Architecture ntawm Ancient Russia: keeb kwm, nta, qauv thiab kev loj hlob

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Architecture is thetus ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg embodied nyob rau hauv pob zeb.

Cov qub Lavxias teb sab architecture los ntawm 10th mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau sib txuas nrog lub tsev teev ntuj thiab Orthodoxy. Thawj cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau pib tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia thaum ntxov xyoo pua 10, thiab Kyiv tau los ua thawj lub nroog Lavxias ua kev cai raus dej. Russia muaj cov khoom siv tsoos - ntoo. Thaum xub thawj, yuav luag txhua lub tsev yog ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj hluav taws kub heev, ntau txhiab lub tsev ntoo tsim los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau hlawv. Kev tsim pob zeb kuj pib rau lub sijhawm no.

Yog li, monumental architecture yog hom kev khaws cia tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Duab Laus Lavxias, cov khoom uas muaj ntau yam palaces, fortifications thiab, tau kawg, pawg ntseeg.

Keeb kwm ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Russia los ntawm 10th mus rau 12th centuries

Thawj lub sijhawm, uas tau tshwm sim hauv X - XII centuries. architecture nyob rau hauv Russia coj lub architectural style ntawm Byzantium ua lub hauv paus, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau qhov no, feem ntau ancient Lavxias teb sab vaj tse zoo li Byzantine tuam tsev. Thawj lub tuam tsev nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ancient Russia tau tsim los ntawm tshwj xeeb caw Byzantine architects. Lub architecture ntawm Ancient Russia yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws sawv cev los ntawm xws li architectural vaj tse xws li lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Tithes (tsis khaws cia rau peb lub sij hawm, raws li nws tau puas thaum lub sij hawm invasion ntawm lub Tatar-Mongol) thiab lub Kyiv Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia, Borisoglebsky Cathedral. hauv Chernigov, St. Sophia Cathedral hauv Veliky Novgorod, thiab lwm yam.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir tau caw Byzantine craftsmen los tsim 25-headed Church ntawm Assumption ntawm nkauj xwb (Desyatinnaya). Ua ntej kev tsim kho ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral, nws yog lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Kyiv.

Lub Hagia Sophia hauv Kyiv yog lub tuam tsev nto moo ntawm Russia thaum ub, ua nyob rau hauv 1037. Nyob rau hauv nws tsim, lub tsev teev ntuj muaj 5 longitudinal aisles (naves) thiab 12 cruciform pillars uas lub vaults so. Lub arches ntawm Kyiv Sophia yog crowned nrog 13 tshooj, uas nce mus rau saum ntuj. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tsev, lawv tsim daim duab ntawm ib tug ntoo khaub lig, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas ib tug loj dome nce. Qhov kev tsim ntawm lub tuam tsev no hu ua cross-domed. Nws tau txais los ntawm Byzantium.

Xyaum txhua tus qauv tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag peb hauv lawv daim ntawv qub vim muaj ntau qhov kev tawm tsam Tatar-Mongol. Qhov peb pom tam sim no tsuas yog kev tsim kho tshiab niaj hnub no xwb.

Lub sijhawm thib ob (ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th)

Los ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII. mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum peb. paub qhov txawv "golden age" ntawm ancient Russia architecture. Feem ntau cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj tau pib ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb tshiab - pob zeb dawb. Lub pob zeb no hloov lub plinth - qhov no yog lub cib hlawv uas pibsiv nyob rau hauv Byzantium. Nws tseem tsis tau paub tias dab tsi ua rau cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub sijhawm no hloov plinth nrog cov khoom tshiab. Pob zeb dawb tau pib siv dav hauv kev tsim kho, lub tsev teev ntuj Vladimir Assumption thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Nerl tau tsim los ntawm nws.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm architecture ntawm ancient Russia lub sijhawm no:

• Single-domed cubic temples.
• Txoj kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
• Raws li lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo khaub lig.

Vladimir Assumption Cathedral tau tsim nyob rau hauv Yuri Dolgoruky nyob ib ncig ntawm 1150 hauv Galich.

Lub tsev teev ntuj paub zoo ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Nerl, ua haujlwm los ntawm Andrei Bogolyubsky nyob ib puag ncig 1165, suav tias yog qhov kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv Vladimir-Suzdal architectural.

Hmoov tsis zoo, vim tias muaj ntau lub tsev raug puas tsuaj, nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem hais meej tias cov tsev tsis yog lub tsev teev ntuj zoo li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si keeb kwm raug muab kho dua tshiab Golden Gates hauv Kyiv thiab Golden Gates ntawm Vladimir qhia tau hais tias cov qauv ntawm kev ua vaj tse nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb tau ua tiav nrog kev txhim kho ntawm pawg ntseeg architecture.

Lub sijhawm thib peb (ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th)

Lub sijhawm no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau qhov ntxeem tau los ntawm txhua sab. Qhov no yog "hnub nyoog tsaus" nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev. Kev tsim kho monumental tau xyaum nres. Txij li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, pob zeb architecture, feem ntau yog tub rog architecture, tau rov qab los nyob rau hauv Russia, uas tau dim kev puas tsuaj.

pob zebLub nroog fortifications ntawm Novgorod thiab Pskov, fortresses ntawm capes los yog Islands tuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ib lub tuam tsev ntawm ib hom tshiab tau tshwm sim - lub tuam tsev yim txoj kab nqes. Ib tug neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm hom no yog lub Koom Txoos Novgorod ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Ilyin.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, Moscow maj mam hloov mus ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Qhov no coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub architecture ntawm lub nroog Moscow. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow tau tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Kev nce ntawm architecture hauv Moscow poob rau kev kav ntawm Ivan III - qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 15th. Nyob rau hauv 1475 - 1479, lub Moscow Assumption Cathedral tau tsim, tus kws kes duab vajtse uas yog Italian kws kes duab vajtse Aristotle Fioravanti.

Nyob hauv Trinity-Sergius Monastery hauv 1423 lub Trinity Cathedral tau tsim tsa, hauv 1424 hauv Andronikov Monastery - Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej. Outwardly, cov tsev teev ntuj no txawv heev, tab sis txawm qhov no, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Moscow Principality muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws - lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm clarity thiab proportionality, kev sib haum xeeb, thiab dynamism. Ntau tus kws tsim vaj tsev tsom mus rau lub pyramidal muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Architecture style

Rau ntau centuries, ib qho qauv ntawm architecture ntawm ancient Russia tau tsim:

• Pyramidal tsim.
• Vertical forms.
• Tshwj xeeb teb chaws hom dome, nco txog cov duab ntawm dos.
• Lub dome tau npog kub.
• Ntau lub domes (ib txwm tsau tsib domes).
• Tub xim dawb ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Tsev Kawm Ntawv Architectural

Thaum lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia, ntau lub tsev kawm vaj tsev tau tsim, xws li Kyiv, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal thiab Moscow architectural tsev kawm ntawv.

Byzantium, lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Russia. Raws li qhov kev cuam tshuam no, kev tsim vaj tsev tau tuaj rau Russia, uas pab txhim kho nws cov kev coj noj coj ua. Russia tau txais ntau yam kev cai dab qhuas, tab sis tsis ntev nws tsim nws tus kheej style, uas tau pom meej meej nyob rau hauv cov monuments nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture.

thawj lub tsev pob zeb tau muab tso rau hauv lub sijhawm huab tais huab tais Vladimir lub Great. Tsis muaj qhov twg hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog kev kos duab zoo li hauv Byzantium, yog li nws muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev kos duab ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb thiab, ntawm chav kawm, Ancient Russia.

Zoo kawg

Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab thiab txaus siab rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Ancient Russia, vim tias vim muaj kev tawm tsam ntau ntawm Mongol-Tatars thiab lwm yam kev tsov rog ntau heev, feem ntau ntawm cov vaj tsev monuments raug rhuav tshem. Yog li tam sim no peb tsuas pom kev tsim kho dua tshiab.