Epic paj huam: txhais, hom nta thiab piv txwv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

zaj paj huam yog ib yam uas nrov tshaj plaws thiab qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog ib zaj dab neeg tsis tseeb hauv nqe lus. Nws qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov paj huam zoo tib yam yog qee qhov xwm txheej loj hauv lub neej ntawm ib pawg neeg sib raug zoo, ib tus neeg lossis tag nrho cov tib neeg yuav tsum tau piav qhia. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom ntawv no, nrog rau cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv.

Definition

zaj paj huam yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm qub tshaj plaws ntawm epic hauv keeb kwm ntawm ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm mloog ntawm cov sau phau ntawv yog tsom rau kev loj hlob ntawm ib txwm thiab lub teb chaws keeb kwm.

Ntawm cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom paj huam yog Homer's Odyssey thiab Iliad, German Nibelungenlied, Fabkis Roland Song,"Lub nroog Yeluxalees Xa" los ntawm Tasso. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov neeg sau ntau ntawm cov paj huam no tsis paub meej. Feem ntau vim tias cov ntawv lawv tus kheej tau sau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, txij thaum ntawd los lawv tau rov luam dua, rov sau dua, ntxiv thiab hloov pauv.

Tom qab lub sijhawm qub txeeg qub teg, cov kws sau ntawv pom kev txaus siab rau hom ntawv no nrog kev rov ua kom muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Classicism. Nws tau raug lees paub nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd raws li lub kaus mom paj huam rau nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua, sublimity thiab heroism. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv lawv txoj kev txhim kho theoretical, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Classicism tau ua raws li cov qauv qub, tsis txawv ntau ntawm lawv.

Raws li txoj cai, kev xaiv ntawm tus phab ej rau zaj paj huam, feem ntau, tsis tau txiav txim siab los ntawm nws cov kev coj ncaj ncees. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog hais tias nws yog ib tug keeb kwm daim duab. Cov xwm txheej uas nws muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hauv ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov yuav tsum muaj tib neeg thoob ntiaj teb lossis tsawg kawg yog lub tebchaws tseem ceeb. Cov ntsiab lus no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm epic paj huam. Tseem muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Tus phab ej yuav tsum tau ua piv txwv, tus qauv, tus neeg uas kuv xav ua raws.

Tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum lees paub tias Classicism tsis xav txog nws txoj haujlwm los cuam tshuam cov cim tseeb ntawm tus phab ej tiag tiag, cov xwm txheej tseeb uas tshwm sim. Qhov kev thov rov hais dua ntawm cov sau phau ntawv qhia txog qhov kev coj ua yav dhau los tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xav tau kom nkag siab tob txog tam sim no.

Pib los ntawm ib qho xwm txheej lossis qhov tseeb, tus kws sau paj huam tau muab nws lub neej tshiab hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Kev kos duab ntawm cov cim thiab cov xwm txheej, tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv dav dav, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov duab keeb kwm thiabqhov tseeb tiag.

Classicism hauv Russia

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Lavxias Classicism tau txais cov kev xav no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm zaj paj huam heroic, tsuas yog me ntsis hloov nws. Piv txwv li, ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kos duab thiab keeb kwm pib hauv ib qho haujlwm tau piav qhia.

Qhov no tuaj yeem pom hauv thawj zaj paj huam, cov kws sau ntawv hauv peb lub tebchaws yog Lomonosov thiab Trediakovsky. Nws tsim nyog lees paub tias tsis yog Trediakovsky's "Tilemakhida" lossis Lomonosov "Peter the Great" tau cuam tshuam txog cov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub tebchaws. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas lawv tau ua yog qhov kev txaus siab siab uas lawv tau tswj hwm los txhawb cov kws sau paj huam tam sim no.

Nws yog lawv uas muab tag nrho cov yav tom ntej Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm yuav tsum tau xaiv yuav ua li cas mus. Nws yuav tsum yog ib zaj paj huam heroic, zoo li Lomonosov's. Nws qhia txog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Lavxias. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog tsom rau kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm qhov tseeb, thiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem canonical thiab cov qauv ntawm niaj hnub no. Nws tau sau nyob rau hauv Alexandrian nqe.

