Kev ua phem rau hauv architecture: keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv, cov kws tsim qauv nto moo ntawm USSR, cov duab ntawm cov tsev

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai yog ib qho qauv ntawm architecture uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1950 thiab 1970s. Thaum pib, kev lim hiam tau tshwm sim hauv Great Britain, tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib ceg ntawm kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Cov style kis tsis tau tsuas yog thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws, tab sis thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, tseem ntes Tebchaws Meskas thiab Canada, nrog rau qee lub tebchaws Scandinavian, Nyiv, Brazil thiab lub tebchaws ntawm USSR. Kev lim hiam hauv kev tsim vaj tsev tsis kav ntev, tab sis tau tso tseg cov keeb kwm nthuav dav uas txhawb cov neeg tsim kho nroog thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam niaj hnub no.

Tsev

Lub ntsiab lus tau hais thawj zaug los ntawm Peter thiab Alison Smithson hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau txog kev xav, uas lawv tau piav qhia txog lawv cov haujlwm tsim vaj tsev thiab piav qhia lawv cov kev xav. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus "brutalism" yog txuam nrog Fabkis kab lus béton brut, uas txhais tau hais tias nyoos pob zeb. Nrog kev pab ntawm qhov kev qhia no, Le Corbusier tau piav qhia nws cov cuab yeej siv rau kev ua cov phab ntsa sab nrauv.lub tsev, uas nws feem ntau qhia rau hauv lub tsev ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog. Lub npe no tau nrov tom qab luam tawm ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm cov neeg thuam uas muaj npe nrov hauv thaj chaw vaj tsev, Reiner Benham, "The New Brutalism. Ethics lossis aesthetics? Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, nws tau piav qhia txog cov tsev uas ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev tsim vaj tsev no, qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no.

History of tshwm sim

Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev niaj hnub tuaj sai sai thiab pib txhim kho sai. Nyob rau hauv lub aegis ntawm modernism, ntau yam tshiab tau yug los, ntawm cov uas ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nco qab yog kev phem kev qias, uas tau los ua ib lub cim ntawm haib pob zeb lug, rough processing thiab bold geometry ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no rov qab mus rau tom qab tsov rog Askiv, uas tsis muaj nyiaj txiag thiab cov peev txheej los tswj thiab txhawb cov qauv zoo nkauj hauv architecture thiab sab hauv tsim. Kev lag luam kiv puag ncig tuaj rau lub teb chaws uas qaug zog los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo, nqa nrog nws cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab, nrog rau cov tswv yim tshiab thiab cov khoom siv txawv txawv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov pob zeb nyoos yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm qhov chaw, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe ntawm cov style no.

Nyob rau peb caug xyoo tom ntej no, kev ua phem phem tau nthuav dav dav rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Alison thiab Peter Smithson, uas yog thawj zaug siv lo lus tsim los ntawm Le Corbusier, tau los ua ib hom kev nyiam ntawm kev ua phem rau hauv architecture. Raws li ob niam txiv Askiv, kev ua phem ua phem tau zoo rau lawv cov kev xav ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsev niaj hnub. Tab sis qhov nrov nrov ntawm cov stylecoj cov hauj lwm ntawm Rainer Benham, uas tau tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev ntawm ib tug zoo xws li architectural qauv. Yog li kev lim hiam tau tshwm sim los cuam tshuam thiab nthuav dav yuav luag thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Ntse

Kev ua phem, uas tsis zam lub tswv yim coj tus cwj pwm, tau siv, raws li txoj cai, hauv kev tsim cov tuam tsev tseem ceeb lossis pej xeem. Qhov kev txaus siab thoob plaws hauv nroog loj rau kev tsim kho vaj tse, kev kawm thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev tshiab thiab kev tsim cov tswv yim rau lawv siv hauv kev tsim kho ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv no:

1. Functionality, implying lub creation ntawm ib tug zoo lub tsev layout raws li lub hom phiaj.
2. Internationality: Kev zoo nkauj ntawm Brutalism nteg nyob rau hauv lub simplicity ntawm crude cov ntaub ntawv thiab anti-bourgeoisness.
3. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm cov khoom siv, uas tsis kam kho cov khoom siv hauv tsev - txhua yam tseem nyob hauv daim ntawv ntshiab, "siab ncaj".
4. Nroog: Loj, loj architectural cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub tswvyim ntawm lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv zej zog.
5. Lub siab tawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, uas tau tsim los cuam tshuam qhov nyuaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej.
6. Cov pob zeb ua pob zeb ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb - cov khoom siv tau yeej hauv txhua lub tsev, ua pheej yig thiab txhim khu kev qha.

