Piv txwv ntawm architecture ntawm ntau hom. Thawj piv txwv ntawm cov qauv tshiab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ntiaj teb architecture tsim raws li txoj cai ntawm pawg ntseeg dominance. Cov vaj tse nyob hauv vaj tse zoo li me me, thaum lub tuam tsev tau tawm tsam hauv lawv qhov pom zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub tsev teev ntuj muaj cov nyiaj tseem ceeb uas cov txiv plig siab tshaj tau txais los ntawm lub xeev, ntxiv rau, cov nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm parishioners nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj treasury. Nrog rau cov nyiaj no, cov tuam tsev tau tsim thoob plaws Russia. Piv txwv ntawm civil architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tawm ntau yam uas xav tau. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo pua 18th, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv radically. Lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lub tsev teev ntuj twb tau ua tiav yam tsis muaj khoom kim heev, tab sis cov vaj tse ntawm cov tswv tsev, vaj tsev nyob hauv lub tebchaws thiab txawm tias cov tsev nyob hauv thaj chaw yos hav zoov noble tseem ceeb ntxiv rau kev ua kom zoo nkauj thiab kev zoo nkauj. Cov qauv ntawm lub tsev, architecture ntawm lub tsev, txoj kev thiab squares tau tas li txhim kho. Architects raug suav hais tias yog cov neeg hwm tshaj plaws.

Early Gothic style

Cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tsev qub qub -cov no yog cov cathedrals uas tau tsim los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis. Qhov loj tshaj plaws Gothic Cathedral tau tsim nyob rau hauv Amiens hauv 1220. Tom qab ntawd, tib lub tsev teev ntuj Gothic tau tsim tsa hauv German nroog Cologne, nws txoj kev tsim kho tau tiav hauv 1248.

Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog cov Gothic nyob rau hauv lub 12th - 14th centuries, lub Romanesque style kuj tsim nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Italian architects txhim tsa cov tsev nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, cov tsev zoo li cov fortresses. Piv txwv ntawm Romanesque architecture yog cov tsev zoo li cov tub rog fortifications. Cov qib qis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog, hauv paus, hauv pem teb thib ob muaj cov yees thiab turrets, puag ncig thiab duab plaub hauv txoj kev npaj, loj thiab me. Tag nrho cov pej thuam muaj qhov nqaim, qhov rais siab, zoo li lub qhov khoob. Lub Romanesque style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog sib raug mus rau nws lub sij hawm. Cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua xav tau kev tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tua, thiab tsev neeg cov tsev fuabtais nrog cov fortresses yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau lub hom phiaj no.

Ancient architecture

Nyob rau thaum ub, tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev tsim vaj tse rau pej xeem. Cov no yog cov qauv grandiose tsim los npaj cov tsom iav loj. Ancient Roman rooj sab laj, tsim los rau kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg saib, Greek agora thaum ub, uas yog qhov chaw qhib loj uas muaj neeg coob coob, cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cov tub lag luam. Lub ancient Egyptian architecture yog txawv txawv los ntawm Roman ib tug, feem ntau nyob rau hauv hais tias cov Egyptians yeej tsis sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg coob coob ntawm ntau txhiab nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw. Egyptian keeb kwm rov qab mus rau 15xyoo pua BC, thaum architecture yog conditional. Cov vaj tse tau ua los ntawm lub plhaub pob zeb lossis cov av nplaum liab. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tau paub txog cov qauv, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov qauv ntawm lawv lub tsev, tab sis nrog kev tsim tsev siab dua kom tsis txhob muaj dej nyab los ntawm dej nyab Nile.

Orders

Ancient Greek architecture feem ntau yog tsom rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev, qee qhov tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Maj mam, ob peb architectural style tshwm sim:

Doric xaj - txawv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, muaj zog, txawm tias qee qhov ntawm lawv hnyav. Doric kab muaj flutes ntawm lawv qhov chaw, sib sib zog nqus grooves khiav ntawm lub hauv paus qis mus rau lub peev. Kab rov tav tiers nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim Doric yog ib tug architrave txuas cov kab ntawm theem ntawm lub abacus; ib tug frieze dhau los ntawm saum toj no, muaj ob txheej - ib tug triglyph thiab ib tug metope. Tag nrho ua ke tsim ib qho entablature, uas crowns nrog gezims, cornice nrog ib qho tseem ceeb protrusion sab nraud

