Vladimir Bukovsky: biography, phau ntawv, tus kheej lub neej thiab tsev neeg

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Vladimir Bukovsky yog tus kws sau ntawv hauv tebchaws nrov. Ib tug neeg paub zoo txog pej xeem thiab nom tswv, nws raug suav hais tias yog ib tus tsim ntawm kev tawm tsam tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws raug yuam kom siv sijhawm 12 xyoo hauv kev kho mob thiab hauv tsev loj cuj. Xyoo 1976, USSR tau pauv nws rau Chilean communist Luis Corvalan. Bukovsky tawm mus rau UK.

Vladimir Bukovsky yug hauv xyoo 1942. Nws yug los hauv kev khiav tawm hauv nroog Belebey, hauv Bashkiria. Nws txiv yog ib tug naas ej Soviet neeg sau xov xwm thiab sau ntawv, nws lub npe yog Konstantin Ivanovich. Muaj tseeb, nws tsis nyob hauv ib tsev neeg, yog li ntawd tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tau tsa los ntawm ib leej niam.

Kawm hauv Moscow, qhov chaw uas tsev neeg rov qab los tom qab tsov rog kawg. Raws li nws, nws tau los ua ib tug dissident thaum nws hnov Khrushchev tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Stalin qhov kev ua txhaum. Thawj qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Vladimir Bukovsky thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1959, thaum nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv rau luam tawm phau ntawv sau ntawv. Tau txais daim diploma ntawm kev kawm theem nrab twb nyob rau yav tsaus ntujtsev kawm ntawv.

Mayakovka

Xyoo 1960, nws tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov rooj sib tham hluas tsis tu ncua ntawm Mayakovsky monument hauv Moscow, ua ke nrog tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus neeg tawm tsam Yuri Galanskov thiab tib neeg txoj cai activist Eduard Kuznetsov. Ntawm Mayakovka activists, Vladimir Bukovsky yog tus yau tshaj, nws tsuas yog 18 xyoo. Cov neeg koom hauv cov rooj sib tham no tau caum los ntawm tub ceev xwm, tom qab ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav hauv chav tsev ntawm tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, nws cov ntawv sau txog kev xav tau kev ywj pheej ntawm Komsomol raug ntes. Txij thaum ntawd los, Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky twb kawm nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Biology thiab av nyob rau hauv Moscow University. Nws tsis raug tso cai xeem thiab raug ntiab tawm.

Hauv xyoo 1962, tus kws kho mob hlwb nto moo Soviet Andrey Snezhnevsky tau kuaj pom Bukovsky nrog tus mob schizophrenia sluggish. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov kev kuaj mob no tsis tau lees paub hauv ntiaj teb kev puas siab puas ntsws, tab sis tau siv dav hauv Soviet lub sij hawm tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov neeg tawm tsam rau cov tub ceev xwm. Ntau xyoo tom qab, cov kws kho mob Western tau lees paub tus kws sau ntawv tias muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo.

Nyob rau xyoo 1962, nws tau los pib ua txhaum cai tawm tsam Mayakovka cov neeg tawm tsam. Thaum kawm txog qhov no, Bukovsky tau mus ncig ua si geological mus rau Siberia.

Thawj raug ntes

Thawj zaug, Vladimir Bukovsky, uas nws biography yog muab rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, raug ntes nyob rau hauv 1963. Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas nws tau ua ob daim ntawv luam ntawm ib phau ntawv los ntawm Yugoslav dissident Milovan Djilas hu ua "The New Class", uas tau txwv nyob rau hauv USSR.

Pom neeg vwm, nws raug xa muslub tsev kho mob hlwb rau kev kho mob yuam. Nyob ntawd, Bukovsky tau ntsib tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Pyotr Grigorenko uas tau txaj muag, uas tau mus rau qhov ntawd rau kev thuam cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Soviet.

Thaum ntxov 1965, Bukovsky raug tso tawm. Tab sis twb nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis, nws tau koom nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua glasnost rally, uas tau npaj yuav muaj nyob rau hauv tiv thaiv ntawm Yuri Daniel thiab Andrei Sinyavsky. Rau qhov no, nws tau raug kaw dua thiab muab tso rau hauv tsev kho mob puas hlwb hauv Lyubertsy. Tom qab ntawd nws siv yim lub hlis ntawm Serbsky Institute. Cov kws paub txog Soviet tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb nws puas muaj mob lossis zoo, kev xav tau muab faib.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev sib tw loj tau pib nyob rau sab hnub poob hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Vladimir Bukovsky, uas nws cov duab koj yuav pom hauv kab lus no. Ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb Amnesty International thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1966 tuaj yeem ua rau nws tso tawm.

Jail Term

Bukovsky tsis tawm haujlwm tawm tsam. Twb tau nyob rau lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1967, nws raug ntes ntawm Pushkinskaya Square thaum muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Yuri Galanskov thiab Alexander Ginzburg.