Yog li, kev simplicity, majesty thiab siab phem pom interweaving nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm kev ua phem. Nws tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov tswv yim futuristic. Bright reflection stylepom nyob rau hauv Soviet kev lim hiam hauv kev tsim vaj tsev: qhov sib txawv no feem ntau qhia meej txog kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo uas yuav tsum tau muab txhais tsis yog rau hauv cov lus, tab sis kuj mus rau hauv kev pom kev hnav khaub ncaws.

Architecture

Tus qauv no hauv nws lub tswv yim tsis lees paub ib qho nyiaj thwj hauv architecture. Txhua lub tsev yuav tsum muaj nws tus kheej, kom sib txawv ntawm lwm tus, uas txawv heev ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev niaj hnub niaj hnub. Ib qho tseem ceeb thiab ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg kev zoo nkauj los ntawm grey tho txawv pob zeb, thiab architects txaus siab coj los tsim cov qauv tsim thiab cov vaj tse uas tau ua tiav zoo ntawm kev kos duab hauv ntiaj teb.

Ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov tuam tsev no yog National Theatre hauv London, uas tau ua raws li tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub tsev loj loj no ntawm pob zeb thiab iav kom meej meej ua raws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua phem ua qias tuaj, ua tsaug uas nws tseem nyob hauv phau ntawv qhia kev mus ncig ua piv txwv ntawm lub tsev ib txwm muaj rau niaj hnub no.

Lub Tsev Qiv Geisel, uas tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm University of California ntawm San Diego, suav tias yog ib lub tsev qiv ntawv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm American Brutalism.

Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev ua phem rau sab hnub tuaj yog lub chaw ua kis las hauv Kagawa Prefecture, ua los ntawm tus kws kos duab Japanese Kenzo Tange. Qhov kev ua kis las no tau tsim los rau Olympic Games, thiab kev ua phem ua phem tau hais meej txog lub teb chaws cov tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim ntawm xyoo dhau los.

khoom

Vim cov pob zeb ua pob zeb yog cov qauv ntawm cov qauv, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev lim hiam, pob zeb ua tiav raws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab nrauv thiab sab hauv. Lub hauv paus yog monochrome ntau yam los ntawm tsaus grey mus rau yuav luag dawb. Ntuj xim av contrasts zoo kawg nkaus nrog cov ntxoov ntxoo, uas dilutes grey tone nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qab nthab kab teeb los yog cov khoom sab hauv. Qee zaum kev lim hiam tso cai rau qee qhov sib txawv xim, tab sis me me.

Raws li cov khoom siv hauv thawj qhov chaw, tau kawg, yog cov pob zeb ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum nyob twj ywm unfinished thiab txawm unplastered. Tsis tsuas yog cov thev naus laus zis no nyob rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev zam hauv ib puag ncig kev tsim vaj tsev, tab sis kuj yog txoj kev no tsis tas yuav siv nyiaj ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau xyoo tom qab tsov rog hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe thiab USSR. Ntxiv rau cov pob zeb, iav thiab ntau hom hlau kuj tau siv. Tab sis cov yas tshiab fangled tsis tau siv hauv paus hauv qhov chaw tsim vaj tsev vim nws qhov tsis yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, nws tau hloov los ntawm cov ntoo tawv, uas feem ntau tseem tseem tsis tau tiav thiab cov tsev kho kom zoo nkauj nrog lawv cov kev pabcuam ntuj.

Sab hauv

Thaum pib, kev lim hiam tsuas yog kev tsim vaj tsev xwb. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tau ua "ua phem" sab hauv pib tshwm sim hauv cov tsev ntawm cov pej xeem eccentric - tsis ntxov tshaj li ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, thaum imitation ntawm cov style ntawm bygone eras tau nce mus rau sab saum toj ntawm zam.

Txoj kab ntawm sab hauv kev lim hiam thiab "tsis muaj neeg nyob"cov chav nyias nyias. Cov style tsis tau ua tshwj xeeb vim nws txoj kev ua kom pom tseeb nqaim thiab austerity, uas tsis tso cai rau saum npoo tiav.

