Willem de Kooning thiab nws cov duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Willem de Kooning yug rau 1904-24-04 hauv Rotterdam (Netherlands). Tsav los ntawm lub siab pom kev ntse, kev ua haujlwm muaj zog thiab kev tsis ntseeg tus kheej - ua ke nrog kev txiav txim siab kom ua tiav - charismatic de Kooning tau los ua ib tus neeg Asmeskas muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Kev kawm thiab tsiv mus nyob USA

Qhia txog kev txaus siab rau kev kos duab txij li thaum yau, Willem twb yog ib tug neeg kawm tiav ntawm lub tuam txhab tsim qauv thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos thiab, nrog rau nws kev txhawb nqa, nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv hmo ntuj ntawm lub koob npe nrov Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts thiab Technology, uas tau hloov npe rau hauv nws txoj kev hwm xyoo 1998, hu ua Willem de Kooning Academy.

Xyoo 1926, nrog kev pab los ntawm nws tus phooj ywg Leo Kogan, nws tau caij nkoj mus rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab nyob hauv New York. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tsis xav ua lub neej ntawm tus kws kos duab. Hloov chaw, zoo li ntau cov tub ntxhais hluas nyob sab Europe, nws muaj nws tus kheej version ntawm American npau suav (cov nyiaj loj, cov ntxhais, cowboys, thiab lwm yam). Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv ua tus kws kos duab hauv tsev, nws tau los ua tus kws kos duab, ua rau nws tus kheej hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab New York kos duab ntiaj teb, ua phooj ywg zoo li Stuart Davis thiab Arshile Gorky.

New York School

Nyob rau xyoo 1936, thaum muaj Kev Nyuaj Siab Loj, de Kooning ua haujlwm hauv Murals Department ntawm US Public Works Administration. Qhov kev paub uas nws tau txais kev ntseeg tau ua rau nws mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev pleev xim.

Tau kawg ntawm 50s. de Kooning thiab nws cov neeg kawm nyob hauv New York, suav nrog Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Adolph Gottlieb, Ad Reinhardt, Barnett Newman thiab Mark Rothko, tau nto moo rau lawv tsis lees txais cov qauv zoo xws li regionalism, surrealism thiab cubism, dissolving lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm foreground thiab keeb kwm yav dhau thiab siv cov xim los tsim kev xav, abstract gestures. Qhov kev txav no tau raug hu ua ntau txoj hauv kev - thiab kev ua yeeb yam, thiab kev qhia paub tsis meej, thiab tsuas yog New York lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Ua ntej qhov no, Paris tau suav hais tias yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm avant-garde, thiab nws nyuaj rau pawg neeg Asmeskas cov neeg ua yeeb yam nyiam sib tw nrog cov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm Picasso txoj haujlwm. Tab sis de Kooning hais bluntly: Picasso yog ib tug txiv neej uas yuav tsum tau tshaj. Willem thiab nws pab neeg thaum kawg tau pom qhov muag - lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv keeb kwm hauv kev saib xyuas rau New York tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II xyoo.

Ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, de Kooning tau los ua lub npe hu ua "tus neeg pleev kob ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam" thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais kev lees paub hauv xyoo 1948 nrog nws thawj zaug ua yeeb yam ntawm Charles Egan Gallery thaum muaj hnub nyoog 44. Muaj cov duab kos, ua haujlwm hnyav hauv cov roj thiab cov enamel, suav nrog nws cov npe dub thiab dawb canvases. Qhov kev nthuav qhia no tseem ceeb rau Kooning lub koob npe nrov.

Tsis ntev tom qab, xyoo 1951Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau ua ib qho ntawm nws thawj qhov kev muag khoom loj thaum nws tau txais Logan Medal thiab Art Institute of Chicago nqi zog rau nws qhov kev xav tsis thoob, Lub Excavation (1950). Qhov no tej zaum yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws paintings ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tib lub sijhawm, de Kooning tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm ob tus thawj coj New York cov neeg thuam - Clement Greenberg, thiab tom qab ntawd Harold Rosenberg.

Tawm mus ntawm abstraction

Willem de Kooning txoj kev vam meej tsis ua rau nws xav tau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim. Nyob rau hauv 1953, nws xav tsis thoob lub ntiaj teb no kos duab nrog ib tug series ntawm aggressively kos duab daim duab uas feem ntau hu ua "Cov Poj Niam" paintings. Cov duab no muaj ntau hom lossis cov cim ntau dua li cov duab ntawm tib neeg.

