Pre-Raphaelite paintings nrog cov npe. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Pre-Raphaelite paintings

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Los ntawm 1850s, ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab hauv paj huam thiab pleev xim pib tsim hauv tebchaws Askiv. Nws hu ua "Pre-Raphaelites". Kab lus no nthuav tawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm lub zej zog kev kos duab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, Pre-Raphaelite paintings nrog cov npe.

Leej twg yog Pre-Raphaelites?

Nyob rau hauv kev rau siab kom khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev kawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev zoo nkauj tiag tiag ntawm lub sijhawm Victorian, ib pab pawg neeg ua yeeb yam tsim lawv tus kheej kev coj ua. Nws tau nkag mus yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej, zoo li tus cwj pwm thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm nws cov neeg tsim. Ob qho kev taw qhia ntawm kev kos duab thiab nws cov neeg sawv cev-painters ris tib lub npe - Pre-Raphaelites. Lawv cov duab kos tau qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab ntsuj plig nrog rau thaum ntxov Renaissance. Qhov tseeb, lub npe ntawm cov kwv tij hais rau nws tus kheej. Cov neeg pleev kob tau txaus siab rau cov neeg tsim khoom uas ua haujlwm ua ntej lub hnub qub ntawm Raphael thiab Michelangelo. Ntawm lawv yog Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Txoj kev taw qhia tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Rise

Ua ntej xyoo 1850 txhua yam yog lus Askivkos duab yog nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm lub Royal Academy of Arts. Nws tus thawj tswj hwm, Sir Joshua Reynolds, zoo ib yam li lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub chaw haujlwm tseem ceeb, tsis kam lees txais kev tsim kho tshiab thiab tsis txhawb nqa qhov kev sim ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Thaum kawg, lub moj khaum nruj zoo li no tau yuam ob peb tus neeg pleev kob uas muaj kev xav zoo sib xws ntawm kev kos duab feem ntau los koom ua ib tug kwv tij. Nws thawj cov neeg sawv cev yog Holman Hunt thiab Dante Rossetti. Lawv tau ntsib ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab thaum lub sijhawm sib tham pom tau tias lawv cov kev xav zoo sib xws.

Rossetti tau pleev xim rau lub sijhawm ntawd cov duab "Cov Hluas ntawm Virgin Mary", thiab Hunt pab nws ua tiav nws tsis yog los ntawm kev ua, tab sis los ntawm lo lus. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1849, lub canvas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub exhibition. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau pom zoo tias niaj hnub kev kos duab lus Askiv tsis mus dhau lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws hauv nws keeb kwm. Txhawm rau ua kom rov kho daim duab kos duab no, nws yuav tsum rov qab mus rau qhov kev kawm ua ntej, kom yooj yim thiab sensuality.

Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Tseem Ceeb

Thaum pib, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, uas nws cov duab kos tau ua lub neej tshiab rau hauv British kab lis kev cai, muaj xya tus neeg.

1. Holman Hunt. Nws tau ua neej nyob ntev, tseem muaj tseeb rau nws txoj kev xav ntawm kev kos duab mus txog thaum nws tuag. Nws tau los ua tus sau ob peb phau ntawv qhia txog cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kwv tij thiab piav txog cov duab ntawm Pre-Raphaelites. Ntawm cov paintings nto moo ntawm tus neeg pleev kob nws tus kheej yog "Tus Duab Ntxoo ntawm Kev Tuag" (ib qho kev cai dab qhuas painting depicting Yexus), "Isabella thiab lub lauj kaub ntawm Basil" (raws li cov paj huam los ntawm John Keats), "Lub Scapegoat" (sau nyob rau hauvraws li cov dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub).

2. John Mille. Paub tias yog tus tub ntxhais hluas tshaj plaws ntawm Academy of Arts, uas tom qab ntawd los ua tus thawj tswj hwm. John, tom qab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv Pre-Raphaelite style, renounced cov kwv tij. Txhawm rau pub nws tsev neeg, nws pib pleev xim portraits kom xaj thiab ua tiav hauv qhov no. Cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog "Yexus nyob rau hauv niam txiv lub tsev" (ib daim duab kev cai dab qhuas uas muaj cov cim ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej thiab kev tuag ntawm Tswv Yexus), "Ophelia" (sau los ntawm ib ntu ntawm "Hamlet"), "Soap Bubbles" (daim duab ntawm lub sijhawm lig ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, ua nto moo raws li kev tshaj tawm xab npum).

3. Dante Rossetti: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? Cov paintings yog sau nrog cult ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab eroticism ntawm ib tug poj niam. Nws tus poj niam Elizabeth tau los ua lub ntsiab muse ntawm tus neeg pleev kob. Nws txoj kev tuag tsoo Dante. Nws muab tag nrho nws cov ntawv sau nrog cov paj huam rau hauv nws lub hleb, tab sis ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, tau los rau hauv nws lub siab, nws ua tiav exhumation thiab coj lawv tawm ntawm qhov ntxa. Cov hauj lwm nto moo: "Blessed Beatrice" (piv txwv li Dante tus poj niam, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm txoj sia thiab kev tuag), "Proserpina" (tus vajtswv poj niam Roman thaum ub nrog pomegranate nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes), "Veronica Veronese" (lub cim canvas qhia txog cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim).

4. Michael Rossetti. Dante tus tij laug, uas kuj tau kawm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis thaum kawg, nws xaiv txoj hauv kev ntawm kev thuam thiab tus kws sau ntawv rau nws tus kheej. Cov duab ntawm Pre-Raphaelites tau rov txheeb xyuas los ntawm nws. Nws yog tus biography ntawm nws tus kwv. Tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev taw qhia.

5. Thomas Woolner. Nws yog ib tug sculptor thiab ib tug kws sau paj lug. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm thaum ntxov nws txhawb cov tswv yim ntawm Pre-Raphaelites,tig mus rau xwm thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account me cov ntsiab lus. Nws luam tawm nws cov paj huam nyob rau hauv phau ntawv xov xwm fraternity, tab sis tom qab ntawd tsiv tawm ntawm lawv cov tswv yim dav dav thiab tsom mus rau cov ntawv classical.

6. Frederick Stephens. Artist thiab kos duab critic. Thaum ntxov nws tau tsis txaus siab nrog nws lub peev xwm ua ib tus neeg pleev kob thiab tsom mus rau kev thuam. Nws suav hais tias nws lub luag haujlwm los piav qhia rau pej xeem cov hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kwv tij thiab qhuas cov duab ntawm Pre-Raphaelites. Ob peb ntawm nws cov duab kos tau muaj sia nyob: "The Marquis thiab Griselda", "Niam thiab Me Nyuam", "The Death of King Arthur".

7. James Collinson. Nws yog ib tug neeg ntseeg, yog li ntawd nws tau pleev xim rau cov duab ntawm kev ntseeg. Nws tawm hauv zej zog tom qab Millet cov duab raug thuam hauv xov xwm thiab hu ua thuam. Ntawm nws tej hauj lwm yog "Holy Family", "The Renunciation of Elizabeth of Hungary", "Cov viv ncaus".

Pre-Raphaelites, uas nws cov duab ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, muaj ntau tus neeg nyiam. Lawv tsis yog ib feem ntawm kev ua kwv tij, tab sis ua raws li cov tswv yim yooj yim. Ntawm lawv yog cov kws kos duab L. Alma-Tadema, tus tsim qauv F. M. Brown, painter W. Deverell, embroiderer M. Morris, illustrator A. Hughes thiab lwm tus.

Kev thuam ntawm theem pib

Thaum pib, cov duab kos duab Pre-Raphaelite tau txais kev sov siab los ntawm cov neeg thuam. Lawv zoo li ua tsis taus pa. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej tau nce ntxiv tom qab kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm ntau cov duab kev ntseeg, sau tsis sib xws nrog cov canons.

Tshwj xeeb, daim duab "Yexus nyob hauv niam txiv lub tsev" los ntawm Millet. Lub canvas depicts ib tug ascetic chaw, ib tug barn, nyob ze uas ib pab yaj ntawm grazing. Niam ntawm Vajtswv sawvtxhos caug ntawm Yexus me ntsis, uas ua rau nws xib teg ua rau tus ntsia hlau. Millet sau daim duab no nrog cov cim. Ib txhais tes los ntshav yog lub cim ntawm kev ntsia saum ntoo Khaublig yav tom ntej, ib lub tais dej nqa los ntawm Yauhas Kev Cai Raus Dej yog lub cim ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm tus Tswv, tus nquab zaum saum tus ntaiv raug txheeb xyuas nrog tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv, yaj nrog cov neeg raug tsim txom.

Cov neeg thuam hu ua daim duab no thuam. Cov ntawv xov xwm Times dubbed lub canvas ib qho kev tawm tsam hauv kev kos duab. Lwm tus, taw qhia txog kev sib piv ntawm tsev neeg dawb huv nrog cov neeg sawv cev, qhia txog Millet txoj haujlwm ua kev npau taws thiab qias neeg.

Rossetti daim duab "Lub Annunciation" kuj raug tawm tsam. Tus neeg pleev kob tau tawm ntawm phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, hnav lub Virgin hauv cov khaub ncaws dawb. Ntawm lub canvas, nws yog depicted li ntshai. Critic F. Stone piv cov hauj lwm ntawm Pre-Raphaelites nrog archaeology tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Leej twg paub tias txoj hmoo ntawm cov kwv tij yuav txhim kho li cas yog tias tus neeg thuam John Ruskin, uas nws lub tswv yim tau txiav txim siab los ntawm txhua tus, tsis tau tawm ntawm nws sab.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus neeg muaj cai

John Ruskin yog tus kws sau keeb kwm kos duab thiab sau ntau dua ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb ua ntej nws tau paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Pre-Raphaelites. Dab tsi yog qhov nws xav tsis thoob thaum nws pom tias txhua qhov kev xav thiab cov tswv yim xav txog hauv nws cov ntawv pom lawv qhov chaw nyob ntawm daim ntaub ntawm cov kwv tij.

Ruskin tau tawm tswv yim nkag mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej, saib xyuas kom meej, tshem tawm los ntawm cov canons txwv thiab piav qhia ntawm scenes raws li lawv yuav tsum ua. Tag nrho cov no tau suav nrog hauv txoj haujlwm ntawm Pre-Raphaelites.

Ib tug neeg thuam tau sau ntau tsab ntawv rauLub Sijhawm, qhov chaw nws qhuas txog kev ua yeeb yam. Nws yuav qee qhov ntawm lawv cov duab kos, txhawb cov neeg tsim kev ncaj ncees thiab nyiaj txiag. Ruskin nyiam qhov tshiab thiab txawv txawv ntawm kev pleev xim roj pleev xim. Cov Pre-Raphaelites tom qab tau tsim ntau daim duab ntawm lawv tus neeg tiv thaiv thiab tus neeg saib xyuas.

Plot of paintings

Thaum xub thawj, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau hloov pauv tshwj xeeb rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj moo zoo, tsom mus rau qhov kev paub ntawm tus tsim ntawm Renaissance thaum ntxov. Lawv tsis nrhiav kom tua daim duab raws li lub tsev teev ntuj canons. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog hloov kev xav ntawm kev xav mus rau daim ntaub. Tias yog vim li cas cov duab ntawm Pre-Raphaelites yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab cim.

Rossetti's "Cov Hluas ntawm Virgin Mary" tau ua raws li qhov xav tau ntawm Victorian era. Nws piav txog ib tug hluas nkauj coj tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws niam. Feem ntau nws tau piav qhia txog kev nyeem ntawv, tab sis Dante muab ib rab koob rau hauv Virgin txhais tes. Nws embroidered ib tug lily ntawm lub canvas - lub cim ntawm purity thiab purity. Peb lub paj ntawm lub qia yog Leej Txiv thiab Leej Tub thiab tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv. Xibtes nplooj thiab pos nrog pos - qhov kev xyiv fab thiab kev tu siab ntawm Mary. Tsis muaj cov khoom tsis muaj qab hau, xim thiab kev ua hauv daim duab - txhua yam yog tsim los qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav.

Ib me ntsis tom qab, Pre-Raphaelite cov kws ua yeeb yam, uas nws cov duab nyiam cov pej xeem nyiam, pib tig mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg kev tsis sib xws ("Lady Lilith"), kev siv cov poj niam ("Awakened Shame"), emigration ("Farewell). rau England").

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kwv tij tau ua los ntawm cov duab kos raws li cov kws sau ntawv Askiv thiab cov kws sau ntawv. Cov neeg pleev kob tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Shakespeare, Keats, thiab Italian DanteAlighieri.

Nyob hauv duab

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab kos nrog poj niam cov cim ntawm Pre-Raphaelites yog ntau haiv neeg. Lawv tau koom ua ke hauv ib yam nkaus xwb - poj niam kev zoo nkauj tau kav ntawm lawv cov canvases. Cov poj niam tau depicted li invariably zoo nkauj, calm, nrog ib tug kov ntawm paub tsis meej. Muaj ntau hom phiaj: kev foom phem, kev tuag, kev hlub tsis tau, kev dawb huv ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Tseem ntau lub ncauj lus ntawm kev deev luag poj luag txiv yog tsa, qhov twg ib tug poj niam raug pom nyob rau hauv lub teeb unseemly. Tau kawg, nws ris lub txim hnyav rau nws txoj haujlwm.

Cov poj niam feem ntau succumb rau kev ntxias thiab voluptuousness nyob rau hauv cov paintings ntawm lub Pre-Raphaelites ("Proserpina"). Tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov thim rov qab, qhov twg tus txiv neej yog qhov ua txhaum ntawm tus poj niam lub caij nplooj zeeg (xws li hauv cov duab "Marianne", "Awakened modesty").

qauv

Yeej, cov kws kos duab xaiv cov txheeb ze thiab phooj ywg ua qauv rau lawv cov duab. Rossetti feem ntau sau nrog nws niam thiab tus muam ("Cov Hluas ntawm Virgin Mary"), tab sis nws kuj tau mus rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm nws tus poj niam Fanny ("Lucretia Borgia"). Tsuav yog Elizabeth, nws tus poj niam uas nws hlub, tseem muaj sia nyob, nws lub ntsej muag coj cov duab poj niam.

Effie Grey, Millet tus poj niam thiab Ruskin tus qub poj niam, yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv Kev Tso Cai Tso Duab thiab duab los ntawm John.

Annie Miller, Hunt's fiancée, tau ua rau yuav luag txhua tus neeg ua yeeb yam hauv kev sib raug zoo. Nws tau piav qhia ntawm daim duab "Helen of Troy", "Awakened modesty", "Woman in yellow".

toj siab

Landscapes tsuas yog pleev xim los ntawm qee tus kws kos duab ntawm qhov nocov lus qhia. Lawv tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm hauv qhov qhib cua. Qhov no tau pab cov neeg pleev kob kom ntes txhua yam kawg, lawv cov duab kos tau zoo tag nrho.

Cov Pre-Raphaelites siv sijhawm ntau teev hauv qhov xwm txheej, kom tsis txhob nco ib qho kev nthuav dav. Txoj haujlwm no xav tau kev ua siab ntev titanic thiab muaj peev xwm tsim tau. Tej zaum, vim qhov peculiarities ntawm qhov kev taw qhia, cov toj roob hauv pes tsis tau dhau los ua dav li lwm yam.

Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev kos duab yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv Hunt's "English Shores" thiab Millet's "Autumn Leaves".

Txhob Cia Siab

Tom qab ob peb qhov kev nthuav qhia ua tiav, Pre-Raphaelite cov kwv tij pib poob sib nrug. Lawv txoj kev hlub ib leeg rau Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tsis txaus. Sawv daws tab tom nrhiav rau lawv tus kheej txoj kev. Tsuas yog Hunt tseem muaj tseeb rau cov ntsiab cai ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no mus txog thaum kawg.

Certainty tuaj hauv 1853, thaum Millais tau txais kev ua tswv cuab ntawm Royal Academy. Thaum kawg txoj kev ua kwv tij twb tawg lawm. Qee tus tau txav deb ntawm kev pleev xim rau lub sijhawm ntev (piv txwv li Rossetti tau sau ntawv).

Txawm hais tias qhov kev txiav txim siab tiag tiag ntawm lub neej, Pre-Raphaelites raws li kev coj ua rau qee lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sau cov duab thiab cov ntsiab lus dav dav tau hloov pauv me ntsis.

Late Pre-Raphaelites

Cov kws ua yeeb yam lig suav nrog Simeon Solomon (cov haujlwm tau qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev nyiam poj niam txiv neej), Evelyn de Morgan (pleev xim rau cov ntsiab lus mythological, piv txwv li, "Ariadne auf Naxos"), tus kws kos duab HenryFord.

Muaj ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam uas tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Pre-Raphaelite paintings. Cov duab ntawm ib txhia ntawm lawv feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv British xovxwm. Cov no yog Sophie Anderson, Frank Dixie, John Godward, Edmund Leighton thiab lwm tus.

Meaning

Pre-Raphaelitism yog hu ua yuav luag thawj qhov kev coj ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws Askiv, uas tau muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Txhua tus neeg thuam lossis layman muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim thiab txoj cai los ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg pleev kob. Undoubtedly, tsuas yog ib qho - qhov kev sib txawv no tau nkag mus rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg.

Ntau yam tau rov xav dua tam sim no. Cov ntawv tshawb fawb tshiab tau raug sau tseg, piv txwv li, "Pre-Raphaelites. Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv 500 paintings." Ib tug neeg los txog rau qhov xaus tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev sib txawv no tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov cim. Ib tug neeg hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Pre-Raphaelites ntawm hippies thiab txawm tias John Tolkien.

Cov duab kos duab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau nthuav tawm hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej hauv tebchaws Askiv. Contrary to popular kev ntseeg, Pre-Raphaelite paintings tsis tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage. Lub exhibition ntawm paintings twb xub pom nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 2008 nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery.