Architecture thiab painting ntawm Ancient Russia. Kev cai dab qhuas painting ntawm Ancient Russia

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev txhim kho ntawm tha xim thiab lub tuam tsev architectural style ntawm Russia pib nyob rau hauv lub pos huab ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv 988, Kievan Rus, ua ke nrog kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tau txais ib tug lossis loj kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub Byzantine Empire, uas combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm sparkling splendor ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab ascetic simplicity ntawm sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm synthesis ntawm no multifaceted artistic style thiab tshwj xeeb thawj kos duab, lub architecture thiab painting ntawm Ancient Russia tau tsim.

keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev txhim kho tus qauv qub ntawm architecture thiab pleev xim ntawm Ancient Russia

Cov duab ntawm Ancient Russia raws li ib tug monument ntawm pre-Christian kab lis kev cai yog tsis paub rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub, thiab cov duab puab ntawm lub sij hawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm ob peb ntoo sculptures ntawm cov mlom. Qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam nrog cov architectural monuments ntawm pre-Christian Russia, feem ntau yuav yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau ua los ntawm ntoo thiab tsis muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.

Painting nyob rau hauv Russia tau pib paub txog nws txoj kev loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, thaum tom qab kev taw qhia ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Russia los ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius, nws tau los pauv kev paub ntawm Russians thiabByzantine masters uas tau caw tom qab 988 mus rau Lavxias teb sab nroog los ntawm Prince Vladimir.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub xeev Lavxias thaum ub tau tsim los ntawm txoj hauv kev uas cov pagan kev cai dab qhuas tau pib raug tshem tawm los ntawm pawg tswj hwm los ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm pej xeem. lub neej. Yog li ntawd, lub architecture thiab painting ntawm Ancient Russia pib nws txoj kev loj hlob precisely los ntawm Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam uas nchuav rau hauv ib puag ncig no.

Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau kev txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm architecture

Architecture thiab painting ntawm Ancient Russia raws li ib qho tseem ceeb style pawg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ncaj qha cuam tshuam ntawm lub architecture ntawm Byzantium, uas synthesized cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ancient tuam tsev, maj mam tsim hom ntoo khaub lig-domed lub tsev teev ntuj paub txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 10th., uas txawv heev ntawm cov Christian basilicas thaum ntxov. Hloov lub domes mus rau lub semicircular rigid edges ntawm lub quadrangular puag ntawm lub tuam tsev, siv qhov tseeb tsim "sail" system los txhawb lub dome thiab easing nws lub siab ntawm cov phab ntsa, Byzantine architects ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws expansion ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev. tsim ib lub tuam tsev tshiab uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Cov qauv tsim tau piav qhia saum toj no yog hais txog cov tuam tsev raws li lub npe "Greek cross", uas yog tsib squares nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib leeg.

Ntau tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 - lub npe hu ua "pseudo-Byzantine" style ntawm lub tuam tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv uas lub domes yog squat.nyob rau ntawm qis nruas, ib puag ncig los ntawm lub qhov rais arcade, thiab sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev yog ib qho chaw, tsis muab faib los ntawm pylons thiab cross vaults.

Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm stylistic nta ntawm painting

Cov duab ntawm Ancient Russia raws li ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm kev kos duab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev tau zoo tom qab caw Byzantine masters coj lawv cov duab kos duab rau thaj chaw no tom qab kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia. Yog li ntawd, ntau phab ntsa paintings thiab frescoes ntawm thawj lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub pre-Mongol lub sij hawm yog indistinguishable nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab Byzantine keeb kwm.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus theoretical, lub icon painting, painting ntawm Ancient Russia zoo kawg nkaus illustrates lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas yog tus txhuam ntawm Byzantine masters. Lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob, tab sis nws qhov kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv yog paub los ntawm cov lus piav qhia hauv xyoo pua 17th. Cov neeg pleev kob caw icon nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev kawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua. Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Alipiy thiab Gregory yog thawj tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kos duab icon.

Yog li, kos duab, iconography, painting ntawm Ancient Russia coj nws theoretical thiab methodological continuation ntawm ancient kev paub ntawm Eastern masters.

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab lub tuam tsev ntawm Ancient Russia

Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia, uas nws painting, iconography thiab architecture yog ib pawg, me ntsis cuam tshuam lub architecture ntawm pej xeem thiab vaj tsev nyob, uas txuas ntxiv mus.nqa tawm los ntawm cov tsev ntauwd lossis fortresses. Byzantine architectural cai tsis tau hais tias muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub complex ntawm lub tsev los yog txhua tus ntawm lawv cais los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam. Kev kos duab ntawm Ancient Russia, tha xim thiab kos duab uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm Pskov thiab Tver monastic vaj tse, yog tsom rau lawv cov kev ruaj ntseg, lub lightness ntawm lub domed qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev nrog lub siab tshaj plaws thickening ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa..

Cult ancient Lavxias teb sab painting

Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia, uas nws tha xim tau ua tiav raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Byzantine kos duab, thaum kawg tau tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, suav nrog tag nrho nws cov ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws thiab sib xyaw nrog cov txuj ci qub qub qub Lavxias teb sab. Thiab txawm hais tias qee hom kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, xws li kev kos duab kos duab thiab kos duab ntoo, tau paub txog cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub, lawv tau txais kev nthuav dav thiab kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub bosom ntawm cult kos duab tom qab tuaj txog ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia.

Cov kab lis kev cai Orthodox ntawm Ancient Russia, uas nws cov duab yog sawv cev tsis tsuas yog los ntawm lub tuam tsev frescoes thiab iconography, tab sis kuj los ntawm lub ntsej muag xaws thiab carvings, xav txog cov cim ntawm txoj kev ntseeg thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub los ntawm cov neeg ntiaj teb no, tshuav ib tug imprint rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv tsev thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov facade.

Ntau yam thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov xim

Monasteries thiab icon-painting Rhiav ntawm Ancient Russia yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev ua tiav thiab kev sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm chemistry,txij li cov xim yog tsim los ntawm tes los ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw.

Hauv cov duab me me ntawm parchment thiab icon painting, masters feem ntau siv tib xim. Lawv yog cinnabar, lapis lazuli, ocher, dawb lead thiab lwm yam. Yog li, daim duab ntawm Ancient Russia tseem muaj tseeb rau nws cov tswv yim kev txawj ntse: lub ancient painting ntawm Byzantium tsis tau kiag li hloov lub zos txoj kev ntawm tau cov xim.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txhua txoj kev pleev xim tshwj xeeb muaj thiab lawv nyiam cov tswv yim thiab cov hau kev - ob qho tib si rau kev pleev xim nws tus kheej thiab siv rau saum npoo.

Raws li Novogorodsk icon-painting thawj ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cinnabar, azure, whitewash, greenery yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws los ntawm cov tswv. Cov npe ntawm cov xim no kuj tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv thawj - daj, liab, dub, ntsuab.

Dawb, raws li cov xim uas nrov tshaj plaws, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov xim sib tov, ua haujlwm rau cov khoob thiab "dawb" lwm cov xim. Whitewash tau tsim nyob rau hauv Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov khoom tsim muaj nyob rau hauv oxidation ntawm txhuas strips nrog acetic acid, ua raws li los ntawm kev ntxuav cov xim dawb.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "kev sau ntsej muag" hauv daim duab pleev xim rau hnub no yog ocher.

Cov duab ntawm Ancient Russia, nrog rau nws tus qauv Byzantine, xav tias siv ntau yam xim xim hauv kev sau cov duab dawb huv.

Ib qho ntawm cov xim siv dav siv yog cinnabar - sulfurousmercury sulfide. Cinnabar tau mined ntawm nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab tso nyiaj Nikitinsky nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov xim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm rubbing cinnabar nrog dej, ua raws li los ntawm dissolution ntawm pyrite thiab pyrite nrog cov ore. Cinnabar tuaj yeem raug hloov los ntawm cov hlau lead uas pheej yig dua, tau los ntawm kev tua cov hlau lead dawb.

Azure, zoo li dawb, tau npaj rau kev sau cov khoob thiab tau txais cov suab ntawm lwm cov xim. Yav dhau los, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lapis lazuli yog cov deposits ntawm Afghanistan. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo pua 16th, ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov xim xiav los ntawm lapis lazuli tau tshwm sim.

Nrog rau cov xim yooj yim no, Lavxias icon painting siv cormorant, scarlet, ntsuab, ntsuab, verdigris, krutik ("xiav"), cabbage yob, sankir (xim av tones), nuv, reft, game. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg pleev kob thaum ub qhia txog txhua yam xim nrog cov lus sib txawv.

Tus kos duab style ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab icon painting

Nyob rau hauv txhua lub koom haum hauv cheeb tsam-holistic xeev muaj qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev zoo nkauj, uas tom qab poob qee qhov kev sib txuas nrog cov qauv siv. Xws li ib qho kev sib cais thiab kev txhim kho tus kheej ntawm lub teb chaws-kab lis kev cai tshwm sim yog cov duab ntawm Ancient Russia. Ancient painting yog ntau dua rau kev hloov kho thiab kev pom dua li lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev kos duab, yog li nws tsim nyog hais cais nws cov yam ntxwv, ze ze rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev sau ntawv.

Mongol ntxeem tau rhuav tshem feem ntau ntawm cov iconographic thiab fresco monuments ntawm Ancient Russia, undermining thiabtshem tawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, ib daim duab yav dhau los tuaj yeem rov qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob thiab qhov chaw archaeological tsis txaus.

Los ntawm lawv nws paub tias nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua ntej-Mongol ntxeem tau, monumental painting ntawm Ancient Russia tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov duab kos duab nrog nws cov txheej txheem kev kawm - kev ua kom zoo ntawm kev tsim kho thiab cov xim tsaus nti - tab sis los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th cov xim no pib muab txoj hauv kev rau cov xim sov sov. Yog li, los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, lub Byzantine icon painting txheej txheem tau ua ib tug txheej txheem ntawm refraction thiab assimilation nrog xws li ancient Lavxias teb sab teb chaws artistic cov tswv yim raws li lub freshness thiab brightness ntawm cov xim tswvyim, lub suab paj nruag compositional qauv thiab immediacy ntawm xim qhia.

Tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws uas coj cov duab ntawm Ancient Russia mus rau niaj hnub no ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm no - luv luv daim ntawv teev npe no tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm Metropolitan Peter ntawm Moscow, Archbishop Theodore ntawm Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev thiab Daniil Cherny.

Ntxhais ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab fresco painting

Mural painting nyob rau hauv Russia tsis muaj ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab tau txais kiag li qiv los ntawm Byzantine kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation thiab kev loj hlob, me ntsis hloov kho cov txheej txheem Byzantine uas twb muaj lawm.

Pib nrog, nws tsim nyog hais tias kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia, uas nws painting twb muaj yav tas los nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mosaic, hloov kho siv plaster npaj cov ntaub ntawv, siv sub-mosaic limestone.lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub fresco, thiab nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th muaj ib tug kev hloov ntawm lub ancient Byzantine cov tswv yim ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv - mus rau tshiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab txoj kev ntawm fresco painting.

Ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hloov pauv rau kev tsim cov hauv paus thiab cov xim, ib qho tuaj yeem tawm ntawm cov tsos ntawm plaster, tsim tshwj xeeb rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov limestone ntshiab, thawj zaug diluted rau lub zog nrog quartz xuab zeb thiab marble chips. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting, lub stucco fresco puag - gesso - yog ua los ntawm ntev raug cov txiv qaub tov nrog zaub roj thiab kua nplaum.

Old Russian ntsej muag xaws

Tom qab 988, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai hauv kev pleev xim ntawm Ancient Russia, cov duab qub qub tau nthuav dav hauv thaj chaw kev cai dab qhuas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag xaws.

Lub Tsarina qhov kev cob qhia, uas ua haujlwm raws li kev txhawb nqa ntawm Grand Duchesses Sophia Paleolog, Solomonia Saburova, Tsarina Anastasia Romanova thiab Irina Godunova, tau pab ntau rau qhov no.

Lub ntsej muag xaws raws li kev cai dab qhuas painting ntawm Ancient Russia muaj ntau ntau yam compositional thiab nraaj nta nrog lub icon. Txawm li cas los xij, kev xaws ntawm lub ntsej muag yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, nrog rau kev faib tawm meej ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus tsim. Tus neeg pleev kob icon piav qhia txog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, cov ntawv sau thiab cov khoom seem ntawm cov khaub ncaws, tus kws kho tsiaj - cov nroj tsuag. Lub keeb kwm yav dhau yog embroidered nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab xim; ntsej muag thiab ob txhais tes - nrog cov xov paj ntawm cov tawv nqaij tones, nrog rau screeds tau muab tso rau hauv cov kab raws li contours ntawm lub ntsej muag; khaub ncaws thiab cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig tau embroidered nyob rau hauv kub los yogsilver threads, los yog ntau xim silk.

Rau lub zog ntau dua, daim ntaub lossis ntaub tau muab tso rau hauv qab cov ntaub npuag, hauv qab uas txuas ob sab ntawm cov ntaub mos muag.

Kev paj ntaub ob sab ntawm daim ntawv lo thiab daim ntawv lo yog qhov nyuaj tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab kub threads tau tho los ntawm.

Kev paj ntaub ntsej muag yog siv dav - daim ntaub thaiv loj thiab dav hlau dai lub tuam tsev, muab tso rau hauv qab cov cim, npog lub thaj, tau siv rau ntawm daim ntawv lo. Muaj ntau zaus, daim ntaub nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm cov neeg dawb huv tau txuas rau lub rooj vag ntawm lub tuam tsev lossis lub palace, nrog rau sab hauv lub tsev txais tos.

Territorial variation of ancient Russian art

Kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient Russia - painting, iconography, architecture - muaj ib co av variability, cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab lub architectural thiab kev tsim kho nta ntawm lub tsev.

Piv txwv li, kos duab ntawm Ancient Russia, cov duab uas qhia txog kev siv mosaics lossis frescoes ua cov khoom dai rau sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm pawg ntseeg, zoo kawg nkaus qhia los ntawm tus qauv ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral hauv Kyiv. Ntawm no muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke pub dawb ntawm ob qho tib si mosaic thiab fresco painting; thaum lub sij hawm ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub tuam tsev, ob txheej av tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Transfiguration nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Bolshiye Vyazemy, tag nrho cov plaster puag yog ua los ntawm ntshiab txiv qaub yam tsis muaj fillers. Thiab hauv Spassky Cathedral ntawm Spaso-Andronievsky Monastery, cov ntshav albumin tau pom raws li qhov txuas txuas hauv plaster gesso.

Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias qhov sib txawv thiabLub uniqueness ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab kos duab nyob rau hauv nws ib ncig ntawm kev taw qhia thiab ib tug neeg tus kheej nyiam thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab artists qhia cov xim thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm ib lub tswv yim raws li nws lub teb chaws tus qauv.