Palekh me me. Folk crafts nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Palekh

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib yam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm pej xeem kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua yog Lavxias teb sab lacquer me me, cov chaw niaj hnub uas nyob hauv Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstyora thiab Kholui.

Qhov chaw qub tshaj plaws ntawm daim duab no yog lub zos ntawm Palekh, thaj av Ivanovo, qhov chaw ua yeeb yam rau ntau pua xyoo tsis yog tsuas yog pleev xim rau cov cim, tab sis kuj pleev xim rau phab ntsa hauv Orthodox pawg ntseeg thiab kho cov tsev teev ntuj qub thiab cov tsev teev ntuj. Palekh me me, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua uas tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917, tau tswj hwm cov kev coj noj coj ua ntau pua xyoo ntawm cov duab kos duab thiab hloov lawv mus rau cov ntawv tshiab thiab sau lawv nrog qhov sib txawv. cov ntsiab lus xav tau los ntawm zej zog.

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lacquers

Nyob rau hauv Russia, lacquer painting muaj nyob rau ntau tshaj ob centuries. Nws pib yog suav tias yog qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum lub Moscow tub lag luam Korobov nrhiav tau ib lub Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov lacquered visors npaj rau Lavxias teb sab tub rog headdresses. Lub lacquer me me tshwm sim me ntsis tom qab, thaum cov kev cai ntawm sniffing tuaj rau hauv kev zam ntawm Lavxias teb sab imperial tsev hais plaub.luam yeeb. Korobov tswj kom sai npaj cov khoom me me lacquer thawv - snuff thawv. Sij hawm dhau mus, xws li gizmos pib siv los kho chav. Raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau lawv cov kev kos duab tsim tau dhau los ua siab dua. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters pib txawv markedly los ntawm Western qauv ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tua thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm uas muaj ib tug pronounced lub teb chaws cim. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lacquer me me, tus phab ej thiab scenes los ntawm pej xeem epics thiab legends ntawm classical thiab ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim, qhia Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej, reproducing kev zoo nkauj ntawm ib puag ncig xwm..

Centers of Russian lacquer miniatures

Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no muaj plaub lub chaw nyob qhov twg cov kev cai qub qub ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab ntawm me me lacquer painting yog nquag tsim: Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholuy thiab Mstyora. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, tag nrho cov zos, tshwj tsis yog rau Fedoskino, tau paub nyob rau hauv Russia raws li cov chaw loj ntawm icon painting, nyob rau hauv uas tsis tau tsuas yog icons raug tsim, tab sis kuj masters ntawm kev kho dua tshiab thiab phab ntsa painting ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau kawm. Txhua lub chaw no tsim cov cim hauv tib txoj kev cai Orthodox, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv sib txawv. Masters los ntawm Kholui, kom deb li deb tau nyob rau hauv lub icon painting, nyob ze rau Lavxias teb sab kev cai realism, cov inhabitants ntawm Mster ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub qub Believer cov zej zog ntawm txawv Lavxias teb sab cheeb tsam, thiab Palekh artists ua lub feem ntau canonical Orthodox icons.

Yuav ua li cas icon painting pib hauv Palekh

In the 16th centuryCov neeg nyob hauv Palekh, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov chaw ua ntej ntawm cov duab kos duab hauv Shuya thiab Kholui, pib sim lawv txhais tes ntawm cov duab kos duab. Muaj ob peb qhov kev sim, thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem hu lawv ua tiav tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub koob meej ntawm Palekh icon paintings mus txog Moscow, thiab cov masters pib raug caw mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv lub xeev Vladimir icons tau pleev xim rau nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub zos loj, ces nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th muaj peb lub ntsiab chaw ntawm lub icon painting: Kholuy, Mstera thiab Palekh. Cov Paleshans, tsis zoo li cov neeg nyob hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam Mstera thiab Kholuy, kom txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th ua ke kev ua liaj ua teb ib txwm muaj nrog cov duab kos duab hauv lawv lub sijhawm dawb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw. Ua tib zoo kos raws li ib txwm muaj, cov cim tau qeeb thiab kim.

pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog suav tias yog lub hnub qub ntawm Palekh icon painting. Cov cim tsim hauv Palekh tau muag tsis yog hauv lub nroog thiab cov nroog loj hauv Lavxias, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws.

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thawj lub rooj cob qhia koom nrog Safonov, Korin, Nanykin thiab Udalov tau teeb tsa hauv Palekh. Los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, zus tau tej cov icons tau loj, pheej yig dua thiab qis dua. Cov tsos ntawm pheej yig typographicically luam dluab coj mus rau qhov poob ntawm icon painting thiab lub liquidation ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo-paub kev cob qhia. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, hauv Kholui, Palekh thiab Mstyora, txhawm rau khaws cov kev coj noj coj ua, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Lavxias Icon Painting tau tsim kev cob qhia kev kawm uas muaj nyob rau xyoo 1917.