Ionic xaj - piv nrog qhov hnyav Doric xaj, nws txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib piv. Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev koom nrog Ionic kev txiav txim yog lub peev ntawm kem, uas muaj daim ntawv ntawm ob lub volute, qhia curls down. Ionic kev txiav txim yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev feminine style, raws li nws yog refined thiab embellished. Ib qho kev txiav txim tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 6 BC, hauv Ionia, nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Aegean. Ib puas xyoo tom qab ntawd, nws tau nthuav dav thoob plaws tebchaws Greece. Lub tsev loj hauv Ionic style -qhov no yog lub tuam tsev ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Hera ntawm Samos cov kob, ua rau xyoo 570 BC thiab tsis ntev los ntawm av qeeg. Thiab lub tsev stylish tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Ionic kev txiav txim yog lub tuam tsev ntawm Artemis ntawm Ephesus - ib qho ntawm "Seven Wonders ntawm lub ntiaj teb no"

Lub Khaulauxi kev txiav txim - qhov tseeb, txawv ntawm lwm tus hauv nws qhov tshwj xeeb zoo nkauj. Cov kab hauv cov duab thiab cov entablature zoo li cov cim ntawm Ionic kev txiav txim, tab sis lub abacus thiab peev yog txawv kiag li. Lub Corinthian style yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj, muaj paj ornaments nyob rau hauv nws cov peev, thiab ob kab ntawm acanthus nplooj khiav raws ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter. Lub peev kuj adorns ntau lily volutes

Palladianism

pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau cim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj tshiab hauv ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai - classicism. Qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, qhov tseeb qhov projections thiab proportions - cov no yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm architectural classicism. Ib tug neeg ncaj ncees ua raws li cov qauv qub ntawm lub tuam tsev architecture, Venetian tus tswv Palladio, ua ke nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm Scamozzi, tau lees paub nws tus kheej txoj kev xav ntawm ancient classicism. Cov lus qhuab qhia tau hu ua "Palladianism" thiab tau siv dav hauv kev tsim vaj tsev ntiag tug. Cov qauv ntawm "classicism" hauv architecture tau dhau los ua thev naus laus zis thiab yooj yim ntawm kev tsim thiab txhim kho cov tsev.

Kev poob ntawm baroque architecture

Raws li nws tau muab tawm, tus nqi ntawm cov tsev tsim kho tshiab tau qis dua. Lub tsev yog laconic, "whipped cream" ntawm lub lig Baroque yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los, classicism nrog nws.symmetrically axial compositions thiab noble txwv ntawm cov hniav zoo nkauj tau txais ntau thiab ntau admirers. European connoisseurs ntawm architectural masterpieces tau npaj tseg rau ob qho tib si baroque thiab rococo nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm chamber, nrog sau ntawv ntawm kev kawm, nruj thiab elegant classicism.

Tib lub sijhawm, ntau lub tsev loj tau tsim los ntawm Andrea Palladio, lub npe nrov tshaj plaws yog Rotunda Palace, nyob ze lub nroog Vicenza. Cov style ntawm "classicism" nyob rau hauv architecture sai sai tau muaj koob meej. Paris tau hais los ntawm kev tsim kho nthwv dej. Nyob rau hauv Louis XV, tag nrho cov architectural ensembles tau tsim, xws li Place de la Concorde. Thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Louis XVI, "laconic classicism" tau los ua lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nroog architecture. Tom qab tua tus huab tais Fab Kis thiab rhuav tshem cov huab tais hauv xyoo 1793, Paris tau tsim los rau lub sijhawm ntev chaotically thiab inconsistently.

Empire architectural style

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, classicism pib poob qis, nws tau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai thiab architecture raws li nws cov khoom.

Classicism tau hloov los ntawm cov qauv tshiab hauv kev kos duab thiab kos duab hu ua Empire, uas yog keeb kwm thiab tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Napoleon I. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia tau tshwm sim rau ib tug loj npaum li cas los ntawm nom tswv vim li cas. Tsoom fwv ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte sim yuam nws tus kheej, thiaj li hu ua "Imperial" style nyob rau hauv architecture, thaum nws los ua tseeb.uas classicism twb ze nws poob lawm. Ob qho tib si lub teb chaws Ottoman style thiab pom zoo thiab tag nrho lwm yam qauv ntawm architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th haum txig rau hauv lub palace agglomerates, txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau ntawm "huab tais" kev taw qhia.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, architectural faj tim teb chaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tsar Alexander thawj, uas yog loyal rau Fabkis kab lis kev cai thiab suav hais tias nws tsim nyog ntawm kev coj ua. Tsis xav tias tus huab tais tau caw ib tug kws tsim qauv los ntawm Fabkis, Auguste Montferrand, los tsim lub npe nrov St. Isaac's Cathedral. Cov style nyob rau hauv architecture - lub teb chaws Ottoman - tsis yog ib yam nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv, nws tau muab faib mus rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab Moscow thiab kav mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ntxiv rau St. Isaac's Cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv 1858, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj lwm masterpiece nyob rau hauv lub "tsim vaj ntxwv" style, qhov no yog Andrei Voronikhin lub Kazan Cathedral, thiab nyob rau hauv Moscow "Triumphal Gates". Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws style nyob rau hauv architecture yog peb caug xyoo rau kev tsim kho ntawm tiag masterpieces.