Txoj haujlwm lees paub nws tias muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb, tab sis nws raug txim ntawm kev koom nrog pab pawg ua haujlwm uas ua txhaum cai rau pej xeem. Bukovsky tsis kam lees ua txhaum; Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau xa ib lub diatribe uas tau nrov hauv samizdat. Lub tsev hais plaub tau txiav txim rau nws nyob rau peb xyoos nyob rau hauv lub camps.

Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, muaj sijhawm ua haujlwm, rov qab los rau Moscow hauv xyoo 1970. Yuav luag tam sim ntawd nws tau los ua ib tug thawj cojdissident zog uas tau tsim thaum nws tsis tuaj. Hauv kev xam phaj nrog cov neeg sau xov xwm sab hnub poob, nws tau tham txog cov neeg raug kaw nom tswv uas raug rau txim rau kev puas siab puas ntsws. Nws yog nws thawj zaug hais lus qhib siab txog tshuaj rau txim hauv USSR.

Punitive Psychiatry

Lub sijhawm ntawd, Bukovsky tau qhib siab ua raws, ceeb toom tias nws yuav raug foob yog tias nws tsis tso tseg kev tshaj tawm txog kev ua txhaum cai ntawm tib neeg txoj cai hauv Soviet Union. Tsis txhob tso qis, Bukovsky tau xa ib tsab ntawv ntxaws rau Western kws kho mob hauv xyoo 1971 nrog cov pov thawj ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws rau kev nom kev tswv. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kws kho mob Askiv tau xaus lus tias qhov kev kuaj mob ntawm tag nrho 6 tus neeg tawm tsam tau hais hauv Bukovsky tsab ntawv tau tsim los rau kev nom kev tswv.

Lub Peb Hlis 1971, Bukovsky raug ntes plaub zaug. Nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Pravda" nws raug liam ntawm anti-Soviet kev ua ub no. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho lub teb chaws paub txog Bukovsky.

Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1972, nws raug txim rau xya xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj rau kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tawm tsam Soviet. Thawj ob xyoos nws yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, thiab tus so - nyob rau hauv exile. Bukovsky tau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev loj cuj Vladimir, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd nws raug xa mus rau ib cheeb tsam hauv Perm. Hauv kev xaus, Bukovsky tau sau phau ntawv "Ib Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Nyuaj Siab rau Cov Neeg Tsis Txaus Siab" ua ke nrog tus kws kho mob hlwb Semyon Gluzman, uas tau ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm faib General Grigorenko qhov kev ntsuam xyuas hauv samizdat, lees paub nws lub hlwb.noj qab haus huv.

Kev sib pauv neeg raug kaw hauv tebchaws

Los ntawm exile, Bukovsky raug xa rov qab mus rau hauv tsev lojcuj rau kev ua txhaum cai ntawm tsoomfwv. Kev sib tw loj thoob ntiaj teb tau pib hauv nws txoj kev txhawb nqa. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1976 nws tau pauv rau Chilean nom tswv neeg raug kaw Luis Corvalan hauv Zurich, Switzerland. Bukovsky tau coj los ntawm pawg tshwj xeeb Alpha.

Tsis ntev tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, Thawj Tswj Hwm Asmeskas Carter tau txais nws. Bukovsky nws tus kheej nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv. Nws tau txais daim diploma los ntawm University of Cambridge hauv neurophysiology. Xyoo 1978, Vladimir Bukovsky phau ntawv "Thiab Cua Rov Qab" tau luam tawm, mob siab rau kev nco txog lub neej hauv USSR.

kev ua nom ua tswv

Tam sim no, nws txuas ntxiv mus koom kev nom kev tswv. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov koom haum ntawm kev sib tw los tawm tsam Moscow Olympics xyoo 1980.

Xyoo 1983, nws tau koom nrog kev tsim lub koom haum tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam hu ua Resistance International, txawm los ua tus thawj tswj hwm. Tawm tsam tawm tsam kev nkag ntawm cov tub rog Soviet mus rau Afghanistan.

Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1991, ntawm kev caw ntawm Boris Yeltsin, nws tau mus xyuas Moscow. Nws tau koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem hauv Tsev Hais Plaub Txoj Cai "CPSU tawm tsam Yeltsin". Bukovsky tau nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv zais cia, qee qhov nws tau tswj xyuas thiab luam tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg tau suav nrog hauv phau ntawv Vladimir Bukovsky "Kev Sib Tw Moscow".

