Tus qauv ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tus qauv ntawm architecture tau vam meej nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, vim hais tias muaj peev xwm ntawm lub xeev nthuav dav, kev tsim pob zeb mus txog qib tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, nyob rau hauv Mikhail Fedorovich, pob zeb vaj ntxwv chambers tau tsim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, los yog nyob rau hauv nws thawj ib nrab, hais tias xws li ib tug cult khoom raws li Spasskaya ntauwd tau tshwm sim. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, lwm yam yees ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin tau ua. Cov tsev no tau muab cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub, thiab lawv tau ua rau peb paub zoo.

Tuam Tsev hauv 17th caug xyoo

Tau kawg, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub tsev teev ntuj architecture yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tuaj yeem pom hauv Trinity Church hauv Nikitniki. Nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Moscow, hauv Kitay-Gorod. Lub tuam tsev no yog crowned nrog tsib lub tsev pheeb suab, thiab lub tswb pej thuam muaj ib tug pob zeb canopy. Nws yog lub tsev no uas tau los ua tus qauv rau lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb architecture thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Cov tuam tsev zoo li no tau tsim muaj coob leej nyob hauv cov nroog qub tebchaws Russia, mus txog rauthawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.

Roof Features

Qhov tshwm sim nthuav dav ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj architecture nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog qhov txaus nyiam nrog cov tsev pheeb suab pob zeb tsis yog saum lub tswb pej thuam, tab sis saum lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej. Qhov kev nyiam no nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm xyoo pua 17th architecture yog los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo. Qhov tseeb yog tias lub tsev pheeb suab ntoo yog qhov ua tau zoo heev, txij li nag lossis daus ntws los ntawm lub ru tsev. Thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd, los ntawm cov ntoo architecture, lub tsev pheeb suab zeb tau tsim nws tus kheej hauv kev tsim kho lub tsev teev ntuj.

Tab sis los ntawm qhov pom ntawm Patriarch Nikon, cov ru tsev no tsis yooj yim, thiab feem ntau lub caij tsis yog. Tau ntev, nws tau ntseeg tias yawg koob txwv tsis pub ua lub tuam tsev nrog cov tsev pheeb suab, txij li lawv tau suav hais tias yog cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tuaj yeem siv hauv tsev teev ntuj architecture. Qhov no tau pom tias yog ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm secularization ntawm kab lis kev cai.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia meej qee qhov kev txiav txim siab no. Qhov tseeb yog tias, tau txwv tsis pub lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb nrog cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub, Nikon tau hais kom ib lub tsev nrog cov ru tsev tshwj xeeb los ua hauv nws lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Sawv Rov Los. Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm yawg koob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsis meej kiag li. Tej zaum nws xav kom nws ua lub tuam tsev nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv no style ntawm architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Yuav ua li cas los xij, txwv tsis pub lub tsev teev ntuj architecture txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Yog li, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Nativity nyob rau hauv Putinki, niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Moscow, yog lub xeem lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub nroog no uas tau crowned nrog tents.

Architecture XVII

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, ib tug tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov xwm txheej tshiab hauv pawg ntseegarchitecture. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua Naryshkin style. Qee lub sij hawm cov tsev tsim hauv cov qauv no kuj hu ua Moscow Baroque. Qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb, vim tias qhov style no yuav tshwm sim hauv architecture me ntsis tom qab. Tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lis kev cai baroque tau nthuav tawm hauv pawg ntseeg, yog li nws yog qhov tseeb dua los hu rau qhov style Naryshkin.

Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Kev Sib Tham hauv Fili

Fili yog ib lub zos ze Moscow ntawm boyar Naryshkin. Lub tuam tsev no txawv txawv ntawm Trinity hauv Nikitniki. Lub tsev yog ib tug siab centric muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug lub tuam tsev ib tug neeg xav tias zoo li ib qho chaw, qhov no tsis yog ib tug zoo xws li cov medieval worldview.

Ntawm no cov cuab yeej cuab tam yog nyob ncaj qha rau hauv lub dome thiab indirect, ntawm chav kawm, tsis ncaj qha, tab sis indirectly, cov no yog echoes ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub Renaissance. Tus txiv neej yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb, qhov ntsuas ntawm txhua yam. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Txawm hais tias lub tswv yim no yuav tsis tau nyeem kom meej nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua, cov ntaub ntawv architectural tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, thiab cov kws sau keeb kwm hais tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas lub tswv yim no tuaj yeem ua tau zoo.

Architectural monuments ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th

Naryshkin style tau tshwm sim ntau dua nyob rau hauv lwm lub tsev patrimonial nyob ze Moscow - Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hauv lub zos Dubrovitsy. Qhov no yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tus txiv ntxawm, tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Peter, Boris Golitsyn. Muaj ntau yam nta hauv lub tsev no, piv txwv li, qhov txawv txav ntawm lub tuam tsev tiav - nws yog crowned nrog ib tug crown - qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm European.baroque ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Yog tias koj saib ze ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm lub tuam tsev no, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov qiv nyiaj los ntawm tus ntaiv nto moo, uas tau tsim los ntawm tus poj Michelangelo thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Cov khoom no los ntawm Florence, lub tsev qiv ntawv Medici Laurenzian. Cov khoom tau dhau los ua qauv rau ntau lub davhlau ntawm cov ntaiv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab los ntawm tes mus rau tes, dhau los ntawm Holland, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Lub Tebchaws, tus qauv hloov mus txog Moscow State thaum tig ntawm 17th-18th centuries.

