Max Beckman: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim
Max Beckman: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim

Video: Max Beckman: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim

Video: Max Beckman: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim
Video: Max Beckmann 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Max Carl Friedrich Beckmann (1884 - 1950) - tus kws kos duab German, tus kws kos duab kos duab, sculptor, paub txog cov qauv zoo ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia thiab cov khoom siv tshiab, Max Beckmann tau los ua neeg ntiaj teb nto moo nyob rau xyoo 1920, nws ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia tau tshwm sim hauv Berlin, Dresden, Paris, New York.

Hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, nws txoj haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig Honorary Imperial Prize, thiab lub nroog Düsseldorf tau muab khoom plig rau tus kws kos duab kub rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau German kos duab. Raws li ib tug kws ua yeeb yam ua tau zoo, nws tau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm Frankfurt State Academy, qhia ntawm Städel Art Institute thiab muab cov chav kawm master ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tab sis nrog kev los ntawm Nazis los rau lub hwj chim, tus kws kos duab raug tshem tawm ntawm chaw ua haujlwm, tsoomfwv tshiab tshaj tawm tias Max Beckmann cov haujlwm ua phem rau lub xeev, thiab nws cov duab kos tau nthuav tawm hauv Munich ntawm "Degenerate Art" exhibition. Qhov kev nthuav tawm no yuam kom tus kws kos duab tawm hauv nws lub tebchaws, qhov chaw nws tsis rov qab los txawm tias tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm fascism.

Kev Kawm

Max Beckmann yug rau lub Ob Hlis 12, 1884xyoo nyob rau hauv Leipzig, yog tus menyuam thib peb hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum zeb. Nws thawj txoj haujlwm tseem muaj sia nyob yog cov duab kos duab kos duab rau zaj dab neeg los ntawm 1896 thiab thawj tus kheej-portrait los ntawm 1897.

Txij li xyoo 1900, Beckmann tau kawm ntawm Weimar Grand Ducal Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam, lub tsev kawm niaj hnub thiab kev ywj pheej, uas tau coj ua kev coj ua ntawm kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm huab cua.

Los ntawm 1901, Beckman tau kawm hauv chav kawm ntawm Norwegian portrait painting Carl Smith, uas nws suav hais tias yog nws tus kws qhia ntawv xwb. Twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov yam ntxwv muaj nyob rau hauv Beckman, ib qho kev nyiam rau kev piav qhia txog ironic thiab grotesque, tshwm sim.

pib ntawm txoj kev muaj tswv yim

Xyoo 1903, tus kws kos duab hluas tau mus rau Paris, qhov chaw nws tau mus xyuas lub tsev kawm ntiag tug ntawm Colarossi, sim nws txhais tes ntawm pointillism, thiab tsim kev npaj ua haujlwm rau thawj qhov kev nthuav qhia. Hauv Paris, nws txaus siab tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Paul Cezanne.

Tom qab ntawd Beckmann mus rau Amsterdam, Lub Hague, Scheveningen, qhov chaw nws pleev xim rau toj roob hauv pes, kawm txog cov haujlwm ntawm Terborch, Rembrandt, Vermeer. Xyoo 1904, Max tau mus ncig rau Ltalis, uas tau xaus rau hauv Geneva. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tua nws lub caij ntuj sov seascapes yog tawm tsam European Art Nouveau thiab Japaneseism. Hauv qee qhov haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, ib tus neeg zoo li tshwm sim, qhia los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Duab "Crucifixion" 1909
Duab "Crucifixion" 1909

Tsev neeg thiab ua haujlwm ntxov

Xyoo 1904, Beckmann tau tsiv mus rau Berlin, qhov chaw nws tsim nws lub studio. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1905, cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Luca Signorelli thiab Hans von Maris, tus kws kos duab Max Beckmann tsim nws thawj zaug.masterpieces "Cov Hluas los ntawm hiav txwv". Ib xyoos tom qab, rau daim duab no, nws tau txais qhov khoom plig Villa Romana. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nrog ob tug ua hauj lwm, tus artist koom nyob rau hauv lub 11th exhibition ntawm lub Berlin Secession.

