Tricks - Puas yog science, khawv koob lossis khawv koob?

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tricks yog ib qho kev lom zem thiab witty puzzle uas tus saib yuav tau daws nyob rau hauv ib tug sib cais thib ob. Vim hais tias txoj cai ntawm hom ntawv yuav tsum tau ceev, immediacy. Cov pej xeem tsis muaj sijhawm los nkag siab qhov lawv pom. Ib qho kev ua khawv koob ua raws li lwm tus, thiab zoo li qhov kev txiav txim siab niaj hnub thiab tsim ntiaj teb tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis txaus ntseeg tom qab ib qho.

Thawj Tricks (Ancient Egypt)

Pob zeb ntawm ntug dej Nile thiab muab tso rau hauv lawv nyob ib puag ncig 1260 BC. e. lub tuam tsev ntawm Abu Simbel… Nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog thawj qhov kev tsis pom kev paub rau tib neeg. Ob zaug hauv ib xyoos, nyob rau hnub yug thiab hnub ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv, Falau Ramses II tau tshwm sim hauv nws. Cov huab cua tsis meej, ntau pua tus neeg tab tom tos txog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, cov pov thawj hauv lub tuam tsev nyeem cov ntawv sau thaum ub thiab cov qauv ua khawv koob. Lawv hu rau lub hnub kom tawg hla huab thiab nthuav qhia tus vaj ntxwv rau cov neeg. Thiab ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm, zoo li yog ua raws li cov pov thawj, lub hnub ci ntsa iab ntsoos qhib lub qhov rooj nqaim, nkag mus rau hauv chav qis thiab tsaus ntuj thiab teeb pom kev ntawm tus kav hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.

Ntawm no yog daim papyri thaum ub piav txog kev ua koob tsheej. Kev daws rau qhov tsis paub tseeb no tau pomcov kws tshawb fawb ntawm ancient civilization tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Prehistoric architects paub raws nraim qhov twg thiab nyob rau lub sij hawm twg thaum lub sij hawm lub hnub ntawm lub ceremony lub hnub disk yuav sawv. Lawv muaj peev xwm taw qhia lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tuam tsev raws li kev txav ntawm lub hnub, los ntawm cov nqaj nkag mus rau hauv chav tsev thiab chav uas Ramses II nyob. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev xav tsis zoo no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg - cov ntsiab lus ntseeg siab tias lub teeb pom kev nws tus kheej taw qhia rau tus kav.

Qhov tseeb keeb kwm no yuav muab tau ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog dag?" Nws yog qhov ua tau tias qhov no yog kev siv cov kev txawj ntse kom ua tiav qhov kev xav tau! Cov lus teb no muaj feem ntau.

Manipulators ntawm Ancient Greece

Qhov kev xav tsis meej ntawm cov pov thawj tuaj yeem tsis pom. Nyob rau hauv ancient Greece, magicians tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm Greco-Persian tsov rog. Tab sis lawv tau nthuav tawm lawv cov txuj ci tsis yog hauv cov tuam tsev, tab sis ntawm qhov chaw ncaj ncees. Kuj ceeb tias, nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm tus sau ntawv thiab rhetorician Alkifron (3rd xyoo pua AD), muaj ib tug hais txog ib tug ua kom yuam kev uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, nws piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas ib tug neeg mus ncig tebchaws magician tso peb lub goblets rau ntawm lub rooj thiab muab pebbles. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev zoo kawg, pebbles tsiv - lawv xaus nyob rau hauv ib tug goblet, ces ploj mus thiab nyob rau hauv lub magician lub qhov ncauj. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tau ploj mus, tab sis tus illusionist pib muab lawv tawm ntawm lub hnab ris, pob ntseg lossis cov plaub hau ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau luag thiab xav tsis thoob rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, vim tias kev ua khawv koob yog thawj zaug, kev ua yeeb yam thiab lom zem.

Illusion ntawm science thiab quackery

Kev txhim kho ntawm kev kos duab duab nyob rau hauv medieval Europe mus ib sab nrog kev sim kev tshawb fawb heev. Tsis muaj leej twg paub qhov twg yog khawv koob thiab charlatanism, thiab qhov twg thwmsim nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm chemistry los yog optics. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm ntau tus neeg nto moo uas nws lub npe tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Tus naas ej astrologer thiab soothsayer Michel Nostradamus (1503-1566) tsis yig los qhia tricks. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, nce qib ntawm nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg tuaj saib, avid rau txuj ci tseem ceeb thiab tsis paub dab tsi tshwm sim. Ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm qhov kev paub kho qhov muag uas qhov zoo tshaj plaws mystic qhia tau raug khaws cia. Los ntawm kev qhib lub vaj huam sib luag hauv qab nthab, cov neeg pab cuam txo tus menyuam roj hmab qis, thiab tom qab ntawd rub nws rov qab thiab kaw lub hatch. Cov neeg saib xyuas tau saib qhov no los ntawm qhov sib txawv nqaim hauv phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv uas lub trihedral pob tshab prism tau teeb tsa. Nws muab cov nyhuv "inverted". Nws zoo nkaus li tias tus menyuam roj hmab nce hauv qab thiab ploj mus. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg saib tau raug tso rau hauv chav thiab lawv tshuaj xyuas hauv pem teb. Tab sis nws tau ua los ntawm pob zeb, kuv thiab ib lub kaus mom zais cia hauv nws.