Tom qabLub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig, mus txog rau 1923, feem ntau ntawm cov craftsmen nyob rau hauv Palekh raug tso tseg tsis ua hauj lwm. Ib tug neeg sab laug hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm hauv nroog, qee tus sim ua cov khoom ua si, tais diav lossis khau khau bast. Txog rau xyoo 1923, ntau qhov kev sim tau ua kom hloov pauv cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub rau kev pleev xim rau cov kaus mom, cov menyuam yaus cov khoom ua si thiab cov khoom siv ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, yam tsis zoo, vim qhov xav tau los tsim cov ntim loj ntawm tus nqi qis, thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom, ua rau cov khoom tsis zoo.

Hnub thaum Palekh lacquer me me tau tsim, hauv daim ntawv uas peb paub, yuav tsum suav tias yog qhov kawg ntawm 1922, pib ntawm 1923. Nws yog ces tus ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam Ivan Ivanovich Golikov tsim muaj pes tsawg leeg "Adas nyob rau hauv lub Vaj Kaj Siab" ntawm dub blanks los ntawm papier-mâché. Txoj haujlwm no txaus siab rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Handicraft (hnub no - Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Folk Art), uas tau pib muab cov neeg ua yeeb yam nrog cov khoob thiab them nyiaj rau nws txoj haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd I. V. Markichev, A. V. Kotukhin thiab I. P. Vakurov koom nrog cov txheej txheem. Cov haujlwm tsim los ntawm cov masters no tau nthuav tawm hauv xyoo 1923 ntawm All-Lavxias Art thiab Industrial Exhibition hauv Moscow thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm 1st degree. Xyoo 1924, cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab tau nthuav tawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv Venice, thiab xyoo 1925 hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas lawv tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej. Tag nrho cov no tau ua rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 5, 1924, hauv Palekh, V. V. thiab A. V. Kotukhins, AI thiab I. I. Zubkov, I. V. Markichev, I. M. Bakanov thiab I. I. Golikov tsim Artel of Ancient Painting.

NtxhaisPalekh me me tau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem: ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yuav tsum muaj cov khoom tshiab - papier-mâché, thev naus laus zis uas tsis paub rau Palekh cov kws ua yeeb yam, ntxiv rau, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau txav los ntawm kev pleev xim rau lub tiaj tus canvas ntawm lub cim rau. kho kom zoo nkauj khoom thiab khoom ntim nrog ntim thiab zoo li.

Thiab cov khoom lag luam thiab cov ntawv pleev xim los ntawm Palekh masters yog qhov loj heev: brooches, hlaws dai, hauv siab, caskets, cov luam yeeb thiab lub thawv tshuaj tua kab, cov tsom iav thiab cov thawv hmoov thiab ntau ntxiv. Lub Palekh qhov me me ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd muaj qhov pib hais lus zoo nkauj, tab sis nws tsis muaj cov duab zoo nkauj thiab tsim cov dab neeg. Cov kev sib sau ua tiav thiab nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog kev sib ntaus sib tua, tus tswv yug yaj, yos hav zoov, tog thiab troikas.

Peb tuaj yeem hais tau yam xyuam xim hais tias nws yog nyob rau xyoo 1920 uas cov lacquer me me hauv Palekh tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ob qho tib si Lavxias teb sab icon painting kab lig kev cai thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kos duab.

Post-war years

Nyob rau hauv thawj lub xyoo ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, ntau tus tswv ntawm Palekh miniatures hauv lawv cov haujlwm qhia txog ntau yam kev sib ntaus sib tua, ob qho tib si tsis ntev los no tau xaus Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II thiab lwm yam kev sib ntaus sib tua loj uas tau qhuas cov tub rog Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv lub fifties, raws li ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm kos duab, lacquer me me hauv Palekh tab tom ntsib teeb meem meej, uas yog vim muaj kev nyiam ntawm ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam rau ntau qhov tseeb, uas tau yuam kom tawm ntawm romanticism thiab sublime sophistication yam ntxwv ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm xyoo dhau los los ntawm. cov hauj lwm. Palekh me me, daim duab uasnthuav tawm hauv qab no, qhia meej meej txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Soviet lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd rau cov kws ua yeeb yam.

Ntau dhau qhov tseeb, monumentality thiab pathos characterizes feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no, txawm hais tias muaj ib co masters uas khaws cia cov romanticism thiab kev lig kev cai ntawm lub qub tsev kawm ntawv.

Lub rau caum yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias monumentality thiab ntau dhau ntawm naturalism tawm mus, thiab sublimity thiab romantic haze rov qab los rau Palekh, lacquer me me dua ua poetic thiab allegorical. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Paleshian cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis yog tsuas yog siv cov lus dab neeg xwb, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub, nrog rau cov nkauj niaj hnub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv zej zog, xws li, piv txwv li, kev ya ntawm ib tug txiv neej mus rau hauv qhov chaw, kuj tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv.

Lub xya caum thiab yim caum ntawm lub xyoo pua XX yog lub hnub qub ntawm Palekh painting. Palekh cov kws ua yeeb yam raug caw los tsim scenery rau ntau yam kev hais kwv txhiaj, kho kom zoo nkauj tsim rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov koom haum kab lis kev cai.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.

Tom tau dim ntawm qhov nyuaj 90s, cov Paleshians tsis tso lawv cov khoom siv ib txwm ua. Palekh Art School txhua xyoo kawm tiav cov tub ntxhais hluas masters uas ua tib zoo khaws cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau Palekh me me nthuav heev. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam artels thiab tsev neeg ua lag luam uas ua ib txwm lacquer khoom nyob rau hauv Palekh.

Qhov txawv ntawm

Palekh painting, zoo li txhua yamlwm yam kev kos duab pej xeem, tsim nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam, muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, icon painting tau qhuas Palekh rau ntau pua xyoo. Lub lacquer me me tau txais ntau yam ntawm cov duab kos duab, xws li, piv txwv li, kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab ua tib zoo kawm ntawm txhua yam. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias Palekh me me loj hlob ntawm cov kab lig kev cai qub ntawm cov duab kos duab.

Palekh style txawv ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm pej xeem ntawm lacquer painting hauv cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• kos tag nrho cov sau thiab cov phiaj xwm;
• painting me me;
• qauv thiab ornamental nplua nuj ntawm tus qauv;
• ceev faj txog txhua yam;
• elongation thiab fragility ntawm tib neeg cov duab;
• kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev kos qhov ntawm lub cev ntawm tib neeg;
• ntau yam xim hloov;
• siv cov keeb kwm yav dhau tsaus;
• siv qe tempera;
• kub painting.

Tab sis kom tus kws kos duab pib tsim ib qho me me, nws yog qhov tsim nyog ua ntej ntawm kev tsim cov khoom los ntawm papier-mâché, uas yuav tau kos npe.

papier-mâché ua li cas?

Nws yog ua los ntawm cov duab los qhia, uas yog pre-txiav rau hauv ib daim hlab, smeared nrog ib tug muab tshuaj txhuam ua los ntawm cov hmoov nplej, thiab overlapped on ib tug ntoo pwm (dawb). Tom qab qhov xav tau thickness tau txais, qhov khoob, ua ke nrog cov duab los qhia, yog tsau rau hauv xovxwm tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub siab, lawv tig mus rau hauv cov hlab ntawm ntau yam duab thiabqhov loj. Cov nplaum nplaum uas nias rau hauv txoj kev no tau qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub li ob lub lis piam. Tom qab ntawd cov qhuav blanks yog dipped rau ib hnub nyob rau hauv sov linseed roj rau impregnation, tom qab uas lawv qhuav rau plaub hnub nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov cub, qhov kub ntawm uas yog tswj ntawm 120 0 С. Nyob rau theem tom ntej, lub workpiece yog primed thiab polished. Tom qab sib tsoo, ob peb txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish dub yog siv rau nws sab nrauv, thiab cov kua roj vanish nrog cinnabar yog siv rau sab hauv. Thaum kawg ntawm txoj kev, tag nrho saum npoo yog varnished nrog ob peb txheej ntawm lub teeb kua roj vanish. Tom qab ua ntawv thov txhua txheej, lub workpiece yog qhuav ntawm ib qho kub hauv qhov cub. Tsuas yog tom qab tag nrho cov manipulations no tus kws kos duab yuav tuaj yeem pib painting.

Techniques and tricks

Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv uas cov lacquer me me ntawm Palekh painting muaj yog sau nrog qe tempera xim.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov xim los ntawm dov tawm ntawm cov kua roj vanish, nws yog tshwj xeeb kho nrog pob zeb pumice. Lub contour ntawm kev kos duab yav tom ntej yog siv rau cov khoom nrog ib tug cwj mem ntse, thiab underpainting yog ua tiav. Nws yog rau nws tus tswv yuav siv ntau pob tshab thiab nyias txheej ntawm painting. Muaj tsib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim duab:

1. Roskrysh - basting lub ntsiab silhouettes thiab contours.

2. Kev Sau Npe - kho kom zoo ntawm cov contours thiab ntxoov xim.

3. Melt - siv cov kua nplaum pleev xim rau hauv cov xim tawv nqaij.

4. Glare - ib tug thais ua nrog tsim kub.

5. Framing lub painting nrog ib tug kub qauv.

Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom ua los ntawm kub yog polished nrog agate nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub khob hliav qab los yog hma tus hniav, thiab ces tag nrho cov khoom yog them nrog 6-7 txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish. Tom qab ua ntawv thov txhua tus ntawm lawv, kev ua haujlwm tau qhuav, polished ntawm lub log tshwj xeeb polishing, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav los ntawm tes polishing. Lub lacquer nto, polished rau daim iav tiav, muab cov duab ntxiv qhov tob thiab ua rau cov xim "suab" ntau nplua nuj thiab softly.