Architectural sights ntawm St. Petersburg

Ib lub nroog zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev yog lub nroog St. Petersburg, lub nroog sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Ua tsaug rau kev vam meej ntawm Lavxias thiab Western European kev paub hauv kev npaj hauv nroog hauv 18th - 19th centuries, ib tug tshwj xeeb conglomerate tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Kaum tsib qhov sib txawv architectural style yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub nroog, kev sib haum xeeb polyphony uas tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb daim duab ntawm lub reunion ntawm ob peb lub sij hawm keeb kwm nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho. Cov ciam teb ntawm lub eras tsis tau qhia meej, "blurred", tab sis tag nrho cov cim ntawm yav dhau los yog tam sim no.

Lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg suav nrog yim cov lus qhia tseem ceeb:

• Baroque "Petrine", thaum ntxov xyoo pua 18th;
• Baroque Elizabethan, ib nrab xyoo pua 18;
• Gothic, ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th;
• classicism, lig 18th century;
• Russian Empire, thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th;
• Renaissance, nruab nrab xyoo pua 19;
• eclecticism, ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th;
• modern, thaum ntxov 20th century;

Peter's baroque yog hloov pauv Italian thiab Fabkis baroque. Ib tug me ntsis pretentious style tau txais tos los ntawm Peter kuv thiab nws entourage. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sij hawm thaum lub baroque vam meej yog turbulent, ntau kev tsov kev rog puas tsuaj rau lub txhab nyiaj. Kev tsim kho vaj tse tshiab tau txais nyiaj txiag tsis txaus, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau lawv qhov zoo. Lub baroque style tau qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub facades, lub ntsiab nta ntawm architectural kev taw qhia tau hais txog: pediments, pilasters nrog volutes, spiers ntawm lub ru tsev. Sab hauv tau ncab raws li txoj cai enfilade, uas txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho. Peter's baroque dominated nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg los ntawm 1703 txog 1740, tom qab kev tuag ntawm huab tais nyob rau hauv 1725, cov kev ua ntawm European architects caw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus poob, tab sis ua hauj lwm txuas ntxiv rau 15 xyoo.

nce mus rau huab tais huab tais xyoo 1741, tus ntxhais ntawm Peter I, Elizabeth, nrhiav kev tswj hwm lub zog, ntxiv rau, nws tsis yog ib qho txawv ntawm cov khoom kim heev, zoo nkauj, kev ua koob tsheej zoo nkauj thiab pob. Nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub nroog cov tsev thaum lub sij hawm reignElizabeth pib taug kev pomposity thiab pretentiousness, yog li cov style ntawm "Elizabethian baroque" nws tus kheej tshwm sim. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog Bartolomeo Rastrelli, uas tau tsim ib lub tswv yim ntawm architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb - lub caij ntuj no Palace, nyob rau ntawm Palace Square, uas tseem hu ua Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Cov npe ntawm cov tsev tsim vaj tsev tsim tsa thaum lub sijhawm kav Elizabethan Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Elizabeth's Summer Palace (1741 - 1744), tsis khaws cia.
• The Great Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Catheringof Palace (1747 - 1750), tsis khaws cia.
• Smolny Cathedral, ua hauv St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov's Palace, Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Travel Palace on the Middle Slingshot (1751 - 1754), tsis khaws cia.
• Catherine's Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospekt (1753 - 1754).
• Nikolo-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Shuvalov's House on Italian Street (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Yakovlev lub tsev loj (1762 - 1766), tsis khaws cia.

Gothic hauv St. Petersburg

Lub Nroog ntawm Neva yog ib lub nroog tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb nrog cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv. Gothic architecture tau tshwm sim hauv St. Petersburg hauv 1777, nws yog Chesme Palace thiab Chesme Church. Raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm "Petrine Baroque", cov tsev no tsis yog tag nrhophim cov style. Cov ntsiab lus Gothic ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv sab nraud - facades, lancet arches, ntau turrets, siab spiers. Cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov tuam tsev tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Qhov tseeb, nws yog pseudo-Gothic, txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 19th.