Reflection in works of art

Qhov kev muaj koob meej ntawm cov duab dag tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog uas ntau tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej lub ncauj lus no. Lawv tau xav txog hauv lawv txoj haujlwm qee lub sijhawm uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua khawv koob lossis kev dag ntxias. Science, khawv koob los yog kos duab - nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab ib tug luv luv lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Tab sis cov kev paub zoo ntawm classical tej hauj lwm qhia lawv lub hwj chim ntawm medieval kab lis kev cai.

Dutch artist Pieter Brueghel tus Txwj Laug (c. 1525–1569) ntawm ib qho ntawmntawm nws paintings depicted lub overthrow ntawm magician los ntawm lub zwm txwv. Wandering artists tau depicted rau ntawm daim ntaub nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm dab ntxwg nyoog. Lwm tus neeg Dutchman, Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516), kuj tau tig mus rau cov duab ntawm kev ua khawv koob, cov khawv koob thiab khawv koob hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Tus neeg paub txog kab lis kev cai medieval Goethe (1749-1832) hauv nws "Faust" kuj pleev xim rau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Caw uas gushes los ntawm lub rooj thiab teeb, tso nws tus kheej los ntawm shackles ntawm Margarita. Headless, nqa nws lub taub hau ntawm nws txhais tes. Tag nrho cov kev dag no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm repertoire ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam qhia kev dag. Dab tsi yog lawv qhov zais cia thiab kev nyiam rau lub sijhawm ntev? Thaj, nyob rau hauv lub siab xav ntawm tib neeg los nkag mus rau qhov paub tsis meej thiab indestructible txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv tej txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Infiltrating Russia

thawj qhov kev tsis pom kev loj hauv tebchaws Russia tau tuav nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov qhua ua yeeb yam txawv teb chaws. Lawv tau tuav hauv cov chaw ua yeeb yam loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws yog qhov chaw ntawm Maly Theatre, thiab nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, txawv teb chaws illusions tau tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm lub Alexander Theatre. Thaum lub sij hawm no, illusion art twb hloov lawm. Nws pib dav siv cov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ploj mus yog cov hnub thaum cov khawv koob thiab cov khawv koob nyiam kev ua yeeb yam pheej yig. Los ntawm txhua txoj kev muaj, lawv tau coj cov neeg tuaj saib rau lub tswv yim tias kev ua khawv koob yog qhov hnyav.

Cov qhua ua yeeb yam txawv teb chaws hauv tebchaws Russia

Lub xyoo pua 19th yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tswv yim zoo li no hauv Russia. Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam yog tus tswv tiag tiag ntawm lawv hom.

Karl Hermann yog tus sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg nto moo ntawm cov neeg ua khawv koob nyob sab Europe. Nws yog artistic, thaum lub sij hawm qhia nws tso dag ntau thiab muab cov neeg tuaj saib rau hauv nws pab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib tus thawj coj uas pib siv cov khoom siv dag zog loj. Nyob rau hauv nws repertoire yog qhov ua kom yuam kev "Me tub nyob rau hauv cov huab cua" - tus neeg ua yeeb yam leaned nws txhais tes ntawm ib tug ntev ncej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws ob txhais ceg raug torn tawm hauv av. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, tus kws kos duab nchuav ntau yam dej qab zib los ntawm tib lub raj mis - los ntawm mis nyuj rau champagne.

Karl Meckgold, uas tuaj txog ntawm kev ncig xyuas hauv Moscow, ua rau cov pej xeem nyiam heev uas cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd piv nws nrog Schiller thiab Mozart hauv lawv cov duab. Nyob rau hauv lub tes ntawm tus kws kos duab, ib tug tooj liab npib tig mus rau hauv ib tug Qav, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, ua ib tug canary. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau muab cov phuam qhwv caj dab, watches, hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Tag nrho cov khoom no tau xaus rau hauv ib lub violin uas dai rau ntawm phab ntsa hauv rooj plaub kaw.

