv txwv li, nws tus tsim yog B. Ch. Chottopadhyay.

Kev txhim kho ntawm hom ntawv tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj tig

Hauv Tebchaws Europe sab hnub poob, tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, ib puag ncig tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm keeb kwm muaj tseeb tshiab pib. Nws tso cai rau cov neeg muaj tiag ntawm Sab Hnub Poob sau ntau yam haujlwm uas yog cov piv txwv zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm zoo nkauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev thov rov hais dua rau yav dhau los tau txuas nrog qhov xav tau los tiv thaiv kab lis kev cai thiab kab lis kev cai, nrog cov neeg sau ntawv hais tawm tawm tsam cov fascists. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog T. Mann zaj dab neeg "Lotta hauv Weimar", sau nyob rau hauv 1939, thiab ntau yam dab neeg los ntawm Feuchtwanger. Cov hauj lwm no, txawv los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg, muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev niaj hnub, yog tus cwj pwm nyob rau tib lub sijhawm los ntawm tus sau txoj haujlwm mob siab rau ntau yam keeb kwm. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv lawv tej zaum kuj muaj ib tug imprint ntawm lub tswv yim yam ntxwv ntawm keeb kwm bourgeois science. Piv txwv li, Feuchtwanger qee zaum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev nce qib ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tawm tsam ntawm inertia thiab vim li cas, uas yog underestimated nyob rau hauv nws.kuj lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg, tej zaum subjectivism yog manifested.

Socialist realism

Ib theem tshiab yog txuas nrog socialist realism, uas nkag mus rau keeb kwm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Nws lub tswv yim tau lees paub tias kev muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los yog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov neeg, yog li ntawv nyeem nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj txhua yam kev loj hlob, raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm historicism. Raws li txoj kev, nws tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov duab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, lub sijhawm tseem ceeb. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog lub siab xav rau kev nthuav dav dav dav, epicness. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov tshiab "Peter I" los ntawm A. N. Tolstoy, piav txog cov duab ntawm tus kav no, tab sis tib lub sijhawm qhia txog txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg hauv peb lub tebchaws nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet cov ntaub ntawv yog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam huab tais, txoj hmoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau hauv Tsarist Russia, nrog rau lub sijhawm npaj rau kev hloov pauv thiab kev piav qhia ntawm nws tus kheej. Cov hauj lwm "Lub neej ntawm Klim Samgin" tsim los ntawm M. Gorky mus rau ib tug loj npaum li cas belongs rau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, "Lub Quiet Don" los ntawm M. A. Sholokhov, A. N. Tolstoy - "Nyob rau hauv throes" thiab lwm tus.

Hnub no, zaj dab neeg tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam heev - ib hom ntawv sawv cev hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, Alexander Bushkov thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv.