2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Lub neej niaj hnub no muaj cov thev naus laus zis digital uas tso cai rau koj luam tawm tam sim thiab luam tawm cov duab hauv monochrome lossis xim. Tiamsis yeej tsis yog li ntawd. Ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab xyoo dhau los, nws yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj uas siv sijhawm ntau thiab siv zog. Nws pib qhov twg?
" tshuab luam ntawv" yav dhau los
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, xws li cov txheej txheem luam ntawv lithography tau nthuav dav hauv cov duab kos duab. Nws txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus yog qhov yooj yim heev: ib qho duab tau siv rau ntawm qhov chaw du, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv siab, nws tau luam tawm ntawm ib daim ntawv. Qhov kev siv tshuab no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam duab zoo ib yam, pab txhawb rau kev faib khoom loj ntawm kev kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, lithography muaj qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb: nws tsim cov duab dub thiab dawb xwb.
Qhov teeb meem "monochrome" tau daws nrog kev txhim kho hauv txoj kev uas tuaj yeem hu ua chromolithography. Lub prefix "chromos" los ntawm Greek lus thiab txhais tau tias xim hauv kev txhais lus. Chromolithography tseem yog tib yam lithography, tsuas yog muaj ob peb lub pob zeb ntawm no thiab qee cov xim raug siv rau lawv txhua tus. Tom qab ntawd daim ntawv ntawv yog siv rautxhua daim phiaj, ua rau cov duab xim.
History of tshwm sim
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm chromolithography tseem yog qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb, uas tseem tsis tau pom cov lus teb meej. Nws ntseeg tau tias tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog Alois Senefelder, uas nyob rau xyoo 1818 tau piav qhia nws cov ntsiab lus hauv nws phau ntawv "The Complete Course of Lithography". Tom qab ntawd, nws txoj haujlwm tau kawm los ntawm Lavxias tus kws kos duab K. Ya. Tromonin thiab muab cov qauv coj los siv. Nyob rau hauv 1832 nws luam tawm cov duab rau ib phau ntawv mob siab rau Prince Svyatoslav. Thiab xyoo 1837, tus kws kos duab Fab Kis Fab Kis Godefroy Engelmann tau txais patent rau kev siv thev naus laus zis. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm txoj kev xav tias txoj kev tau siv hauv kev luam ntawv ntawm kev ua si phaib ntev ua ntej nws txoj haujlwm qhib.
Promotion of masterpieces
Lub ncov ntawm cov xim lithography ntog rau ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tom qab ntawd muaj ntau lub rooj cob qhia uas lawv tau theej los ntawm txoj kev no. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov chaw nto moo tshaj plaws yog hu ua "Artistic Institution", uas yog nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm AF Marx, ib tug loj phau ntawv publisher ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Cov khoom siv tes ua no tau pab txhawb rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab: icons, paintings thiab graphic canvases, ua rau lawv yooj yim dua.
Chromolithography kuj tau siv los luam cov ntawv sau thaum ub thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm. Txog rau tam sim no, ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau lees paub hauv cheeb tsam no tau suav tias yog cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau monuments. Ancient Russia, luam tawm txij thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo.
txheej txheem tsim khoom
Chromolithography yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas siv ntau yam tshuaj thiab lawv cov tshuaj. Ntawm lub pob zeb limestone lossis zinc phaj, cov duab ntawm cov duab yog siv nrog ib tug cwj mem tshwj xeeb lossis tus cwj mem. Tom qab ntawd cov nplooj yog soaked nyob rau hauv ib tug daws ntawm qaug zog nitric acid thiab pos hniav arabic (ib tug tawv resin tau los ntawm acacia ntoo). Tom qab cov txheej txheem no, lawv tau coated nrog ib qho xim thiab xa mus rau ntawv hauv siab. Rau kev tsim cov xim kom raug ntau dua, cov pob zeb ntxiv thiab daim hlau yog siv. Feem ntau, nws yuav siv li 20 mus rau 25 hom xim sib txawv los tsim ib daim duab. Txhawm rau kom cov xim tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw zoo, cov tswv siv cov ntawv sau npe kho cov pob zeb.
kev sib cav sib ceg
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias chromolithography tau dhau los ua txoj kev hloov pauv tiag tiag ntawm kev tsim cov duab, tib neeg tau ntsib teeb meem txawm tias yuav txiav txim siab nws kos duab lossis tsis yog. Muaj ntau leaned rau qhov kev xaiv tom kawg. Qhov kev xav no tau raug lees paub los ntawm qhov tseeb tias chromolithography yog txheej txheem tshuab. Kev mloog ntau dua tau them rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev txav thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev ua hauv nws dua li qhov kev sib tw zoo nkauj ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Tsis tas li ntawd, chromolithographers feem ntau tsim cov ntawv luam ntawm paintings, tsis yog thawj masterpieces. Cov nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim tau qis heev, yog li lub sijhawm dhau los cov khoom siv tes ua tau txais tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab tsis muaj kev kos duab siab.
Hnub nochromolithography tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem luam tawm niaj hnub thiab ua tau zoo dua. Nws tau dhau los ua ib zaj dab neeg uas tsis daws teeb meem thiab tsis sib haum xeeb txog tam sim no.
Pom zoo:
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