Yog li, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, kev sib txuas ntawm Muscovite lub xeev nrog tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv Tebchaws Europe tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb.

Kev hloov pauv

Lub sijhawm Baroque yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm, piv txwv li, suab paj nruag los yog ntaub ntawv, ib tug me ntsis txawv periodization yog saws. Thiab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub Baroque xaus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Tom qab ntawd, lub sijhawm ntawm neoclassicism pib.

Lub sijhawm no, Ltalis, qhov tseeb dua, Rome, tseem ua tus qauv hauv txhua hom kev kos duab rau Tebchaws Europe. Baroque architecture kuj tshwm sim hauv lub nroog qub. Thiab tus kws tsim qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv, ntawm chav kawm, yog Roman - Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini. Cov tsim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tiam tom ntej, uas tau tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, yog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, tsis yog tsuas yog Italians, tab sis kuj yog ib co Germans. Piv txwv li, tus kws kos duab nto moo zoo, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub xeev ntawm tus qauv

Muaj ob tug nom tswvua hauj lwm los ntawm baroque architecture yog counter-reformation thiab absolutism. Coj txawv txawv raws li nws yuav zoo li, tab sis cov qauv ntawm architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog kev sib xyaw ntawm lub xeev system nrog kev muaj tswv yim.

Dab tsi yog Kev Tiv Thaiv-Reformation

Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, ib qho kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, yog li ib nrab ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau tso tseg Catholicism thiab koom nrog cov ntseeg tshiab - Protestantism. Lub tsev teev ntuj tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov no thiab pib tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm xov xwm loj, thaum lub sijhawm tsim lub ntiaj teb zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab - Jesuit Collegium. Ob tug txiv plig thiab cov neeg teev dab tau kawm nyob ntawd. Thiab ua li cas nws thiaj li tshwm sim tias feem coob tau tso cov phab ntsa ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom no ua cov Catholics ruaj khov.

Vim lub peev ntawm lub ntiaj teb Christian yog Rome, thiab baroque architecture tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog no, nws tau tig tawm tias qhov tshwj xeeb style no tau ua tus tsim ntawm Catholic propaganda. Thiab los ntawm Rome, cov motifs no kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, cov neeg tsim ntawm Jesuit txoj haujlwm, cov tsev kawm qib siab uas npog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Iquitos mus rau Goa, coj thawj lub tsev ntawm Suez Order hauv Rome ua qauv.

Tus qauv rau txhua lub koom txoos hauv ntiaj teb Catholic, raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, yog St. Peter's Cathedral hauv Rome, ua tiav nyob rau hauv Baroque era.

Palaces for nobility

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, ib qho kev txiav txim tshiab ntawm tsoomfwv tau tshwm sim - absolutism. Txog thaum ntawd, European aristocrats ntau dua los yog tsawg dua sovereigns ntawm lawv thaj av. Lawv sau se nyob ntawd, tswj lawv tus kheej cov tub rog thiab feem ntau tawm tsam nrog lawv cov vaj ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, maj mam, thaum xub thawj nyob rau hauvHauv Fab Kis, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv qee lub tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, cov aristocracy tau raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj cai qub, thiab cov vajntxwv, tsis txwv los ntawm cov seem ntawm cov kev txiav txim medieval, pib kav nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm bureaucracy.

Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, raws li cov qauv ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, Lavxias teb sab tsars, thiab tom qab emperors, pib tsim rau lawv tus kheej loj lub teb chaws palaces nrog ib txwm ua si. Nyob rau hauv cov palaces, tsis yog tsuas yog sovereigns thiab lawv courtiers feem ntau nyob, tab sis kuj cov nom tswv thiab lwm cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev apparatus. Lub teb chaws palace ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov thawj coj loj tshaj plaws hauv xeev.

Imperial chaw nyob hauv St. Petersburg suburbs yog ib lub tsev loj tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv European Baroque style. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias architecture nyob rau xyoo pua 17th hauv Russia txawv.

Qhov txawv ntawm

Baroque, zoo li lwm yam style, muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb originality. Ntawm no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: lub hom phiaj oval, kab tsis sib luag thiab ntau cov duab kos duab, cov duab zoo nkauj.

Nws tsis tuaj yeem sib cav tias cov tswv yim no tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque era, tab sis nyob rau lub sijhawm no lawv muaj ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev npaj oval tsis pom nyob rau hauv ancient los yog medieval architecture, los yog nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Italians nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis thawj ovals hnub rov qab mus rau Renaissance lig. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub tsev teev ntuj me me ntawm Santa Anna hauv Rome.

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias keeb kwm ntawm Baroque architecture pib los ntawm cov nocov tsev, Michelangelo Buonarroti yog qee zaum hu ua leej txiv ntawm Baroque. Tab sis tseem, nws feem ntau lees txais tias thawj tus kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Roman Baroque yog tus tswv ntawm cov tiam tom ntej, uas ua haujlwm ntawm lub xyoo pua, tshwj xeeb yog Giacomo della Porta lossis Carlo Maderna.