Tom qab nws niam tuag xyoo 1906, Beckmann, hauv kev lig kev cai ntawm Edvard Munch, piav qhia txog kev tuag ntawm nws ob daim duab. Tom qab sib yuav Minna Tuba, ib tug phooj ywg hauv tsev kawm qib siab, hu nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam, nws mus nrog nws tus poj niam mus Paris thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Florence raws li Villa Romana scholarship tuav. Nyob ntawd, tus kws kos duab pleev xim duab ntawm Minna Tube, ib qho ntawm Hamburg Kunsthalle Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Beckmann tsim nws lub tsev nyob rau sab qaum teb koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Berlin, qhov chaw uas nkawm niam txiv tsiv mus nyob rau xyoo 1907. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws kos duab koom nrog Berlin Secession. Kev sib xyaw impressionism thiab neoclassicism nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, nws nce depicts tsausmuag scenes ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm loj-scale canvases. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Beckman ua tib zoo ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev sib kis ntawm huab cua hauv cov duab sab hauv thiab hom duab portrait, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau tus kheej-portraits. Kev kos duab yeej ib txwm yog lub hauv paus ntawm Beckman's art, thiab nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd nws tsim cov duab nraaj nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev zoo tag nrho ntawm cov qub masters.

Xyoo 1908, nkawm niam txiv tau mus rau Paris, thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg tus tub Peter tau tshwm sim hauv tsev neeg. Xyoo tom ntej, Beckman thawj zaug kev nthuav qhia tau tshwm sim txawv teb chaws. Xyoo 1909, tus kws kos duab tsim "Ob chav Portrait" hauv cov style ntawm Gainsborough, piav qhia nws tus kheej thiab nws tus poj niam hauv daim duab. Nrog rau txoj haujlwm no, Max Beckmann tau tsim ib lub cim rau nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Minna Beckmann-Tube - nws tus hlub, tus khub hauv lub neej thiab cov npoj yaig.

Duab "tsev neeg" 1920
Duab "tsev neeg" 1920

Pre-war glory

Tus neeg muag khoom German-Asmeskas Israeli Ber Neumann tau pab nyiaj ntau rau cov neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam los ntawm kev teeb tsa kev tshaj tawm, kev nthuav qhia thiab muag khoom ntawm Beckmann, uas nws lub koob meej tau mus txog qhov kawg hauv xyoo 1913. Xyoo 1914, 29-xyoo-laus tus kws kos duab tau tawm ntawm Berlin Secession thiab nrhiav tau lub Free Secession.

Tus kws kos duab txuas ntxiv nws tshawb nrhiav cov duab niaj hnub ntawm cov duab kos duab. Nws tiv thaiv nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm radical abstractionism, expressionism thiab futurism. Tshaj tawm thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1912 tias cov kev cai ntawm kev kos duab nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis hloov pauv, Beckmann tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nthuav dav cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm mythology los ntawm cov cim. Kev hloov ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub teeb nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm classical art, thiab painting style gravitates rau impressionism. Nyob rau hauv 1919, nrog rau painting "Hmo ntuj", Max Beckmann tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub zog, uas yog hu ua "tshiab objectivity" los yog "magic realism", thiab tom qab ntawd tau xaiv lo lus "tshiab materiality".

Tom qab xyoo 1910, Beckmann tau ncaim nws tus kheej los ntawm cov koom haum kos duab, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus koom hauv kev nthuav qhia txhua xyoo hauv Mannheim (1913), Dresden (1927, qhov chaw nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg txiav txim), Cologne (1929), Stuttgart (1930), Essen (1931), Koenigsberg thiab Danzig (1932), Hamburg (1936).

Duab "Hmo ntuj" 1918-1919
Duab "Hmo ntuj" 1918-1919

Tsov Rog

Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ib, Beckman tau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua tub rog. Xyoo 1914 nws tau ua tus pab kho mob pab dawb rau sab hnub tuaj, thiab tom ntejxyoo nyob rau hauv Flanders. Nws cov duab kos ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd qhia txog qhov hnyav ntawm tub rog lub neej, lawv pib tsim ib qho tshiab, nruj nruj style ntawm Beckman. Lub xeev ntawm lub siab tau ntsib los ntawm tus kws kos duab hauv kev ua tsov ua rog ua rau muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab nws luv luv mus ua haujlwm hauv Imperial Institute of Hygiene, thiab thaum kawg tsiv mus rau Frankfurt.