Lub qab nthab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm sab hauv siab phem. Nrog rau siab ceilings nyob rau hauv chav tsev, complex thiab heterogeneous daws tau txais, xws li crossbeams thiab plasterboard thawv dai kom zoo nkauj zoo li raw pob zeb. Hauv pem teb feem ntau yog nteg nrog pob zeb lossis pobzeb ntawm qhov tsis sib xws. Qee zaum ntoo lossis laminate nrog cov qauv hloov maj mam yog siv. Xws li sab hauv feem ntau zoo li ascetic thiab avant-garde, yog li ntawd, kom muaj kev nplij siab ntau dua, muaj cov ntaub pua plag raug tso cai. Phab ntsa - liab qab pob zeb los yog raw brickwork. Lub qhov rais qhib tuaj yeem yog cov duab geometric ntse tsis muaj thav duab uas ua rau sab hauv hnyav dua.

Raws li cov rooj tog zaum, nws tuaj yeem ua cov txee thiab txee ua los ntawm ntoo lossis iav, zoo li asymmetrical thiab tsis muaj qhov rooj. Cov khoom ntawm cov rooj tog zaum yog nias rau ntawm phab ntsa yam tsis muaj qhov chaw dawb hauv qhov chaw. Cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj yuav luag tsis tuaj.

Kev ua phem rau hauv USSR

Lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm USSR yog tsim los rau nruab nrab ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm txhua tus neeg hauv Soviet zej zog. Lub hwj chim ntawm kev ua phem tau mus txog Soviet architecture nkaus xwb nyob rau xyoo 1970s. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no uas yug tau ib tug complex li 9th peb lub hlis twg ntawm Novye Cheryomushki - thawj microdistrict tsim nrog cov tsev nrog cov chav me me tsim rau ib tsev neeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua phem, tau nyeem kom meej meej ntawm no.

Tab sis tiagLub Ostankino TV ntauwd tau los ua lub cim ntawm kev ua phem rau hauv kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm USSR. Qhov no yog tib lub cim ntawm lub sijhawm thaw, uas yuav tsum yog Palace ntawm Soviets rau Stalin lub Moscow. Lub tsev majestic, tiav nrog liab qab pob zeb, yog ib tug tiag tiag sawv cev ntawm lub USSR style ntawm architecture. Raws li txoj cai ntawm decentralization, tus pej thuam tau txiav txim siab los ua rau sab nrauv.

Keeb kwm ntawm architecture ntawm USSR tau hloov ntau yam tseem ceeb, tab sis nws yog kev phem kev qias uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog Soviet. Piv txwv li, ib hom kev siv rau kev tsim ntawm Le Corbusier, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov style, yog ib lub tsev nyob ntawm Begovaya los ntawm Andrey Meyerson. Tus kws kes duab vajtse nrhiav los xyaum cov kws tsim qauv txawv teb chaws uas tau tsim kho qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom siv "siab ncaj" ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qiv cov yees rau nws lub tsev los ntawm lwm tus tswv, Oscar Niemeyer.

Yog li, kev lim hiam hauv USSR tau siv tsis yog rau kev tsim cov tsev tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev tswj hwm nkaus xwb, tab sis tseem siv rau kev tsim tsev yooj yim. Qhov style no zoo kawg nkaus xav txog cov tswv yim thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm USSR, tau tshwm sim hauv cov nroog.

Lwm yam piv txwv ntawm kev lim hiam hauv USSR

Ntawm cov tsev ci ntsa iab hauv cov qauv no, nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia:

• Andrey Taranov's Presnensky da dej.
• Xovxwm chaw ntawm 1980 Olympiad (tam sim no lub tsev RIA Novosti).
• Tsim ntawm Lub Tsev Kho Mob Cancer ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Kho Mob.
• "Lub tsev-nkoj" ntawm Bolshaya Tulskaya.
• Khovrinsk tsev kho mob.
• Navy Archive Building.
• Vasileostrovets garage cooperative.
• Kyiv crematorium.
• Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Kyiv Medical Institute.

Kev ua phem phem, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev niaj hnub hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, tsuas yog siv sijhawm li 30 xyoo, tab sis tau tswj hwm tsis yog tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe, tab sis kuj yog lub tebchaws ntawm USSR, Nyiv, Brazil thiab Asmeskas. Architectural brutalism muaj nws tus yam ntxwv monumental, qhia txog kev sib raug zoo thiab nom tswv tswv yim thiab txhawb cov duab ntawm lub nroog niaj hnub. Txog rau tam sim no, piv txwv ntawm cov tsev nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev lim hiam no txhawb cov kws tsim qauv tshiab los tsim lawv tus kheej cov lus qhia, uas tseem, tej zaum yuav sai sai no yuav hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub nroog peb paub.