Tus kws ua khawv koob thiab tus khawv koob Bartolomeo Bosco rhuav tshem cov neeg xav tau. Nws kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Egyptian khawv koob ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov lus teb zoo siab. Tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim ua ntej cov neeg tuaj saib hauv lub tsho tsis muaj tes tsho. Tag nrho cov khoom siv uas nws siv tau yooj yim heev - qhib rooj ntawm nyias ob txhais ceg, tsis muaj ntaub pua rooj uas yuav nkaum ib yam dab tsi. Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov khoom ploj lawm thiab tshwm sim, ua raws li kev xav ntawm tus kws kos duab. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau pom zoo tias qhov kev sim (them) qhia los ntawm Bosco yog khawv koob.

thawj tus kws dag ntxias Lavxias

Tsis yoglagged qab los ntawm txawv teb chaws cov npoj yaig thiab Lavxias teb sab magicians. Keeb kwm tau khaws cia cov npe ntawm lawv ib txhia. Nyob rau hauv 1828, tom qab lub Rogozhskaya Zastava muaj ib tug arena rau baiting tsiaj. Ib qho tshwj xeeb Karasev tau hais nyob rau ntawd - nws tau qhia "kev sim ua haujlwm tsis zoo." Raws li kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau zais phau ntawv chronometer hauv ib lub thawv, tab sis nws ploj mus. Ib tug noog tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub moos. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub muab zais rau hauv tib lub thawv tau pom hauv tus neeg saib lub hnab.

Hauv lwm qhov chaw amphitheatre, ze ntawm Tver Rooj vag, tus kws ua khawv koob Solovyov ua. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm, nws hu nws tus kheej "tus txiv neej fireproof." Nws qhov kev sim (stunts) cuam tshuam nrog hluav taws.

Nyob rau xyoo 1835, tus kws kho tsheb qub Nikulin tau qhia nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam nyob rau theem ntawm Maly Theatre hauv Moscow. Tus kws tshaj lij craftsman, nws siv ntau yam khoom siv dag zog rau tus kheej hauv nws cov yeeb yam. Thiab tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua yeeb yam hauv tib lub xyoo ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse Lavxias xws li Kuparenko, Vasily Korchagin thiab Ivan Martin.

Txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov pej xeem pom qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv tsev hauv tebchaws Russia txias dua li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lawv cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus qhia txog tus cwj pwm rau hom kev kos duab hauv tebchaws Russia los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "ntseeg" - buffoonery, teeb meem, dag.

Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet

Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, kev txhim kho muaj zog tshaj plaws yog kev kos duab ntawm kev tsis pom kev hauv Soviet Union. Tshiab illusion caij thiab me me tau tsim. Maj mam, catchy txawv teb chaws lub npe uas Lavxias teb sab magicians ib txwm coj rau lawv tus kheej los ua ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Tus cwj pwm ntawmcov kws ua yeeb yam, thiab kev nkag siab txog qhov tsom xam yog dab tsi. Tej yam yees siv thiab mystical keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim no yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom zoo li caw cov neeg tuaj saib hauv qhov kev ua si thiab hais tias: "Tam sim no koj yuav raug dag, tab sis koj tuaj yeem nthuav tawm qhov kev dag ntxias no."

Tus nto moo illusionist E. T. Keogh, thawj Soviet poj niam illusionist Cleo Dorothy (Klavdia Karasik) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tus lej ntawm cov tswv. Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev siv technology tshiab nyob rau hauv illusion yog brilliantly txuas ntxiv los ntawm Anatoly Sokol. Otar Ratiani tau tsim thawj qhov kev nyiam "Tus Neeg Tsis Pom Zoo" raws li qhov tshiab los ntawm G. Wells. Lwm tus masterpiece ntawm illusionary qhab nia ntawm lub Soviet circus yog Ilya Symbolokov's "Dej Extravaganza". Thiab thaum kawg ntawm Anatoly Shag-Novozhilov qhov kev ua tau zoo, tag nrho cov teb ntawm eared rye thiab pej xeem round seev cev tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub circus arena. Cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Soviet circus tsis yog qhia txog kev dag ntxias - lawv tsim lawv cov duab, ua rau kev sib raug zoo thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce.

Miracles yeej tsis kawg

Yog li dab tsi yog qhov attraction uas tricks nqa? Txhua tus tuaj yeem ua khawv koob nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes - pom tseeb, qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm lawv cov koob meej thiab kev ua neej ntev. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los ua ib tus kws tshaj lij-tus kws ua yeeb yam. Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau yooj yim tab sis zoo tricks. Yog lawm, thiab cov khoom loj loj tsis tas yuav tsum muaj rau qhov no - lub lawj ntawm daim npav, ib lub phuam, ob peb npib lossis pob. Thiab qhov xav tsis thoob qhov muag ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, zoo li lub sijhawm tshuab, muaj peev xwm hloov cov neeg ua yeeb yam rau ntau txhiab xyoo sib sib zog nqus mus rau ntau pua xyoo. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog li cas cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau saibCov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Falau Ramses xyoo 1260 BC.