Lub sijhawm ib ntus ntawm nws txoj kev ntxhov siab yog qhov pib ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tshiab. Xav txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, qhov kev ua phem tsis zoo tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov duab thiab kos duab, kos duab rau tus kheej, lithographic cycles "Hellish War" thiab "Post-War Reality".

Hais txog 1916 Max Beckmann cov kev coj ua kev kos duab hloov ntawm Impressionism mus rau Kev Tshaj Tawm. Rau cov hauj lwm, "densely packed" compositions nrog dynamic, sharply thiab sharply exaggerated cov duab los ua tus yam ntxwv. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj thiab esoteric, nws nyuaj rau nkag siab lawv yam tsis paub txog qhov chaw tus kws kos duab tig mus.

Duab "Storm" 1916
Duab "Storm" 1916

kev ua ub no tom qab tsov rog

Nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, circus, cabaret thiab carnival. Ib qho kev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1920 - ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia tau tshwm sim hauv Berlin, Dresden, Paris, New York thiab ua rau Max Beckmann nto moo. Publisher Reinhard Peiper tau luam tawm cov phau ntawv piav qhia los ntawm Beckmann, thiab xyoo 1924 nws cov ntawv sau ntev tau luam tawm.

Hauv Vienna, tus kws kos duab ntsib 20-xyoo-laus Mathilde Kaulbach. Kev sib nrauj ntawm nws thawj tus poj niam, nws yuav Matilda, uas nws huViennese lub npe menyuam yaus Kwappi. Beckman pleev xim rau ntau yam duab ntawm nws, ua rau tus poj niam hluas yog ib tus poj niam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm kos duab.

Txij li xyoo 1925, tus kws kos duab tau mus rau Ltalis thiab Paris dua, qhov chaw nws tau txais kev lees paub dav dav. Txij li thaum xyoo 1925 nws tau qhuab qhia hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Applied Arts hauv Frankfurt am Main, thiab xyoo 1929 nws tau los ua tus xibfwb. Xyoo 1928, nws lub koob meej hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau mus txog qhov kawg. Lub Kunsthalle Mannheim tuav ib tug loj retrospective ntawm Beckmann txoj hauj lwm sau los ntawm Gustav F. Hartlaub. Roj paintings, watercolors, pastels thiab kos duab kos duab los ntawm 1906-1930 tau tshwm sim. Beckmann tau txais Imperial Prize of Honour thiab lub nroog ntawm Düsseldorf muab khoom plig rau nws lub Gold Medal.

Nyob ntawm International Exhibition ntawm Carnegie Institution hauv Pittsburgh, Lub Lodge tau txais khoom plig. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1930, kev nthuav qhia tus kheej txawv teb chaws ntawm Max Beckmann tau ua tiav, thiab ib hlis tom qab ntawd qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm nws cov duab luam tawm ua raws hauv Art Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Basel, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv Zurich. Xyoo 1931, tus kws kos duab thawj zaug kev nthuav qhia tau tshwm sim hauv Paris, ntawm Galerie de la Renaissance, thiab xyoo tom ntej, lwm qhov ntawm Bing Gallery hauv Paris. Txog thaum xyoo 1930s, Beckmann tau pom tias yog ib tus kws kos duab loj thoob ntiaj teb.

"Synagogue". Synagogue ntawm Borneplatz
"Synagogue". Synagogue ntawm Borneplatz

Degenerate Art Representative

Txij li xyoo 1930, NSDAP tau dhau los ua pawg thib ob loj tshaj plaws hauv Reichstag, kev nom kev tswv hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau hloov pauv, thiab nrog lawv cov kev xav ntawm kab lis kev cai. puvLub Nazi takeover sai li sai tau xaus txoj hauj lwm ntawm Max Beckmann. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1933 nws raug tso tawm yam tsis muaj ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm nws tus xibfwb ntawm Frankfurt State Academy. Tus kws kos duab tau tsiv mus rau Berlin, qhov chaw nws xauj tsev.

Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Beckmann lub sijhawm Berlin ntawm 1933 thiab 1937 yog qhov tsim ntawm triptychs. Hauv xyoo 1930, tus kws kos duab tau hloov cov qauv loj ntawm nws cov haujlwm thaum ntxov nrog cov haujlwm uas muaj peb feem, koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub tswv yim zoo. Tsis tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm cov hauj lwm tau hloov radically, tab sis kuj nws tus cwj pwm rau cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim, lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig, lub neej thiab txoj hmoo. Kawm occultism thiab theosophy, xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm qhov pom mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis pom, nws rov ua kom muaj kev ntseeg hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Raws li National Socialists, txij li xyoo 1936, kev txwv tsis pub ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm niaj hnub no tau pib ua haujlwm cuam tshuam txog kev nrhiav tau thiab kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub xeev cov tsev cia puav pheej, kev lag luam thiab, qee zaum, kev tsim khoom. Max Beckmann tau dhau los ua ib tus neeg ntxub tshaj plaws rau Nazis. 190 ntawm nws tej hauj lwm raug txeeb los ntawm German tsev cia puav pheej li "degenerate". Qee cov haujlwm no tau raug muag mus rau txawv teb chaws, lwm qhov raug rhuav tshem.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 17, 1937, Beckmanns tau tsiv mus rau Amsterdam, thiab ob hnub tom qab, Nazis tau qhib qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm "Degenerate Art" hauv Munich, uas tau tshwm sim thoob plaws lub tebchaws Yelemes. Beckman tau sawv cev rau hauv qhov nthuav tawm nrog kaum daim duab thiab kaum ob daim duab ua haujlwm. Cov khub niam txiv nyob hauv Amsterdam tau 10 xyoo, lwm qhov kev txav mus rau Paris ua tsis tau rau lawv, vim tiasuas thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1939 Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II pib.

triptych "Tawm mus" 1932-1933
triptych "Tawm mus" 1932-1933

Tus tsim tawm hauv Exile

Max Beckmann pom qhov kev raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov neeg taug kev thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam, lossis cov neeg hu nkauj cabaret pub lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg rau lawv qhov kev ua yeeb yam. Lwm lub ntsiab lus hauv Beckman's artistic imagery yog carnival. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog "Self-Portrait with a Horn" (1938), ib qho ntawm ob tus kheej-portraits pleev xim rau hauv Amsterdam los ntawm Beckmann thaum thawj lub hlis ntawm nws exile. Nyob rau hauv lub triptych "Carnival" (1943), tus sau depicts nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub dawb robe ntawm Pierrot nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub central vaj huam sib luag.

Beckman txoj haujlwm tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yam, uas tus kws kos duab ua cim tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau tib neeg. Txoj haujlwm Pib Pib Beguine (1946, Michigan) tsim kom muaj kev zoo siab ntawm kev ua las voos hauv qab kev hem thawj ntawm kev phom sij zais. Masquerade (1948) qhia tib qhov kev sib txuas ntawm kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev tsaus ntuj. Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no, ib yam li nyob rau hauv ntau paintings, Beckman depicts nws tus kheej thiab nws tus poj niam raws li ib tug fashionable ob peb.

Self-portrait nyob rau hauv lub tsho xiav
Self-portrait nyob rau hauv lub tsho xiav

Post-war years

Tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Max Beckmann tau txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau Berlin. Nws tsis kam caw los ntawm Academy hauv Munich, College of Art hauv Berlin thiab Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Applied Arts hauv Darmstadt. Xyoo 1947, nws thiab nws tus poj niam tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, tib lub xyoo nws tau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm Art School of Washington University hauv St. Louis, thiab xyoo 1949 nws tau qhia hauv tsev kawm kos duab ntawm Brooklyn Museum. Thiab tseem nws twb paub txog nws tus kheejexile. Hauv Asmeskas, Beckman tau siv peb lub xyoos dhau los ntawm nws lub neej. Ntawm no nws yuav tsum tau kos tag nrho nws txoj kev cia siab thiab lub zog, muab lub tebchaws loj heev ntawm lub tebchaws thiab lub neej nyob hauv New York.

Tom qab tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, ntxiv rau cov duab kos duab, Max Beckmann tau tsim ntau cov xim dej, suav nrog Plaza (chaw tos txais ntawm lub tsev so) thiab Hmo Ntuj ntawm Lub Nroog (ob leeg xyoo 1950). Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov duab tau dhau los ua siab tawv, thiab cov xim ntau dua. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias Beckmann xyoo tas los ua tau zoo heev, nws tau txais kev lees paub zoo nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos uas tus kws kos duab nyob hauv New World. Max Beckmann tuag thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 27, 1950 hauv New York los ntawm lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm ntawm nws txoj kev mus tsev.

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