Classicism: txhais. Classicism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Classicism tau tshwm sim hauv European kos duab hauv xyoo pua 17th. Nws tshwm sim, tsis tu ncua, mus txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th. Lub sijhawm no, kev taw qhia tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem:

• Early Classicism.
• nruj classicism.
• High Classicism (Empire).

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism thaum xub thawj muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tsim vaj tsev, tab sis tom qab ntawd kuj cuam tshuam rau cov ntawv nyeem, kos duab, duab puab thiab lwm yam kev kos duab. Cov style no tau hloov lub pompous thiab pretentious rococo, thiab lub teb chaws Ottoman style, nyob rau hauv lem, tau hloov los ntawm eclecticism, txawm softer thiab ntau yooj yim.

Architecture

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism hauv architecture yog tsim los ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov tsev raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov xim dawb nrog nplua nuj thiab ci xim, xws li kub, paj yeeb, ci xiav, ntsuab, emerald. Cov kab hauv classicism ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lawv nruj, rov ua dua nyob rau hauv ornament nrog ib tug tej yam pace thiab tsis tu ncua, facades thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus yog symmetrical, tus qauv yog generalized.

Cov duab yog meej, nyeem tau zoo, geometric. Kev xav dav davlos ntawm cov tsev thiab cov ntsiab lus - qhov no yog lub zog, ruaj khov, monumentality, geometricity.

yam ntxwv hauv architecture

Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntsiab lus uas lub tsev hauv cov qauv no tuaj yeem lees paub: bas-reliefs, medallions inscribed nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, tsis muaj teeb meem ntau dhau, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov mlom ntawm lub ru tsev. Hauv kev tsim toj roob hauv pes, nrog rau hauv kev tsim ntawm terraces, classical rotundas thiab colonnades feem ntau pom. Cov kab yog loj thiab tsis sib xws. Cov pilasters yog uncomplicated thiab tsis overly decorated. Qhov no feem ntau yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm style - restrained thiab nruab nrab décor. Feem ntau muaj cov mlom ntawm cov tsev thiab nyob ze lawv, hauv lub vaj thiab sab hauv. Ornaments yog ze rau hauv lawv cov motifs rau antique sawv daws yuav. Thiab qhov no yog qhov laj thawj, vim tias cov style ntawm classicism loj hlob tawm ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Renaissance. High classicism (Empire), uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv Fabkis thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Napoleon kuv, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov tub rog motifs nyob rau hauv décor, emblems, tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab thiab lwm yam cim ntawm lub hwj chim.

Feem ntau yog raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism poob ntau ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tsim qauv xws li Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Inigo Jones, Andrea Palladio. Cov tuam tsev zoo tshaj plaws: Villa Rotunda, Osterley Park, Kev lis kev cai Outpost, Fleming Library.

Tsim

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism hauv kev tsim yog ua raws li tus yam ntxwv nta uas tau hais hauv qab no. Cov xim yooj yim: beige, dawb, grey. Cov kab feem ntau yog ncaj, ntau axes, paj ornaments. Geometric duab: cubes, rectangles, parallelepipeds. Feem ntau muaj porticos, kab,colonnades. Cov qhov rais yog duab plaub, elongated upwards, nqaim thiab siab. Cov qhov rooj kuj yog duab plaub, nqaim thiab siab, nyob rau hauv lub portal loj, feem ntau gable. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog kab, sculptures, friezes, antique motifs, spiers, obelisks. Distinctive nta - nruj, simplicity thiab sophistication nyob rau hauv txhua yam. Raws li cov yam ntxwv no, tus qauv tuaj yeem txhais tau.

Classicism hauv kev tsim qauv yog feem ntau sawv cev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Scotsman Robert Adam, uas, txawm li cas los xij, nkag siab nws nyob rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb, uas nws tau raug tsim txom ntau zaus los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg. Tab sis lub aristocracy ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd txaus siab txais nws interiors, uas yog xyaum tsis inferior nyob rau hauv pomp thiab sophistication rau Rococo. Adas unambiguously tsis kam lees tej yam uas, thaum ua si tsuas yog ib tug zoo nkauj lub luag hauj lwm, tsis nqa tej functional load.

yam ntxwv tsim khoom

Cov rooj tog zaum sab hauv ntawm cov qauv no yog cov khoom ruaj khov, ruaj khov thiab siab zoo, hais meej meej txog txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tswv hauv zej zog, tab sis tsis yog "qav" txog nws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntoo muaj nuj nqis. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, lawv feem ntau ua fashionable nyob rau hauv sab hauv. Mahogany nrog bronze tiav tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tshaj plaws. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhib los mos ntawm ntoo kuj tau nrov, feem ntau carved panels thiab inserts tau siv rau ntau yam rooj tog thiab phab ntsa. Cov décor tau ua nrog kim, tab sis cov ntsiab lus yooj yim. Cov kab tau ncaj, cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim dua. Ob txhais ceg ntawm cov rooj tog tau ncaj, qhov chaw ntau dua. Npuag kuj kim: velvet, satin. Feem ntaulawv yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj ornaments. Chandeliers thiab teeb uas haum lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism, loj heev, tab sis dai kom zoo nkauj nrog siv lead ua pendants. Sab hauv muaj ntau cov plooj (porcelain), iav, siv lead ua, iav.

World Literature

Francois de Malherbe yog thawj tus siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm classicism style hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no yuav muab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm poetic canons tsim los ntawm tus naas ej Frenchman. Thaum lub sij hawm no, xws li yav tas los unpopular ib hom ntawv nyeem, satire thiab comedy mus txog lawv heyday. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev xav sab hauv thiab kev ntshaw ntawm tus neeg thiab nws lub luag haujlwm rau pej xeem. Prose yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm romanization siv hauv syntax.

Qhov tseeb, classicism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv los ua ib tug xav txog ntawm tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm Enlightenment. Nws cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Voltaire. Nws tsim cov haujlwm uas tus nqi tseem ceeb yog tus neeg dawb nrog nws txoj kev xav thiab kev paub. Cov ntsiab lus kev cai dab qhuas rov qab mus rau tom qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv qee qhov haujlwm nws tseem raug thuam.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv no yog txhawm rau txhim kho lub ntiaj teb, hloov pauv kom zoo dua, rov tsim kho thiab rov tsim kho raws li cov cai ntawm classicism.

Russian Literature

Lomonosov coj classicism rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Nws tsim txoj kev xav ntawm "peb calms", uas tau los ua kev hloov ntawm Malherbe txoj cai. Tej hauj lwm uas haum lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yog tsim los ntawm Fonvizin,Kantemir, Derzhavin thiab Lomonosov nws tus kheej.

Zoo li European, Lavxias teb sab classicism tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse. Kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib raug zoo raug muab tso rau hauv lub hauv ntej. Tib neeg tus cwj pwm tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej, tab sis yog cov yam ntxwv ruaj khov uas ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo lossis sab ntsuj plig.

Painting

Qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no yog Raphael's Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Athens. Nws qhia tag nrho cov khoom ntawm lub tswv yim no hauv painting. Qhov ntws ntawm no yog ua raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Renaissance. Tej hauj lwm tau tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus thaum ub: ob qho tib si tiag tiag thiab niaj hnub, nrog rau mythological.

Qhov kev khawb ntawm Pompeii tau pab cov kws kos duab kom paub txog cov kos duab qub qub. Qhov no tau hloov lub ntsiab lus ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv lub visual arts, ua pa tshiab rau hauv nws. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb, qhov tshwm sim no hu ua neoclassicism.