Cov architectural style "classicism" tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 1760 txog 1780. Petersburg thaum lub sij hawm ntawd twb tau npaj rau kev hloov. Cov tsev, ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm classicism, organically haum rau hauv nroog toj roob hauv pes. Ntawm cov tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:

• "Imperial Academy of Arts", ua rau Vasilyevsky Island xyoo 1764-1788.
• Yuspov Palace (1771-1773).
• Hanging Gardens of the Me Hermitage (1764-1775).
• Lub Koom Txoos Armenian (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Lub koom haum Mining ntawm Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism yog ib qho kev sib cav ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv St. Kev hloov ntawm kev coj ua tau tshwm sim imperceptibly. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lub teb chaws Ottoman style ntawm architecture yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv Fabkis raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev hloov ceev uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws qhia txog kev xav ntawm Napoleon thiab tau los ua lub cim ntawm lub neej tshiab rau Fabkis. Thiab Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws los hloov classicism, tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg tau tsim raws li nws tus kheej txoj cai. Fab Kis kab lis kev cai muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau nws qhov tsim.

Architecture thiabphoto

Cov tsev nyob thiab lub tsev teev ntuj, cov tswv tsev thiab cov tuam tsev, tsev loj cuj thiab tsoomfwv cov tsev. Txhua tus qauv cuam tshuam rau pej xeem lub neej yuav tsum muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm architectural. Qee lub tsev tau ua tiav nruj raws li cov cai ntawm lub tsev zoo nkauj, thaum cov kws tsim vaj tsev feem ntau tswj kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Masterpieces ntawm architectural art yuav tsum tau sketched, txij li thaum photography tseem tsis tau muaj. Duab kos duab tau tshwm sim thiab pib tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau tam sim ntawd hloov daim duab kos nrog daim duab. Kev tsim vaj tsev ib txwm yog cov duab zoo nkauj, nrog ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab ib nrab, thiab cov daguerreotype li niaj zaus tsis qhia lawv, tsuas yog ib qho chaw tiaj tus uas tsis tshua pom pom ntawm lub phaj. Thiab cov kws kos duab txuas ntxiv pleev xim.

Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo dhau los, kev yees duab tau zoo dua qub, thiab tam sim no lub sijhawm tau los thaum nws tuaj yeem ntes txhua lub tsev hauv daim duab. Architecture, raws li cov lus qhia zoo ntawm cov classic, yog "cov suab paj nruag khov", thiab ntau tus neeg xav khaws cov suab paj nruag no ua lub cim xeeb hauv daim duab. Cov neeg tau tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lawv tus kheej lub tsev lossis sim tua ze ntawm qee lub tsev nto moo. Txhua yam ntawm cov qauv ntawm architecture, cov duab uas tau suav hais tias yog daim ntawv zoo kom muaj nyob hauv tsev, tau nrov. Thaum ntxov ntawm kev yees duab, feem ntau kev txhaj tshuaj yog tsev neeg lossis tsev txhaj tshuaj.

Architecture styles nrog piv txwv

Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm cov qauv vaj tsev, txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj qee yam nta uas qhia txog kev coj ua, raugua tswv cuab thiab lub sij hawm uas lub tsev no tau tsim.

Cov piv txwv tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem muab rau qee tus qauv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm architecture:

• Empire - "Arch of the General Staff" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ntawm Palace Square (1819 - 1829), kws kes duab vajtse Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Trinity Cathedral nyob rau hauv Alexander Nevsky Lavra" (1776 - 1790), kws kes duab vajtse Starov. Saint Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov's House" (1863 - 1866), kws kes duab vajtse Paduchev, Yekaterinburg;
• baroque - "Stroganov Palace" hauv St. Petersburg, ntawm Nevsky Prospekt, (1752 - 1754), kws kos duab Rastrelli;
• renaissance - Cathedral ntawm Santa Maria del Fiore hauv Florence (1417 - 1436), kws kes duab vajtse Brunelleschi;
• modern - "Singer Company House" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (1902 - 1904), kws kes duab vajtse Suzor.

Piv txwv ntawm architecture ua tim khawv rau kev txhim kho ntawm qee yam ntau pua xyoo.

thawj piv txwv ntawm niaj hnub architecture

Hnub no muaj cov kws tsim txuj ci tsim nyog txaus hauv ntiaj teb uas koom nrog cov haujlwm niaj hnub no. Lwm cov haujlwm yog cov khoom siv dawb huv hauv qhov xwm txheej, tab sis muaj cov uas tuaj yeem hu ua thawj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Nyiv balloon tsev tau dhau los ua fashionable. Txij li Av ntawm Rising Sun yog seismic, Japanese architects pib nruab lub tsev ntawm cov khoom loj loj ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ruaj khov. Yog li, thaum muaj av qeeg, lub tsev tsuas yog pib sway, cov kev vibrations ntawm cov tremors tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau nws.mob.

Muaj cov tsev qub uas yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov tswv yim tsim qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog Spanish nto moo ntawm Barcelona, uas rightfully ranked thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov thawj lub tsev, cov architects tau tsim lwm masterpiece. Qhov no yog ib lub tsev tig upside down. Lub tsev sawv ntawm lub ru tsev thiab txaus siab rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws nrog nws qhov txawv txav.