Nws rov qab los rau cov nuj nqis tau pom los ntawm qee qhov kev ntxeev siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg. Nws poob Greenberg qhov kev txhawb nqa, tab sis Rosenberg tseem ntseeg nws qhov tseem ceeb. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Niaj Hnub Ua Yeeb Yam hauv New York pom Kooning qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv ua ntej hauv nws txoj haujlwm, thiab xyoo 1953 tau txais daim duab Woman I (1950-1952). Dab tsi zoo li stylistically tawm tsam rau qee tus tau pom meej avant-garde rau lwm tus.

Raug rau koob meej xyoo 1948-1953 tsuas yog thawj zaug hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus ua tus kws kos duab. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ntau ntawm nws cov neeg kawm ntawv tau tsim lawv tus kheej txoj cai paub tab, de Kooning lub siab xav tsis tau tso cai rau qhov kev txwv no. Tawm tsam nrog kev ua raws li ib qho dogma, nws txuas ntxiv tshawb nrhiav cov qauv tshiab thiab cov hau kev, feem ntau nyuaj rau nws tus kheej. Peb yuav tsum tau hloov mus raunyob zoo ib yam,” yog ib qho ntawm nws cov lus hais ntau zaus.

Nyob rau xyoo 1954 daim duab Marilyn Monroe, Willem de Kooning txo qis lub cim pop rau nws cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws - yoov dub thiab lub qhov ncauj liab.

Los ntawm kos mus rau engraving

De Kooning tau sib npaug zoo siv ob daim ntawv thiab canvas. Tab sis thawj zaug muab qhov immediacy ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas nyiam nws. Txij lub Cuaj Hlis 1959 txog Lub Ib Hlis 1960, tus kws kos duab tseem nyob hauv ltalis, thaum lub sijhawm nws tsim ntau qhov kev sim ua haujlwm dub-thiab-dawb ntawm daim ntawv, hu ua "Roman drawings". Thaum nws rov qab los, nws mus rau sab hnub poob. Hauv San Francisco, de Kooning tau ua haujlwm nrog txhuam thiab tus cwj mem, tab sis kuj, nthuav ntxiv, sim nrog lithography. Ob daim ntawv luam tawm (lub npe hu ua Waves I thiab Waves II) yog cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm paub daws teeb meem.

Sib ntaus sib tua

Thaum kawg ntawm 50s, Willem de Kooning tau txav los ntawm cov poj niam mus rau cov poj niam-tsim toj roob hauv pes, thiab ntxiv mus rau qhov zoo li rov qab mus rau "ntshiab" abstraction. Cov hauj lwm no tau raug hu ua "urban", "avenue" thiab "pastoral" toj roob hauv pes. Ib tug series ntawm toj roob hauv pes los ntawm Willem de Kooning - Tub ceev xwm Gazette, Gotham Xov xwm, Parc Rosenberg, Qhov rooj rau tus dej, Suburb nyob rau hauv Havana, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis nws yeej tsis kiag li tso lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov khoom tiag tiag rau ntshiab abstraction. Xyoo 1960, nws tau hais tias "Hnub no, yog tias koj xav txog nws, nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg los tsim cov duab ntawm tus neeg pleev xim, vim peb muaj qhov teeb meem no - ua lossis tsis ua. Tab sis mam li nco dheev txawm ntauinaction ua absurd. Yog li ntawd, kuv ntshai tias kuv yuav tsum ua raws li kuv lub siab nyiam. " Tus tib neeg daim duab tau lees paub nws tus kheej, tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntau carnal.

Txiv mus rau Long Island

Xyoo 1963 de Kooning tau tsiv tawm ntawm New York mus rau Springs hauv East Hampton ntawm Long Island. Manipulating qhov chaw zoo li ib tug sculptor, nws tsim thiab ua ib tug airy, light-filled studio thiab lub tsev nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob ntsiag to, wooded cheeb tsam uas nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1960s ua ntej thaum kawg tsiv mus nyob rau hauv 1971.

Lub teeb thiab toj roob hauv pes ntawm East Hampton ua rau nws nco txog nws haiv neeg Holland, thiab qhov chaw hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Cov xim tau softened, cov duab tau ua ntau cov pa hauv lub cev, es tsis txhob npau taws thiab toothy poj niam, ntau seev cev thiab alluring ntxhais tau tshwm sim. Nws txuas ntxiv sim nrog cov xim, ntxiv dej thiab safflower roj. Qhov no ua rau lawv nplua thiab ntub dej, uas ntau tus neeg pom tias nyuaj ua haujlwm nrog.

Kev sim ntawm 70s

Nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv mus rau Ltalis xyoo 1969, tom qab ntsib nrog phooj ywg Herzl, Emmanuel de Kooning tsim 13 daim av nplaum me me uas tau muab pov rau hauv tooj liab.

