Persian me me: piav qhia, kev txhim kho thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib tug Persian me me yog ib qho me me, cov duab ntxaws ntxaws qhia txog kev ntseeg lossis kev ntseeg dab neeg los ntawm thaj av ntawm Middle East tam sim no hu ua Iran. Kev kos duab ntawm cov duab me me tau vam meej hauv Persia los ntawm 13th mus rau 16th centuries. Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus rau niaj hnub no, nrog qee cov neeg ua yeeb yam niaj hnub tsim cov ntawv tseem ceeb Persian me me. Cov duab no zoo li muaj kev nthuav dav heev.

Definition

Ib tug Persian me me yog ib daim duab me me, txawm tias nws yog phau ntawv illustration lossis ib daim duab ntawm ib leeg txhais tau tias khaws cia rau hauv ib qho album. Cov tswv yim feem ntau piv rau Western thiab Byzantine kab lig kev cai ntawm cov khoom me me hauv cov ntawv sau, uas yuav cuam tshuam lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Iranian painting.

Ntse

Muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv ntawm Persian me me (duab hauv qab). Thawj yog qhov loj thiab theem ntawm kev nthuav dav. Ntau yam ntawm noCov paintings yog me me, tab sis lawv feature complex scenes uas yuav saib tau rau teev. Cov classic Persian tej yam me me kuj txawv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm kub thiab nyiaj accents nrog rau ntau yam xim. Txoj kev xav hauv cov duab kos duab no suav nrog cov ntsiab lus sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauv kev uas cov neeg uas tau txais kev pom zoo thiab kev xav ntawm Western kos duab pom tias nws nyuaj rau pom cov duab kos.

Kev txhim kho

Persian miniatures yog thawj zaug ua haujlwm ua duab rau cov ntawv sau. Tsuas yog cov neeg nplua nuj heev tuaj yeem them taus lawv, thiab kev tsim cov duab kos tau ntev txog ib xyoos. Thaum kawg, cov neeg muaj nyiaj tsawg kuj tau pib sau cov duab kos duab hauv cov nkauj cais. Ntau qhov kev sau no, hmoov zoo, tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, nrog rau lwm cov piv txwv ntawm Persian kos duab.

Persian phau ntawv me me tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Suav kos duab. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus thiab cov phiaj xwm uas tshwm sim hauv qee qhov piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm cov khoom me me. Piv txwv li, ntau yam mythological creatures piav nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Persian kos duab dais ib tug striking resemblance rau cov tsiaj ntawm Suav mythology. Lub sijhawm dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ua yeeb yam Persian tau tsim lawv tus kheej style thiab cov ntsiab lus, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm Persian miniatures echoed cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze.

Cov duab kos zoo li no kuj tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib: qhov ntev koj saib lawv, cov ntsiab lus ntau dua thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwm. Kev kawm ntawm ib yam li ntawdcov khoom tuaj yeem noj tau ib hnub.

Kev piav qhia ntawm Persian me me

hom duab no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Persian kos duab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, thiab nws tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub 15th-16th centuries. Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm qhov kev coj noj coj ua no tau tshwm sim ib nrab ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Western kab lis kev cai. Persian me me tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm Islamic me me.

Txawm hais tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev txhim kho kev kos duab ntawm lwm lub teb chaws, Persian kos duab me me muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Iranian cov kws ua yeeb yam tau yooj yim pom tau los ntawm lawv qhov kev xav thiab qhov tseeb. Tsis tas li ntawd tsim nyog sau cia yog Persian txheej txheem ntawm "txheej txheem" kev xav los tsim kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no ua rau tus neeg saib pom qhov chaw peb sab thiab muaj peev xwm tsom mus rau qee yam ntawm cov duab kom tsis suav nrog lwm tus.

Cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab me me, thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam paub txog lawv cov xim hloov maj mam. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab kos duab no feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog Persian mythology thiab paj huam. Lawv siv cov geometry huv si thiab lub palette vibrant.

Backstory

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab ntawm kev kos duab hauv Iran hnub rov qab mus rau Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm lub xeev Lorestan, pleev xim rau dluab ntawm cov tsiaj thiab yos hav zoov scenes tau pom. Cov duab kos duab yos rov qab txog tsib txhiab xyoo tau pom nyob rau hauv Fars. Cov duab pom ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav hauv Lorestan thiab lwm qhov chaw archaeological ua pov thawj tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv cheeb tsam no tau paub txog.kos duab ntawm painting. Ob peb daim duab thaij duab rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ashkanids (III-I xyoo pua BC) kuj pom, feem ntau pom nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm tus dej El-Furat (Euphrates). Ib tug ntawm cov paintings yog ib tug yos hav zoov scene. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb thiab tsiaj txhu, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm txoj haujlwm no, yog qhov nco txog Iranian me me.

Nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm Achaemenid era, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov xim. Qee qhov xwm txheej, cov kab txaij dub tau siv los txwv ntau qhov xim.

Cov duab thaij duab rov qab mus rau 840-860 AD tau pom nyob rau hauv cov suab puam ntawm Turkestan. Cov duab thaij duab no qhia txog cov xwm txheej Iranian ib txwm muaj thiab cov duab portraits. Cov duab ntxov tshaj plaws los ntawm lub sijhawm Islamic muaj tsawg heev thiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.

Painting schools

Roughly txij li xyoo pua 7, Tuam Tshoj tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev tsim cov duab kos duab hauv Iran. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev sib txuas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Suav thiab Persian. Los ntawm keeb kwm kev pom, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Iranian kos duab yog kev coj ua ntawm Suav style ntawm painting thiab xim, uas tau sib xyaw nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Persian artists. Nyob rau hauv thawj centuries tom qab lub advent ntawm Islam, Iranian artists pib decorate cov phau ntawv nrog miniatures.

Cov duab ntsig txog qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm Islamic koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv Baghdad. Cov khoom me me no tau ploj tag nrho cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pleev xim zoo nkauj ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Islam. Lawv tsis yog proportional, lawv siv lub teeb xim. Artists ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Baghdad, tom qabntau xyoo stagnation, nrhiav los tsim tej yam tshiab. Lawv pib kos tsiaj thiab piav dab neeg.

Txawm hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv Baghdad, muab kev kos duab ua ntej-Islamic, yog qhov zoo nkauj thiab qub, kev kos duab ntawm Iranian me me nyob rau tib lub sijhawm tau nthuav dav hauv txhua cheeb tsam uas Islam nthuav tawm: nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, hauv Africa thiab nyob rau lwm lub tebchaws.

Ntau phau ntawv sau tes los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th yog ntxiv nrog cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, thiab cov duab kos rau dab neeg thiab dab neeg.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov me me ntawm Iranian qub tshaj plaws yog cov duab kos ntawm phau ntawv hu ua Manafi al-Khaivan (1299 AD). Nws nthuav tawm cov dab neeg txog tsiaj, nrog rau lawv lub ntsiab lus allegorical. Ntau cov duab qhia tus nyeem ntawv rau Iranian kos duab ntawm painting. Cov duab yog ua los ntawm cov xim ci, qee qhov me me qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Far Eastern kos duab: qee cov duab tau kos nrog tus cwj mem.

Tom qab Mughal ntxeem tau, lub tsev kawm tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv Iran. Nws tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Suav thiab Mughal style. Cov duab no yog me me, nrog cov duab zoo li qub ua nyob rau hauv Far Eastern style.

Persian me me tau txais cov yam ntxwv ntawm Mughal kos duab ua cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab cov kab luv luv. Cov style ntawm Iranian paintings yuav piav raws li linear. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv cheeb tsam no tau qhia txog kev muaj tswv yim tshwj xeeb thiab muaj tswv yim.

Ntawm lub tsev hais plaub Mughal, tsis yog Persian kos duab xwbtxheej txheem, tab sis kuj lub ntsiab ntawm paintings. Qee cov kws ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam yog cov duab kos duab ntawm Iranian kev sau ntawv masterpieces, xws li Shahnameh los ntawm Ferdowsi.

Nyob rau hauv qhov sib piv rau Baghdadi thiab Mughal cov duab, muaj ntau yam haujlwm tseem tshuav los ntawm tsev kawm Harat. Cov neeg tsim ntawm cov duab kos duab no yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Timur, thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv tau muab npe tom qab qhov chaw uas nws tau tsim.

Art critics ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Timur, kos duab ntawm painting nyob rau hauv Iran mus txog nws zenith. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ntau tus tswv tau ua haujlwm zoo, yog lawv uas coj tus tshiab kov rau Persian painting.

Kemal ad-Din Behzad Herawy

Tus kws kos duab no (c. 1450 - c. 1535) yog tus kws sau ntau yam me me ntawm Persian thiab coj mus rau kev cob qhia huab tais (kitabkhana) hauv Herat thiab Tabriz thaum lub sijhawm Timurid thiab Safavid thaum ntxov.

Nws tseem hu ua Kemal ad-din Behzad lossis Kamaleddin Behzad.

Persian painting ntawm lub sij hawm feem ntau siv cov kev npaj ntawm geometric architectural ntsiab raws li cov qauv los yog compositional ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv uas cov duab tau muab tso rau. Behzad, siv cov tsoos geometric style, ncab cov qauv tsim hauv ntau txoj hauv kev. Ua ntej, nws feem ntau siv qhib, khoob, tsis muaj qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig uas qhov kev txiav txim yuav tshwm sim. Nws kuj tau tso cov duab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav hlau hauv qee qhov dej ntws.

Gestures ntawm cov duab thiab cov khoom tsis yog tsuas yog ntuj, qhia thiab nquag, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv thiaj li hais tias lub ntsia mus tas li txav mus thoob plaws tag nrho cov duab dav hlau. Piv rau lwm tusmedieval miniaturists, nws boldly siv contrasting tsaus xim. Lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm yog piav qhia playfulness: qhov yuav luag zais qhov muag thiab ib nrab sawv cev ntawm Bahram lub ntsej muag thaum nws cov phooj ywg ntawm cov ntxhais frolicking nyob rau hauv lub pas dej ua ke hauv qab no; ib tug tshis ncaj uas zoo li dab nyob ntawm ntug qab ntug hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug poj niam laus sawv tawm tsam Sanjar tej kev txhaum.

Behzad kuj siv cov cim Sufi thiab cov cim xim los qhia lub ntsiab lus. Nws coj naturalism rau Persian painting, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv depiction ntawm ntau tus kheej cov duab thiab kev siv ntawm tiag tiag gestures thiab lub ntsej muag qhia.

Behzad cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog "Lub Seduction ntawm Yusuf" los ntawm Bustan Saadi ntawm 1488 thiab cov duab los ntawm Nizami cov ntawv sau ntawm British Library ntawm 1494-95. Tsim nws txoj kev sau ntawv hauv qee qhov teeb meem yog teeb meem (thiab ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no sib cav tias qhov no tsis tseem ceeb), tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm tau muab rau nws hnub tim 1488-1495.

Nws kuj tau hais nyob rau hauv Orhan Pamuk cov ntawv tshiab Kuv Lub Npe Liab yog ib tus neeg loj tshaj plaws Persian miniaturists. Pamuk tus tshiab hais tias Kemal ad-Din Behzad dig muag nws tus kheej nrog rab koob.

Tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej tau yug los, nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv Herat (hauv Afghanistan niaj hnub no) hauv Timurids, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Tabriz hauv Safavid dynasty. Raws li ib tug me nyuam ntsuag, nws tau coj los ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo Mirak Nakkash thiab yog tus kws sau ntawv Mir Ali Shir Nevai. Nws lub ntsiabCov patrons nyob rau hauv Herat yog Timurid sultan Hussein Baiqara (kwv yees 1469-1506) thiab lwm yam amirs los ntawm nws entourage. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Timurids, nws tau ua hauj lwm los ntawm Shah Ismail I Safavi nyob rau hauv Tabriz, qhov twg, raws li lub taub hau ntawm tus kav lub rooj cob qhia, nws muaj ib tug txiav txim siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kos duab ntawm lub sij hawm Safavid. Behzad tuag xyoo 1535, nws lub ntxa nyob hauv Tabriz.

Safavid era

Lub sijhawm no, lub chaw kos duab tau tsiv mus rau Tabriz. Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam kuj nyob hauv Qazvin. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsev kawm ntawv Safavid ntawm kev pleev xim tau tsim hauv Isfahan. Cov me me ntawm Iran nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau dim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Suav thiab nkag mus rau theem tshiab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Cov kws ua yeeb yam tom qab ntawd tau zoo dua qub.

Riza-yi-Abbasi

Nws yog tus kws tshaj lij Persian miniaturist, tus kws kos duab thiab sau ntawv ntawm Isfahan tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau vam meej thaum lub sijhawm Safavid nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Shah Abbas I.

Nws yog tus tsim ntawm "Safavid Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Painting". Daim duab kos duab hauv Safavid era tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Riza Abbasi (1565 - 1635) yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Persian txhua lub sijhawm. Nws tau raug cob qhia hauv kev cob qhia ntawm nws txiv Ali Asghar thiab tau txais mus rau hauv lub rooj cob qhia ntawm Shah Abbas kuv thaum tseem hluas.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog li 38 xyoo, nws tau txais lub npe hu ua Abbasi los ntawm nws tus thawj coj, tab sis tsis ntev nws tau tso nws txoj haujlwm rau Shah, pom meej tias nws tau mob siab rau txoj kev ywj pheej ntau dua ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv 1610 nws rov qab mus rau Shah, uas nws tseem nyob mus txog rau thaum nws tuag. Hauv nws cov duab me me, nws nyiam qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov duab, uas nws feem ntau pleev xim rau hauvfeminine thiab impressionistic style. Cov style no tau nrov thaum lub sijhawm Safavid lig.

Ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm qhia txog cov tub hluas zoo nraug, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm "winemaker" uas yog tej zaum saib nyob rau hauv kev qhuas los ntawm cov neeg laus, ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Persian kev lig kev cai ntawm txaus siab rau cov hluas hluas nkauj zoo nkauj.

Hnub no, nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem pom hauv tsev cia puav pheej uas dais nws lub npe hauv Tehran, nrog rau ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Western xws li Smithsonian, Louvre thiab Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Art.

Txoj kev ntawm lub tsev kawm Safavid

Cov khoom me me uas tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no tsis yog tsim los kho thiab qhia cov phau ntawv xwb. Safavid style yog softer nyob rau hauv daim ntawv dua li yav dhau los tsev kawm ntawv. Tib neeg cov duab thiab lawv tus cwj pwm tsis zoo li dag, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv yog ntuj thiab ze rau qhov tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv Safavid paintings, lub splendor thiab grandeur ntawm lub sij hawm no yog lub ntsiab attraction. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab kos yog lub neej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub muaj koob muaj npe, kev ua nom ua tswv, palaces zoo nkauj, scenes ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab rooj noj mov.

Cov kws ua yeeb yam tau mloog ntau dua rau qhov dav dav, zam cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog. Smoothness ntawm cov kab, kev qhia ceev ntawm kev xav thiab thickening ntawm cov phiaj xwm yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Safavid style ntawm painting. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev xav thiab shading tshwm nyob rau hauv Persian tej yam me me, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm European style ntawm painting.

Qajar dynasty (1795-1925)

Paintings ntawm lub sijhawm no yog kev sib xyaw ua keclassical European kos duab thiab Safavid cov txuj ci me me. Lub sijhawm no, Mohammad Ghaffari Kamal-ul-Molk tau tsim cov European classical style ntawm painting hauv Iran. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no, tus qauv tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv keeb kwm ntawm Iranian painting, hu ua "kos duab ntawm lub tsev kas fes", uas ua tau cim qhov poob ntawm Persian kos duab.

Influence

Cov kev zoo nkauj thiab kev xav ntawm medieval Persian tej yam me me tsis cuam tshuam rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no siv rau paj huam. Paj huam by N. S. Gumilyov "Persian Miniature" tau suav nrog hauv cov ntawv sau "Pillar of Fire" thiab "Persia" (1921). Nws yog qhov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev kos duab ntawm Iranian miniaturists.

Thaum kuv kawg cum

Kev ua si hauv cache-cache nrog kev tuag tsaus ntuj, Tus Tsim yuav ua rau kuv

Persian me me.

Thiab ntuj, zoo li turquoise, Thiab tus tub huabtais, NW nyuam qhuav tsa

Almond ob lub qhov muag

Nyob rau ntawm tus ntxhais lub viav vias.

Wanding the wrong path

Ntawm cinnabar heights

Behind the ya chamois.

Thiab tsis yog hauv npau suav lossis hauv kev muaj tiag

Tsis pom tuberoses, Thiab yav tsaus ntuj hauv cov nyom

Tseem tilted vines.

Thiab rau sab nraub qaum, Zoo li huab ntawm Tibet huv si, Yuav ua kev zoo siab rau kuv hnav

Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Zoo Tshaj Plaws.

Negotiator or courtier, Nyob zoo, Kuv yuav poob rau hauv kev hlub ib pliag

Kev hlub ntse thiab tawv ncauj.

Nws lub hnub qub

Kuv yuav yog lub hnub qubcoj.

Wine, lovers thiab phooj ywg

Kuv yuav hloov ib leeg.

Thiab yog thaum kuv txaus siab, Tsis muaj ecstasy, tsis muaj kev txom nyem, Kuv npau suav qub -

Txoj kev hlub tshua txhua qhov.

Lub ntsiab lus tob ntawm Gumilyov "Persian Miniature" txuas nrog, thawj zaug, nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev nqhis kev hlub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws sau paj lug tsis pub leej twg paub cov cim ntawm zaj dab neeg rau hauv nws. Qhov thib ob, nqe "Persian me me" yog lub cim ntawm lub ntiaj teb imperishable, tsim ua tsaug rau lub hwj chim ntawm tus kws sau paj lug lo lus.