2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev kav ntawm Peter lub Great nyob rau hauv Russia, lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pib muab tso. Cov cim ntawm classicism tau tshwm sim hauv Ltalis hauv xyoo pua 16th. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, cov kev taw qhia tau mus txog nws txoj kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws nyob rau Fabkis thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Louis 14, uas tsim kom muaj ib tug monarchy.
Hnub yug ntawm classicism thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm
Lub hauv paus kev xav rau kev tsim cov kev sau ntawv yog kev tsim lub xeev muaj zog. Classicism tau teeb tsa lub koob meej ntawm kev ywj pheej ywj pheej raws li nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Txhais los ntawm Latin, lo lus classicus txhais tau tias "ua piv txwv". Cov cim ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kos lawv keeb kwm los ntawm ancient sij hawm, thiab cov hauj lwm ntawm N. Boileau "Poetic Art" (1674) ua lub hauv paus theoretical. Nws qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm peb lub koom haum thiab hais txog kev sib txuas lus nruj ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv.
philosophical hauv paus ntawm classicism
Lub metaphysics ntawm cov neeg xav paub txog Rene Descartes tau cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem no. Lub ntsiab tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov classics yogkev tawm tsam ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav. Raws li kev faib ntawm txhua hom rau hauv siab, nruab nrab thiab qis ntawm cov duab kos tau raug tsim.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm classicism txhais tau hais tias kev siv txoj cai ntawm peb lub koom haum (lub sijhawm, qhov chaw thiab kev ua) thiab cov lus qhuab qhia, uas tau pib ua kom qeeb ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv. Cov vaj tse-feudal hierarchy yog xav txog nyob rau hauv aristocratic cwj pwm ntawm classicism. Heroes feem ntau yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nom tswv, uas yog cov coj ntawm kev tsim txiaj. Cov neeg pej xeem siab thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev hlub tshua tom qab dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lwm yam kev sau ntawv.
Cov cim ntawm classicism hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism
Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov kev sau ntawv no pib zoo thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicists qhia ib tug kev twb kev txuas nrog N. Boileau, classicism nyob rau hauv Russia yog ho txawv. Nws pib nws txoj kev loj hlob tom qab kev tuag ntawm Peter lub Great, thaum cov txiv plig thiab cov nom tswv tau sim rov qab lub xeev mus rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Petrine. Cov cim qhia hauv qab no ntawm classicism yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias kev coj:
- Nws yog tib neeg, vim nws tau tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse.
- Tau lees paub qhov kev sib luag ntawm txhua tus neeg.
- Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tseem ceeb yog ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg nplua nuj.
- Russia muaj nws tus kheej qub txeeg qub teg - lub teb chaws keeb kwm.
Odic paj huamclassicism, creativity ntawm Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich tsis yog tsuas yog tus kws tshaj lij, tab sis kuj yog tus kws sau ntawv. Nws nruj me ntsis saib cov cim ntawm classicism, thiab nws classical odes yuav muab faib ua ob peb thematic pawg:
- Yeej-patriotic. "Ode on the Capture of Khotin" (1739) tau txuas rau ib tsab ntawv ntawm cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Cov cim tau siv dav hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab ib daim duab ntawm ib tug tub rog Lavxias tau qhia.
- Odes ntsig txog kev nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm huab tais, uas cov cim ntawm classicism tau pom meej meej. Lomonosov sau tej hauj lwm hais rau Empress Anna, Elizabeth, Catherine II. Lub suab qhuas zoo li tus kws sau ntawv ntawm kev sib tham yooj yim tshaj plaws nrog huab tais.
- Ntsuj Plig. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, lawv hu ua transcription ntawm biblical ntawv nrog lyrical ntsiab lus. Ntawm no tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog hais txog kev paub ntawm tus kheej nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog cov teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb.
Odes of Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich tau ua raws li kev sau ntawv ntawm ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb, uas tau hais los ntawm cov lus zoo, kev siv cov lus piav qhia thiab kev thov - cov no yog cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm classicism hauv ode. Lomonosov tig mus rau cov ntsiab lus heroic-patriotic, qhuas cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub teb chaws thiab txhawb cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb. Nws muaj tus cwj pwm zoo rau huab tais huab tais thiab hauv "Ode nyob rau hnub ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Elizabeth Petrovna" qhia txog lub tswv yim no. Ua ib tug neeg paub, Mikhail Vasilievich coj nws txoj kev rau siabKev nkag siab ntawm tag nrho ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Russia, yog li ntawd, muab nws cov followers ib tug nplua nuj cov cuab yeej cuab tam.
Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm ib daim classic? Cov cim qhia ntawm classicism hauv comedy "Undergrowth"
| Kev faib cov cim rau hauv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo | Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov cim hauv cov ntawv nyeem sib haum rau tus sau qhov kev ntsuas. Tus nyeem ntawv nkag siab tam sim ntawd leej twg ntawm lawv yog tus tuav kev phem thiab kev tsim txiaj. |
| Siv cov npe hais lus | Skotinin, Vralman - cov cim tsis zoo; Milon, Pravdin – zoo. |
| Starodum qhia tus sau txoj kev xav rau tus nyeem, txawm tias nws tsis koom nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb nws tus kheej. | |
| Txoj cai ntawm peb lub koom haum (lub sijhawm, qhov chaw, ua haujlwm) |
Txheej xwm tshwm sim hauv Prostakova lub tsev thaum nruab hnub. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog kev hlub. |
| Heroes coj raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm hom - qis thiab txhais tau | Cov lus hais ntawm Prostakova thiab lwm cov cim tsis zoo yog qhov phem, yooj yim, thiab lawv tus cwj pwm lees paub qhov no. |
Kev ua haujlwm muaj kev ua (feem ntau yog 5 ntawm lawv) thiab tshwm sim, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham hauv classic comedy yog lub xeev. Tus sau saib cov cim ntawm classicism hauv "Undergrowth" thiab "Brigadier".
Qhov tshiab ntawm Fonvizin's comedies
Denis tus kheej cov ntawv sau ciaIvanovich pib nrog kev txhais lus ntawm cov ntawv European, thaum tib lub sijhawm nws tau tswj hwm los ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv 1762, nws comedy "The Brigadier" tau nthuav tawm, thiab tom qab ntawd "Korion". Cov cim qhia ntawm classicism yog pom zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv "Undergrowth" - tus sau feem ntau pom tau tias ua hauj lwm. Qhov peculiarity ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws tawm tsam tsoom fwv txoj cai thiab tsis kam lees cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm ntawm tus tswv tsev domination. Nws pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws huab tais huab tais, fenced los ntawm txoj cai, uas tso cai rau kev loj hlob ntawm bourgeois chav kawm ntawv thiab tso cai rau tus nqi ntawm ib tug neeg sab nraud ntawm chav kawm ntawv. Cov kev xav zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov ntawv sau xov xwm.
"Foreman": tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus
Fonvizin manifests nws tus kheej li ib tug playwright thaum tsim nws comedies. Kev tsim khoom ntawm "Tus Brigadier" tau ua tiav zoo nrog cov neeg tuaj saib vim qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov duab sib sau ntawm tag nrho cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Lub hauv paus yog kev sib cav-kev hlub. Nws tsis yog yooj yim los txheeb xyuas tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb, txij li txhua tus tsis muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis ua tiav cov duab sib sau ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab nom tswv. Kev hlub zaj dab neeg, tsoos rau classical comedy, yog siv los ntawm playwright rau satirical lub hom phiaj. Tag nrho cov cim tau koom ua ke los ntawm kev ruam thiab stinginess, lawv tau nruj me ntsis muab faib ua qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo - cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua yeeb yam tau khaws cia kom meej. Tus playwright tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig comic los ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov cim nrog kev nkag siab zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. "Brigadier" rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv yogib hom ntawv tshiab phenomenon yog lub comedy ntawm tus cwj pwm. Fonvizin piav qhia txog kev ua ntawm cov cim los ntawm ib puag ncig txhua hnub. Nws qhov kev thuam tsis yog tshwj xeeb, vim nws tsis txheeb xyuas tus neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo.
Lub taub hau ntawm pab tub rog thiab nws tus poj niam txiav txim siab yuav lawv tus tub Ivanushka rau tus ntse thiab zoo nkauj Sophia, tus kws pab tswv yim tus ntxhais, uas, saib tus cwj pwm ntawm tsev neeg no, tsis xav koom nrog lawv. Tus nraug vauv nws tus kheej kuj tsis muaj kev xav rau tus nkauj nyab, thiab thaum nws pom tias nws hlub Dobrolyubov, nws ntxias nws niam ntawm qhov kev ua haujlwm no. Ib qho kev xav tshwm sim hauv tsev: tus thawj coj poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog tus kws pab tswv yim, thiab tus kws pab tswv yim nrog tus thawj coj tus poj niam, tab sis thaum kawg txhua yam poob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab tsuas yog Sofya thiab Dobrolyubov nyob twj ywm zoo siab.