Xyoo 1992, nws txawm raug xaiv tsa los ua tus kav nroog Moscow, tab sis nws tau tshem tawm nws tus kheej. Txawm hais tias Yeltsin tawm tsamCommunism, Bukovsky hnyav thuam nws. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau sim tso tseg kev ua neeg xam xaj Lavxias, uas tau tso cai rau nws, nrog rau lwm cov neeg tawm tsam, ntseeg tias Yeltsin cov qauv kev cai lij choj yog kev ywj pheej dhau lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1993, nws tau txhawb nqa kev cuam tshuam ntawm Pawg Sab Laj, hais tias Yeltsin qhov kev ua txhaum cai.

Kev Sau Ntawv

Ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tso tawm "Leters los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Traveler", uas tau sau nyob rau hauv 1980. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws piav txog nws cov kev xav ntawm lub neej nyob rau sab hnub poob, muab piv nrog Soviet kev muaj tiag. Phau ntawv tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 2008.

Nws kuj yog tus tswv txoj kev kawm "Ntawm ntawm ntug. Russia txoj kev xaiv nyuaj", uas nws nug cov lus nug txog dab tsi ua rau Putin lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab dab tsi tos lub tebchaws nyob ze yav tom ntej. Nws tau tso tawm xyoo 2015. Nws tej hauj lwm "Tus qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lavrenty Beria. Putin thiab nws pab neeg" thiab "Putin lub zais cia faj tim teb chaws. Puas yuav muaj ib tug" palace coup "?".

Meeting with Nemtsov

Nyob rau xyoo 2002, ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev tawm tsam, Boris Nemtsov, uas lub sij hawm ntawd yog tus thawj coj SPS tog nyob rau hauv lub xeev Duma, tau ntsib nrog Bukovsky nyob rau hauv Cambridge. Ib tug neeg tawm tsam Soviet tau hais kom nws mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam radical rau tsoomfwv uas twb muaj lawm.

Hauv xyoo 2004, nws tau tsim ib lub koom haum kev nom kev tswv hu ua "Committee 2008: Free Choice". Nws kuj suav nrog BorisNemtsov, Garry Kasparov, Evgeny Kiselev, Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr.

Kev koom nrog kev xaiv tsa thawj tswj hwm

Hauv xyoo 2007, nws tshaj tawm nws qhov kev xaiv tsa rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lavxias Federation los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej. Cov pab pawg pib uas tau xaiv tsa Bukovsky suav nrog cov neeg paub zoo hauv Lavxias pej xeem thiab cov nom tswv. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis, 823 kos npe tau sau, nrog rau tsib puas qhov xav tau, rau kev tso npe ntawm tus neeg sib tw los ntawm Central Election Commission.

Txawm li cas los xij, CEC tsis lees txais nws daim ntawv thov, hais txog qhov tseeb tias Bukovsky tau nyob sab nraud ntawm Russia tau kaum xyoo dhau los, uas yog qhov cuam tshuam rau txoj cai xaiv tsa. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis tau muab cov ntaub ntawv lees paub nws txoj haujlwm. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tau thov mus rau Tsev Hais Plaub Siab, uas tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm CEC.

Nyob rau xyoo 2010, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tau kos npe rau qhov kev thov rov hais dua ntawm Lavxias kev tawm tsam "Putin yuav tsum mus".

Lub neej ntiag tug

Hais txog nws tus kheej lub neej, Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky tsis nyiam tshaj tawm. Nws tsuas yog paub tias nws tus poj niam, tus tub thiab leej niam raug coj tawm ntawm USSR nrog nws thaum sib pauv rau Corvalan ntawm tib lub dav hlau. Lawv cia li zaum hauv ib chav tsev cais.

Tam sim no tsev neeg ntawm Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky tau nyob ze rau kev tshuaj xyuas pej xeem tom qab kev liam ntawm tus qub neeg tawm tsam nws tus kheej ntawm kev muaj cov ntaub ntawv liab qab nrog cov menyuam yaus. Nws twb launched nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg 2014. Bukovsky nws tus kheej tsis kam lees txhua qhov kev iab liam, hais tias nws sau cov ntaub ntawv, xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev censorship hauv Internet.

Nyob rau ntawm tus neeg tawm tsam nom tswv lub computer tus kheej, kwv yees li nees nkaum txhiab daim duab thiab ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis zoo uas cuam tshuam nrog cov menyuam yaus, suav nrog menyuam yaus, tau pom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Bukovsky nws tus kheej tau hais tias nws rub tawm cov duab yog tias tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog 6-7 xyoo zoo li.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib zog los txo qhov kev foob, nws tau mus rau kev tshaib kev nqhis, liam tus kws lij choj Askiv lub chaw hais lus thuam, tab sis qhov no tsis ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov txheej txheem tau mus rau ntau xyoo, lawv tau ncua tas li vim lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg raug liam. Tam sim no nws muaj 75 xyoo. Nws twb tau txais kev phais plawv, nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kho mob German tus kws sau ntawv tau hloov ob lub li qub, tom qab ntawd nws tus mob tau ruaj khov.