Hom Trediakovsky zaj paj huam txawv kiag li. Txawm hais tias nws qhov kev ua tiav sab nraud, nws cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua meej rau cov neeg kawm. Yog hais tias peb tshem tawm daim ntawv metric, ces tus kws sau paj lug muab ib tug Russified hexameter. Nws yog noteworthy tias Trediakovsky ascribed rau keeb kwm nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm ib tug subordinate thiab txawm official txoj hauj lwm. Qhov ua ntej cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv kev ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim, nws xav tias nws muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua.paj huam.

Yog li Trediakovsky pib tiv thaiv lub tswv yim ntawm kev xav txog lub sijhawm zoo thiab tsis zoo hauv nws cov paj huam. Hauv qhov no, nws tau coj los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Homer, ntseeg tias tus kws sau paj huam thaum ub kuj tsim nws tej hauj lwm tsis nyob rau hauv qhov kub caum ntawm cov xwm txheej.

Ib yam ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov xwm txheej thiab keeb kwm heroes, ua ntej los ua ib feem ntawm xws li paj huam, yuav tsum tau ua ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv tib neeg lub siab, tib neeg yuav tsum tau muab ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ncaj ncees rau lawv. Tab sis cov lus dab neeg thiab "zoo heev" ntawm tus phab ej tau hais tias lawv yuav muaj peev xwm khaws cia hauv tib neeg thiab kev nco txog yam tsawg kawg yog lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lawv txoj kev koom tes hauv cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia, lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv txoj hmoo ntawm lawv lub xeev, era. los yog neeg. Ntawm cov qauv hauv tsev ntawm epic paj huam, nws tseem tsim nyog hais txog cov haujlwm ntawm Kheraskov "Rossiada" thiab "Chesme sib ntaus sib tua", nrog rau "Dimitriada" los ntawm Sumarokov thiab "Liberated Moscow", sau los ntawm Maikov.

Ntse

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hom paj huam yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm tus sau, tab sis ntawm cov dej num uas nws teem rau nws tus kheej. Nws yog lawv uas yuav tsum tau xws li ib tug loj ntim. Qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm lyrical thiab epic paj huam. Rau tus kws sau paj huam, qhov no, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm txhua ntu kom meej.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb ntawm hom paj huam yog nws qhov ntau yam. Ntxiv mus, kev lom zem ua haujlwm yog thawj zaug muab qhov chaw kawg. Kev kawm ua haujlwm tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, txij li lub sijhawm qubxws li ib zaj paj huam tau ua tus qauv meej thiab ua piv txwv txog kev coj tus cwj pwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov chaw khaws ntaub ntawv keeb kwm txog qee qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb lossis txoj hmoo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg. Xws li ib zaj paj huam tau sau tib neeg lub tswv yim txog keeb kwm, thiab tseem ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb, txij li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thaj chaw, hnub qub, tshuaj, khoom siv tes ua, thiab cov teeb meem hauv tsev tau kis los ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, los ntawm tej hauj lwm no, cov tiam tom ntej yuav kawm tau li cas lub teb chaws tau cog qoob loo, armor tau forged, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg. Xws li ntau yam tshwm sim yog hu ua epic syncretism.

Piv txwv li, Homer cov paj huam ib txwm hais txog yav dhau los nyob deb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias, pom meej, cov Greek tau saib rau yav tom ntej nrog kev xav tsis zoo, sim ntes lub hnub nyoog kub dhau los.

Monumental Images

Nkauj ntawm zaj paj huam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov duab monumental. Cov duab ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ib txwm hloov mus ua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li cov tswv yim li ib txwm hais txog tus neeg zoo tib yam, lawv tau los ua cov monuments hauv qee qhov kev nkag siab. Cov kws sau ntawv tau siv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws, ua rau lawv cov cim zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, sublime thiab ntse, piv rau lwm tus neeg. Qhov no suav hais tias yog epic monumentality.

