Neeg Lavxias teb sab lubok: keeb kwm, piav qhia, txheej txheem thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lavxias teb sab lubok yog ib hom duab ntawm pej xeem kos duab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Peter lub Great. Cov nplooj ntawv nrog cov duab funny tau luam tawm ntau pua txhiab tus thiab pheej yig heev. Lawv yeej tsis tau piav txog kev tu siab lossis kev tu siab, kev lom zem lossis cov dab neeg uas muaj kev nkag siab yooj yim tau nrog cov ntawv sau laconic thiab yog thawj comics ntawm 17th-19th centuries. Hauv txhua lub tsev pheeb suab, cov duab zoo sib xws tau dai rau ntawm phab ntsa, lawv muaj nuj nqis heev, thiab ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, cov neeg lag luam ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm nrov, tau tos txais txhua qhov chaw.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub sij hawm

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm cov ntawv ntoo tau hu ua German lossis Fryazh lom zem nplooj ntawv los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov ntawv luam tawm, cov txheej txheem uas tuaj rau Russia los ntawm thaj av sab hnub poob. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov teb chaws Europe yav qab teb, feem ntau yog Italians, tau ntev hu ua friags nyob rau hauv Russia, tag nrho lwm cov Europeans hu ua Germans. Tom qab ntawd, luam tawm nrog cov ntsiab lus hnyav dua thiab cov duab tiag tiag hu ua Frya nplooj ntawv, thiabtsoos Lavxias teb sab lubok - kos duab ntawm pej xeem cov duab nrog yooj yim, ci xim duab thiab intelligibly capacious dluab.

Muaj ob lub tswv yim vim li cas cov nplooj ntawv lom zem hu ua cov luam tawm nrov. Tej zaum thawj lub tswv yim boards tau tsim los ntawm bast - qis txheej ntawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo, feem ntau linden. Cov thawv tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tib yam - cov khoom siv rau cov khoom loj lossis cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Lawv feem ntau tau pleev xim nrog cov qauv zoo nkauj nrog cov duab qub ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Thaum lub sij hawm, bast pib hu ua boards tsim los ua hauj lwm rau lawv nrog ib tug cutter.

txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm

Txhua theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lavxias lubok muaj nws lub npe thiab tau ua los ntawm cov tswv sib txawv.

1. Thaum pib, daim duab kos duab tau tsim rau ntawm daim ntawv, thiab cov neeg chij tau siv nws nrog xaum rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm npaj. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua qhov cim.
2. Tom qab ntawd cov carers teem ua haujlwm. Nrog cov cuab yeej ntse, lawv ua indentations, tawm hauv cov phab ntsa nyias raws lub contour ntawm daim duab. Qhov kev mob siab rau txoj haujlwm no yuav tsum muaj cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb. Base boards npaj rau impressions tau muag rau tus yug. Thawj cov ntoo engravers thiab ces tooj liab engravers nyob hauv Izmailovo, ib lub zos ze Moscow.
3. Lub rooj tsavxwm tau smeared nrog cov xim tsaus thiab nrog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv pheej yig grey superimposed rau nws tau muab tso rau hauv xovxwm. Cov phab ntsa nyias nyias los ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm sab laug ib daim duab kos duab dub, thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev txiav tawm kev nyuaj siab khaws daim ntawv tsis muaj xim. Cov nplooj ntawv no hu ua spacers.
4. Paintings nrog contourprints raug coj mus rau colorists - lub zos artel neeg ua hauj lwm uas tau koom nyob rau hauv coloring duab-prostovki. Txoj haujlwm no tau ua los ntawm cov poj niam, feem ntau yog menyuam yaus. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau pleev xim txog li ib txhiab nplooj ntawv hauv ib lub lis piam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm Artel tau pleev xim rau lawv tus kheej. Raspberry xim yog tau los ntawm boiled sandalwood nrog ntxiv ntawm alum, xiav xim tau los ntawm lapis lazuli, ntau pob tshab tones tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov txheej txheem cov nroj tsuag thiab ntoo bark. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nrog lub advent ntawm lithography, txoj hauj lwm ntawm colorists yuav luag ploj mus.

Vim hnav thiab kua muag, cov laug cam feem ntau tau theej, qhov no hu ua txhais lus. Thaum pib, lub rooj tsavxwm raug txiav los ntawm linden, ces lawv pib siv pear thiab maple.

Ntxhais duab funny

Thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv hu ua Fryazhsky camp thiab tau teeb tsa hauv Tsev Hais Plaub (Upper) lub tsev luam ntawv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Ces lwm lub tshuab luam ntawv tau tshwm sim. Boards rau luam ntawv tau txiav tooj liab. Muaj qhov kev xav tias cov tshuab luam ntawv tshaj lij thawj zaug pib ua Lavxias lubok, txhim kho cov tshuab yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv lawv lub tsev. Cov kws luam ntawv tau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Stretenki thiab Lubyanka txoj kev, ntawm no, nyob ze ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj phab ntsa, lawv muag cov nplooj ntawv Frya lom zem, uas tam sim ntawd pib xav tau. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no uas, los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nrov prints tau txais lawv cov yam ntxwv style. Tsis ntev tom qab lwm qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov kev faib tawm tau tshwm sim, xws li Zaub Kab, thiab tom qab ntawd Spassky Choj.

Funny pictures under Peter

Xav kom tus huab tais, cov neeg sau ntawv rau cov nplooj ntawv lom zem tuaj nrog cov dab neeg funny. Piv txwv li, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Alexander lub Great nrog Indian huab tais Por, nyob rau hauv uas Greek ancient commander tau muab ib tug meej portrait zoo li Peter I. Tub sab, qhov twg tus hero ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb rau cov duab ntawm lub sovereign nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsos thiab khaub ncaws, thiab ib tug tub sab nyob rau hauv ib tug Swedish tub rog khaub ncaws portrayed Charles XII. Qee cov phiaj xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lubok tej zaum yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm Peter I nws tus kheej, xws li, piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv uas qhia txog kev hloov kho cov lus qhia ntawm lub tebchaws los ntawm 1705: ib tug tub lag luam Lavxias, hnav khaub ncaws European, tab tom npaj shaving nws hwj txwv.

Cov tshuab luam ntawv kuj tau txais kev txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Peter txoj kev hloov kho, txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm luboks seditious tau veiled nrog allegorical dluab. Tom qab vajntxwv tuag, ib daim ntawv uas muaj npe nrov nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm kev faus tus miv los ntawm nas tau nthuav tawm, uas muaj ntau yam lus qhia tias tus miv yog tus huab tais lig, thiab cov nas zoo siab yog thaj av kov yeej los ntawm Peter.

The heyday of lubok in the 18th century

Pib txij xyoo 1727, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Empress Catherine I, luam ntawv ntau lawm hauv Russia poob qis heev. Feem ntau lub tsev luam ntawv, suav nrog St. Petersburg, tau kaw. Thiab cov tshuab luam ntawv, uas tau tso tseg yam tsis ua haujlwm, rov kho lawv tus kheej mus rau kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm nrov, siv typographic tooj liab boards, uas tau tso tseg ntau tom qab kaw kev lag luam. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub hnub qub ntawm Lavxias teb sab nrov luam tawm pib.

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, cov tshuab lithographic tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab cov ntawv luam ntau zaus, kom tau txaisxim luam ntawv, zoo dua thiab cov duab ntxaws ntxiv. Thawj lub Hoobkas nrog 20 cov cuab yeej siv tshuab tau koom nrog Moscow cov tub lag luam Akhmetievs. Kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom lubok nce, cov phiaj xwm tau ua ntau thiab ntau haiv neeg. Cov duab tau tsim rau cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb - cov neeg hauv nroog, yog li ntawd lawv tau nthuav tawm lub neej hauv nroog thiab lub neej. Cov ntsiab lus Peasant tsuas yog tshwm sim rau xyoo tom ntej.

Lubok production in the 19th century

Pib txij li ib nrab xyoo pua, 13 lub tsev luam ntawv loj lithographic ua haujlwm hauv Moscow, nrog rau cov khoom tseem ceeb, tsim cov ntawv luam tawm nrov. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, I. Sytin lub tuam txhab tau suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom thiab xa tawm cov khoom lag luam, uas txhua xyoo tsim tawm txog ob lab daim ntawv qhia hnub, ib thiab ib nrab lab nplooj ntawv nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv phau Vajlugkub, 900 txhiab duab nrog cov ntsiab lus secular.. Morozov's lithography txhua xyoo tsim txog 1.4 lab nrov luam tawm, lub Hoobkas Golyshev - txog 300 txhiab, kev ncig ntawm lwm yam lag luam me. Cov nplooj ntawv pheej yig tshaj tau muag rau ib nrab kopeck, cov duab kim tshaj plaws raug nqi 25 kopecks.