"Undergrowth": tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus
Hauv kev ua haujlwm, kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. "Undergrowth" yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws comedy ntawm classicism, cov cim ntawm uas yog peb lub koom haum, ib tug nruj kev faib rau hauv zoo thiab tsis zoo cim, hais lus npe - Fonvizin ntse soj ntsuam. Rau tus sau, muaj ob pawg ntawm cov nom tswv: txiv neej thiab kev vam meej. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev txom nyem ntawm serfdom nyob rau hauv Russia suab openly. Tus playwright lub innovation yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm zoo dluab, uas, raws li txoj kev npaj, yuav tsum muaj kev kawm ntawv, tab sis nws tseem khaws cov cim ntawm classicism. Nyob rau hauv lub comedy "Undergrowth" tus cwj pwm ntawm Prostakova yog ib hom kev tshawb pom rau Fonvizin. Tus poj niam no yog cov duab ntawm tus tswv av ntawm Lavxias - lub siab nqaim, siab hlob, tsis meej, tab sis kev hlubtus kheej tus tub. Txawm tias tag nrho cov typicality, nws qhia ib tug neeg tus cwj pwm zoo. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nkag siab qhov tseeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam, thaum lwm tus tau nyiam cov paj huam ntawm classicism.
Tsev neeg Prostakov npaj yuav yuav lawv tus neeg nruab nrab Mitrofanushka rau Sophia ntse. Niam thiab txiv saib tsis taus txoj kev kawm thiab sib cav hais tias kev paub ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab lej tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, txawm li cas los xij, lawv ntiav cov kws qhia ntawv rau lawv tus tub: Tsyfirkin, Vralman, Kuteikin. Mitrofan muaj ib tug neeg sib tw - Skotinin, Prostakova tus kwv tij, leej twg xav tau kev sib yuav ntawm lub siab xav los ua tus tswv ntawm lub zos nrog npua. Txawm li cas los xij, tus txiv tsim nyog, Milon, raug pom rau tus ntxhais; Sophia tus txiv ntxawm, Starodum, pom zoo ntawm lawv lub koomhaum.
Pom zoo:
Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab ncua sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 19th-20th centuries: rooj
Russian cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias. Yog tsis muaj nws, txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th, lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai tsis xav txog. Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv muaj nws tus kheej logic thiab cov yam ntxwv nta. Pib dhau ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws qhov tshwm sim txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm peb hnub. Nws yog nws leej twg yuav yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no
Daim ntawv teev cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws (cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws detective phau ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev. Detectives: ib daim ntawv teev cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws
Cov kab lus sau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm hom kev ua txhaum cai, uas nws cov haujlwm yuav tsis tso tseg tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam
Cov ntawv nyeem Baroque - yog dab tsi? Stylistic nta ntawm baroque ntaub ntawv. Baroque ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia: piv txwv, sau ntawv
Baroque yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam uas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Txhais los ntawm Italian, lub sij hawm txhais tau tias "bizarre", "strange". Qhov kev taw qhia no tau kov ntau hom kev kos duab thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, architecture. Thiab dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv baroque?
Dab tsi yog cov duab txog lub caij ntuj no ntawm cov kws kos duab Lavxias? Lub caij ntuj no zoo li cas nyob rau hauv paintings ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias?
Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kev kos duab zoo nkauj yog nyob hauv cov duab kos duab txog lub caij ntuj no los ntawm cov kws kos duab Lavxias. Cov hauj lwm no qhia txog tag nrho ntawm kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias teb sab xwm, nthuav tawm nws txoj kev zoo nkauj
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Bryusov zaj paj huam "Rau Cov Tub Ntxhais Hluas". Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab symbolism
Valery Bryusov yog ib tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Symbolists thiab suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia. Ntau tus kws sau paj huam uas ua haujlwm nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th centuries tau siv lub cim, uas tawm tsam dogmas, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Kev tsom xam ntawm Bryusov zaj paj huam "Rau Ib Tug Tub Ntxhais Hluas" qhia tau hais tias tus kws sau ntawv xav muab cov lus sib faib rau cov neeg sau ntawv yav tom ntej, kom tawm hauv qab cov thwjtim uas yuav txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nws pib