Kuj nyob rau hauv hom ntawv no muaj lub tswv yim ntawm epic materialism. Nws yog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub siab xav piav qhia txhua yam uas tshwm sim hauv tag nrho, kom ntxaws li sai tau. Yog li ntawd, txhua yam los yog nthuav dav uas ntes tau lub qhov muag ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tau txais ib qho kev tsim nyog epithet. Piv txwv li, tib Homerkho cov xim ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab niaj hnub tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, hais txog cov ntsia hlau lossis cov quav. Hauv nws cov paj huam, txhua yam yog xim, txhua yam khoom muaj nws tus kheej xim thiab tus yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lub hiav txwv muaj plaub caug ntxoov, lub berries thiab khaub ncaws ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam tau piav nyob rau hauv cov xim brightest.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov neeg sau ntawv kom tuav lub hom phiaj lub suab. Cov neeg tsim khoom sim ua kom ncaj ncees heev.

Epic style

Thaum sau zaj paj huam no mas muaj 3 txoj cai uas txhua tus sau, tsis muaj kev zam, sim ua raws li.

Ua ntej, qhov no yog txoj cai ntawm retardation. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua txhob txwm txiav txim. Nws pab nthuav tus ncej ntawm cov duab kom ntau li ntau tau. Raws li txoj cai, retardation manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sau paj huam los yog digression, thaum tham txog yav dhau los, expounding lub views ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntau centuries dhau los.

Thawj zaug, paj huam raug hu los ntawm qhov ncauj, tsis tau sau rau hauv ntawv. Nrog kev pab los ntawm retardation, tus neeg ua yeeb yam lossis tus kws sau ncaj qha tau nrhiav kev tsom mus ntxiv rau qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia.

Thib ob, qhov no yog txoj cai ntawm ob qho kev txhawb siab ntawm cov xwm txheej. Sim kawm thiab nkag siab txog tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, nrhiav kev piav qhia rau lawv qhov kev ua, tus txiv neej thaum ub yeej ib txwm nres ntawm kev txav ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, uas tsis yog rau nws lub siab nyiam xwb, tab sis kuj rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov vajtswv.

Thib peb, qhov no yog txoj cai ntawm kev sib tham tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub sijhawm ntawm tib lub sijhawm piav qhia. Nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no, tus sau ntawm xws li ib tug paj huam ua raws li ib tug heev naive neeg uas xav tias yog nws pibpiav txog ob qhov xwm txheej tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav zoo li tsis zoo rau txhua tus.

Lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm epic heroic paj huam yog ntau qhov rov ua dua. Qee zaum, lawv suav txog li ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv. Muaj ntau qhov kev piav qhia rau qhov no. Thaum xub thawj, cov haujlwm no tau kis tsuas yog hais lus xwb. Thiab repetitions yog ib qho ntawm obligatory khoom ntawm pej xeem kos duab. Cov lus piav qhia no tas li suav nrog qee cov qauv rov ua dua tshiab, piv txwv li, cov xwm txheej ntuj uas tau sib sau ua ke raws li stencils.

Cov epithets tas mus li adorning lawv raug muab rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb, tus phab ej lossis vajtswv. Cov kws sau ntawv tas li siv epic similes thaum sim ua kom cov duab pom tau li sai tau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws sau paj huam sim txhais txhua ntu rau hauv cov lus sib piv, tig mus rau hauv daim duab ywj pheej.

Feem ntau siv rau hauv zaj paj huam ntawm hom no yog piav qhia los ntawm kev suav sau, thaum daim duab tsis tau piav qhia tag nrho, thiab cov ntu zoo li raug khi rau ntawm tus pas nrig.

Hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov haujlwm no ib tus tuaj yeem nrhiav kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv tseeb nrog cov ntsiab lus tseeb, cov xwm txheej thiab cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim tiag tiag. Yog li ntawd, txoj kab ntawm kev npau suav thiab kev muaj tiag yuav luag tag.