Nyob rau thaum ntxov 70's nws tshawb pom ob qho tib si duab puab thiab lithography thaum txuas ntxiv pleev xim thiab xaum. Thaum lub sijhawm no, ntau cov duab nraaj tshwm hauv nws cov duab kos. Qee qhov tau ua los ntawm kev siv cov xim yooj yim yam tsis tau siv txoj kev pleev xim ntau dua. Qhov no tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm Japanese kos duab thiab tsim, uas nws tau paub txog thaum nws nyob hauvNyiv thaum ntxov xyoo 1970. Nws cov lithographs zoo li muaj kev cuam tshuam txog Japanese tus cwj mem thiab cov ntawv sau ua suab paj nruag, qhia qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov chaw qhib uas yog tig los ntawm qee qhov ntawm de Kooning cov duab.

Xyoo caum xyoo 1970 tau cim thawj zaug los ntawm kev sim nrog cov ntaub ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev tawg. Los ntawm lossis tawm tsam kev tshawb nrhiav muaj tswv yim, thaum xyoo 1970s tau pom lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig thaum lub sijhawm tus kws kos duab tsim cov duab zoo nkauj, xim hnyav heev uas yog ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev xav paub ntau tshaj plaws.

Serene 80s

Kev sib tw Visual yog qhov cim ntawm ntau ntawm Willem de Kooning txoj haujlwm. Hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, nws tau muaj hmoo kom tshem tawm qee qhov ntawm lawv. Txav deb ntawm txoj kev xuab zeb, pleev xim, txheej, txheej, khawb, tig lub canvas, thiab rov ua dua los saib txhua qhov kev hloov pauv, qhov txo qis thiab qee zaum serene paintings ntawm 80s tuaj yeem pom tias yog qhov kawg ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm curvature thiab abstraction, painting thiab kos duab., thiab sib npaug thiab tsis sib npaug.

Txij xyoo mus rau xyoo thaum xyoo 1980s, tus kws kos duab tau tshawb nrhiav cov duab tshiab ntawm qhov chaw duab, thiab qhov no tau pom los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Willem de Kooning nrog ethereal ribbon zoo li nqe lus lossis nrog cov consoles los ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim tuaj yeem ntab lossis nrawm nrawm. nres thiab sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw qhib dav. Cov xim ci ntsa iab, feem ntau cov kab sib txuas yog sib txuas nrog cov xim dawb toned. Nrog nws ncaj nceesNrog txoj kev nyiam los puag lub ntiaj teb, de Kooning tau pub dawb los piav qhia tsis yog kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse lossis kev lom zem uas qee zaum palpable hauv nws cov duab kos duab. Qhov no rov qhia txog nws txoj kev hais kom muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov tswv yim qhia txog kev kos duab dab tsi yuav tsum yog.

Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kheej thiab qhov yooj yim ntawm cov npe xws li nws tau muab rau ntau yam haujlwm hauv xyoo 1980: "Key thiab Parade", "Cat Meow" thiab "Mos Lwj thiab Lampshade". De Kooning tau mus txog qhov qhib ntau dua thiab tsis tshua muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv nws txoj haujlwm kev kos duab.

xyoo tshiab

De Kooning tau pleev xim nws daim duab kawg hauv xyoo 1991. Nws tuag xyoo 1997 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 92 xyoos tom qab ua haujlwm ntev, nplua nuj thiab ua tiav. De Kooning yeej tsis tau tso tseg kev tshawb nrhiav thiab nthuav tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov khoom siv tes ua, ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau Asmeskas thiab thoob ntiaj teb cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov neeg nyiam kos duab.

Kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb

Nyob hauv nws lub neej, tus kws kos duab Willem de Kooning tau txais ntau yam kev qhuas, suav nrog Thawj Tswj Hwm Medal ntawm Kev ywj pheej hauv xyoo 1964. Nws txoj haujlwm tau nthuav tawm ntau txhiab qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab nyob rau hauv cov khoom khaws cia ntawm ntau lub tsev kos duab zoo tshaj plaws, suav nrog ntawm Stedelijk Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Amsterdam, Tate Modern hauv London, National Gallery ntawm Australia hauv Canberra, New York Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art thiab Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Niaj hnub nimno Art, Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm Chicago, Tsev khaws puav pheej Hirshhorn thiab National Gallery ntawm Art in Washington.

Cov duab los ntawm Willem de Kooning "Exchange" (1955) ntawm Sotheby's hauv 1989 yogmuag rau $ 20.6 lab. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau txais lub Japanese Art Association lub Imperial nqi zog. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2006, painting "Woman III" yog muas rau $ 137.5 lab, ua ib tug ntawm cov kim paintings nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.