Tshwj xeeb

Keeb Kwm, qhov ncauj thiab cov lus sau ua lus txhais tes, epics tau ua raws li cov phiaj xwm nrov ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Lavxias teb sab kos npe nrov nrog cov duab ntawm buffoons, jesters, lub neej zoo, thiab lub tsev hais plaub zam tau nrov. Muaj ntau nplooj ntawv satirical. Nyob rau xyoo 1930 thiab 1940, cov ntsiab lus nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm nrov tshaj plaws yog cov duab ntawm pej xeem lub nroog festivities,festivities, lom zem, fisticuffs, fairs. Qee daim ntawv muaj ntau cov duab thematic, piv txwv li, lubok "Kev Sib Tham thiab pom tawm Maslenitsa" muaj 27 daim duab qhia txog kev lom zem ntawm Muscovites los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog. Txij li thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, redrawings los ntawm German thiab Fabkis daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab almanacs tau kis.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov ntawv sau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Goethe, Chateubriand, Francois Rene, thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv nrov nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv luam tawm nrov. Txij li thaum xyoo 1820s, Lavxias teb sab style tau los ua zam, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv kev luam tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus nyob deb nroog. Ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov neeg peasants, qhov kev thov rau cov luam tawm nrov kuj nce ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig-kev cai dab qhuas, tub rog-patriotic ntsiab lus, portraits ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, illustrations nrog quotations rau fairy tales, nkauj, dab neeg, hais lus tseem nrov.

Lubok XX - XXI century

Nyob rau hauv cov duab kos duab ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov ntawv xov xwm, cov duab kos duab, cov cim ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov qauv nrov tau siv ntau zaus. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov duab tseem yog cov khoom lag luam nrov tshaj plaws rau cov neeg nyob deb nroog thiab nroog ib nrab. Ib hom ntawv tom qab tau pom los ntawm cov neeg thuam kev kos duab ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias Art Nouveau.

Lubok cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm nom tswv thiab tshaj tawm hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1914, lub koom haum tshaj tawm "Hnub No Lubok" tau teeb tsa, uas nws txoj haujlwm yog luam tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Cov ntawv luv luv tau sau los ntawm Vladimir Mayakovsky, uas ua haujlwm ntawm cov duabUa ke nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam Kazimir Malevich, Larionov, Chekrygin, Lentulov, Burlyukov thiab Gorsky. Txog thaum xyoo 1930, cov duab nrov tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov qauv tsim. Rau ib puas xyoo, cov style tau siv nyob rau hauv Soviet caricature, illustrations rau cov me nyuam thiab satirical caricature.

Ib tug tsis tuaj yeem hu Lavxias lubok yog hom kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas nrov. Cov duab zoo li no tsis tshua muaj siv rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm ironic, tsim cov fairs lossis thematic exhibitions. Ob peb tus kws kos duab thiab cov kws kos duab kos duab ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, tab sis hauv Is Taws Nem lawv lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub nyiam cov neeg netizens.

Drawing in the style of Russian lubok

Xyoo 2016, nyob rau hauv lub npe no, lub tsev luam ntawv Hobbitek luam tawm ib phau ntawv los ntawm Nina Velichko, hais rau txhua tus neeg uas nyiam ua yeeb yam hauv pej xeem. Cov haujlwm no muaj cov lus hais txog kev lom zem thiab kev kawm. Raws li cov hauj lwm ntawm cov qub masters, tus sau qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nrov luam, piav qhia yuav ua li cas kos ib daim duab nyob rau hauv ib tug ncej nyob rau hauv theem, depict neeg, ntoo, paj, tsev, tso saib stylized ntawv thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus. Ua tsaug rau cov khoom ntxim nyiam, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau tus tswv cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom ntawm cov duab luam tawm nrov txhawm rau tsim cov duab lom zem zoo nkauj ntawm koj tus kheej.

Nyob hauv Moscow ntawm Sretenka yog ib lub tsev cia puav pheejRussian lubok thiab naive art. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev nthuav tawm yog cov nplua nuj sau los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum no, Viktor Penzin. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm nrov, pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab xaus nrog peb hnub, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas lub tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Pechatnikov Pereulok thiab Lubyanka, qhov twg ntau tshaj peb centuries dhau los, tib neeg luam ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lubok nyob. Ntawm no, cov qauv ntawm Fryazh lom zem duab tau yug los, thiab cov nplooj ntawv muag tau dai rau ntawm lub laj kab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv zos. Tej zaum kev nthuav tawm, phau ntawv thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov duab hauv Is Taws Nem yuav rov ua kom muaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab luam tawm, thiab nws yuav rov qab los rau hauv kev zam, raws li nws tau tshwm sim ntau zaus nrog lwm hom kev kos duab pej xeem.