The Iliad

Cov paj huam Greek thaum ub "Iliad", sau los ntawm Homer, yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom ntawv no. Nws piav txog Trojan Tsov Rog; zaj paj huam yog pom raws li cov dab neeg hais txogcov exploits of great heroes of the time.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau, Iliad tau sau nyob rau xyoo 9th-8th BC. Kev ua haujlwm feem ntau yog raws li cov lus dab neeg hais txog Cretan-Mycenaean era. Qhov no yog ib zaj paj huam monumental, suav nrog 15,700 nqe, sau hauv hexameter. Tom qab ntawd nws tau muab faib ua 24 zaj nkauj los ntawm Alexandrian philologists.

Qhov kev ua ntawm zaj paj huam tshwm sim nyob rau lub hli dhau los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Troy los ntawm Achaeans. Tshwj xeeb, ib ntu uas hais txog lub sijhawm luv luv tau piav qhia meej.

Qhov piav qhia ntawm Mount Olympus nrog cov vajtswv zaum saum nws muaj lub ntsiab lus dawb ceev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Achaeans thiab Trojans hwm lawv. Cov vajtswv sawv saum lawv cov yeeb ncuab. Ntau tus ntawm lawv dhau los ua tus neeg koom nrog hauv zaj dab neeg, pab ib leeg lossis lwm tus tawm tsam. Ntxiv mus, qee qhov xwm txheej raug coj los yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov vajtswv lawv tus kheej, lawv feem ntau cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov xwm txheej.

Mahabharata

Zaj paj huam Indian thaum ub "Mahabharata" yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj, tab sis tib lub sij hawm tsis tshua muaj organic complex ntawm epic narratives ntawm ib tug txawv heev xwm - theological, didactic, nom tswv, cosmogonic, kev cai lij choj. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau koom ua ke raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm framing, uas yog suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau Indian ntaub ntawv. Cov paj huam Indian no thaum ub tau dhau los ua qhov chaw rau feem ntau ntawm cov duab thiab cov phiaj xwm uas muaj nyob hauvCov ntawv nyeem ntawm South thiab Southeast Asia. Tshwj xeeb, nws hais tias txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb no nyob ntawm no.

Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais meej tias leej twg yog tus sau ntawm Mahabharata. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau suav tias nws yog Vyasa sage.

paj huam hais txog dab tsi?

Ntawm lub plawv ntawm zaj paj huam "Mahabharata" yog kev sib cav ntawm ob pawg kwv tij txheeb ze, uas tau pib los ntawm tus tub hlob ntawm Dhritarashtra, lub hwj chim tshaib plab thiab treacherous Duryodhana. Nws txiv indulges nws, txawm tsis xyuam xim rau cov neeg txawj ntse uas rau txim rau nws. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau xaus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua 18 xyoo ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kurukshetra. Nov yog zaj paj huam "Mahabharata" qhia txog.

Nco ntsoov, kev tawm tsam ntawm Kauravas thiab Pandavas muaj lub hauv paus mythological. Ntawm no, zoo li hauv Homer, cov vajtswv muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev txhim kho cov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, Krishna txhawb Pandavas, uas yeej yog qhov tshwm sim. Hauv qhov no, yuav luag txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tuag. Tus laus Pandava, hloov siab lees txim vim yog kev ntshav ntshav, txawm tias yuav tawm hauv lub nceeg vaj, tab sis cov txheeb ze thiab cov neeg txawj ntse ntxias nws kom nyob. Nws kav tau 36 xyoo, tsis txhob hais nws tus kheej rau kev tua cov phooj ywg thiab cov txheeb ze.

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tib lub sijhawm, lub hauv paus epic hero ntawm zaj paj huam no yog Karne, uas unravels Krishna txoj kev npaj hais txog qhov inevitable ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kurukshetra thiaj li yuav tua cov dab incarnated li kshatriyas. Nws yog tom qab kev tuag ntawm Karne tias kev swb ntawm Kauravas ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau dhau los ua qhov kev zam. Qhov pib ntawm cosmic cataclysms ua tim khawv rau qhov kawg ntawm Dvapara Yuga thiab pib ntawm Kali Yuga. Karna txoj kev tuag tau piav qhiantau tshaj qhov tuag ntawm ib qho ntawm cov cim. Tam sim no koj paub dab tsi epic paj huam Mahabharata yog hais txog.

Beowulf

Nyob rau hauv Western cov ntaub ntawv, "Beowulf" yog suav tias yog ib tug qauv ntawm hom ntawv no. Qhov no yog Anglo-Saxon epic paj huam, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Jutland (qhov no yog ib ceg av qab teb uas cais North thiab B altic Seas, nws tam sim no belongs rau Denmark thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees). Cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia txawm tias ua ntej Angles tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Askiv.

Txoj hauj lwm muaj ntau tshaj li peb txhiab kab, uas yog sau nyob rau hauv alliterative nqe. Paj huam nws tus kheej muaj npe tom qab lub cim tseem ceeb. Thaj, lub epic tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub 7th los yog 8th centuries AD. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau khaws cia rau hauv ib daim ntawv, uas yuav luag tuag hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Antiquary Paj Rwb xyoo 1731. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias muaj kev tsis ntseeg zoo txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv no, txij li cov npe tseem muaj sia nyob tsuas yog hais txog lub xyoo pua 11th, nws yog "Beowulf" uas suav tias yog cov paj huam qub tshaj plaws ntawm "barbarian" Europe, uas tau nqis los. rau peb tag nrho.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj haujlwm

Tam sim no cia peb nyob ntawm dab tsi epic paj huam "Beowulf" qhia txog. Hauv paus, nws qhia txog kev yeej ntawm tus protagonist dhau ntawm qhov txaus ntshai monsters Grendel thiab nws niam nws tus kheej, nrog rau hla tus zaj, uas niaj hnub raided nws lub teb chaws.

Thaum pib, qhov kev txiav txim tau tsiv mus rau Scandinavia. Lub nroog Heorot tau piav qhia, uasTau 12 xyoos sib law liag, ib tug dab phem tau tawm tsam, tua cov nom tswv thiab cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws. Warlord Beowulf txiav txim siab mus rau kev pab ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze. Nws ib leeg-handedly defeat Grendel nyob rau hauv ib hmo sib ntaus, depriving nws ntawm nws txhais caj npab. Nws niam, tus uas sawv hauv qab dej hiav txwv, yuav ua pauj rau nws, tab sis Beowulf yeej nws ib yam nkaus, mus rau nws lub tsev da dej hauv qab hiav txwv.

Nyob rau ntu thib ob ntawm txoj haujlwm no, tus protagonist twb dhau los ua huab tais ntawm Getae. Lub sijhawm no nws yuav tsum tawm tsam tus zaj, uas tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab txog kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas tau saib xyuas los ntawm nws. Tom qab tua tus zaj, Beowulf nws tus kheej raug mob hnyav. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus sau tsis xav txog qhov kev tuag ntawm ib tug thawj coj tub rog yog qhov xwm txheej, piav qhia tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog kawg rau lub neej zoo thiab muaj koob meej. Thaum nws tuag, pab tub rog kub hnyiab kub hnyiab nws nrog rau cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm tib zaj ntawm lub ntees tuag pyre.

Raws li lwm yam kev ua haujlwm hauv German thaum ub, ntau qhov kev mloog hauv "Beowulf" tau muab rau cov lus hais los ntawm cov cim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv hais tias nws yog ua tau los qhia lawv lub siab, tus cwj pwm, tus nqi, kom to taub dab tsi raws nraim thaum lub sij hawm ntawd muaj nuj nqis raws li lub hom phiaj. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm zaj paj huam no yog cov dab neeg ntxiv, cov lus piav qhia, cov dab neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los uas tus sau tau siv tas li.