Poet Apollo Maykov: biography, creativity

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Maikov Apollon Nikolaevich yog tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias nto moo. Nws nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 19th (1821-1897). Cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau paj huam no yog qhov txaus siab rau peb lub sijhawm, uas hais txog nws cov txuj ci uas tsis xav tau.

Keeb kwm ntawm A. N. Maykov

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Apollon Maikov tsis yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm nws lub xeem xwb. Tsev neeg thaum ub ntawm tus kws sau paj lug yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov neeg txawj ntse. Tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab theologian Nil Sorsky nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, thiab tus kws sau paj lug Vasily Maikov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Catherine.

Leej txiv ntawm peb tus phab ej yog ib tus kws tshaj lij ntawm kev kos duab. Lwm tus ntawm nws tsev neeg kuj koom nrog cov neeg txawj ntse muaj tswv yim. Niam yog tus txhais lus thiab sau paj huam, kwv tij Valerian yog tus tshaj tawm thiab sau ntawv thuam, thiab Leonid, lwm tus kwv tij ntawm Apollo, yog tus tshaj tawm thiab sau keeb kwm.

Childhood thiab hluas, thawj phau ntawv paj huam

Thaum Me Nyuam Yaus Apollon Nikolaevich tau siv nyiaj txiag los ntawm nws txiv. Nws nyob ze ntawm Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Maykov tsev neeg tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1834. Apollo nyob rau hauv thaum yau yog nyiam cov ntaub ntawv thiab painting. Txawm li cas los xij, myopia tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev ua raws li nws txiv txoj kev taug. Maikov thawj prose thwmsim qhia lub zog ntawm Gogol. Tom qab ntawd Apollon Maikov xav txog paj huam. Biography ntawm lub sijhawm nokuj tau sau tseg rau kev kawm ntawm St. Petersburg University, ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Txoj Cai. Tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, Apollon Nikolaevich luam tawm thawj phau ntawv ntawm nws cov paj huam. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb no tshwm sim xyoo 1842.

Nkauj tawm tshiab, paj huam tshiab

Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Apollo Maykov tau mus txawv tebchaws. Ntawm no nws nyob li ntawm ob xyoos. Maikov tau mloog cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo hauv Paris. Thaum nyob hauv Rome, nws tau koom nrog kev lom zem ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias, sau paj huam, ua duab kos, mus caij nees hauv lub hav Roman. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev xav tau txais yog Maykov lub voj voog ntawm nqe lus "Essays on Rome" (tshaj tawm xyoo 1847). Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv ltalis hais tias thawj scrapping yog qhia nyob rau hauv tus kws sau paj lug txoj hauj lwm. Apollon Maikov tsoo nrog paj huam anthological thiab pib siv zog rau lub npe hu ua paj huam ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav. Maikov tsis xav txog tus txiv neej laus. Nws txiav txim siab tig mus rau tam sim no. Yog li ntawd, cov duab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Rome tau tshwm sim (Lorenzo, "Capuchin", "Beggar").

Hmoob

Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, tus kws sau paj huam tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm Rumyantsev Tsev khaws puav pheej ua tus pab tsev qiv ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 1840s, nws lub voj voog ntawm kev sib cuag nrog Nekrasov, Grigorovich, Turgenev, Belinsky. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Apollon Maikov tau ntsib kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntuj. Tus kws sau paj lug tau luam tawm ntau nyob rau hauv "Cov Lus Qhia ntawm Fatherland". Nyob rau hauv lub "Petersburg sau" ntawm Nekrasov nyob rau hauv 1846 nws paj huam "Mashenka" tshwm. Ua ntej me ntsis, lwm zaj paj huam tau sau, "Ob Txoj hmoo", uas qhiazaj dab neeg ntawm "extra" neeg.

Hu rau Petrashevites thiab cov kws kho ntawm Moskvityanin

Apollon Nikolaevich nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd yog ideologically ze rau Westernism. Nws tau koom nrog Petrashevsky txav los ntawm nws tus tij laug Valerian. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev nws pib raug tsim txom los ntawm lawv qhov kev thuam tsis tu ncua ntawm tsoomfwv. Maikov pom utopianism nyob rau hauv Petrashevist zog, "ntau tus qia dub", "ntau yam tsis muaj tseeb" thiab "kev hlub me".

Apollo Nikolaevich, uas tau dhau los ntawm kev kub ntxhov, tau mus txog hauv chaw kho mob ntawm Moskvityanin. Ntawm no nws poob nthav pom tsis tau tsuas yog kev koom tes, tab sis kuj txhawb rau nws views. Maikov tsis lees paub lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev vam meej hauv Western Europe. Qhov kev xav no tau dhau los ntawm nws cov khoom sau tag nrho "1854", uas tau qhia meej Maykov lub ntiaj teb kev pom thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lwm lub ntsiab lus hla ntawm phau ntawv yog lub hom phiaj keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias lub xeev, uas thaiv txoj kev mus rau sab hnub poob rau hordes ntawm Batu thiab yog li tiv thaiv kev tuag ntawm European kev vam meej ("Clermont Cathedral", thiab lwm yam). Tom qab ntawd Maikov los ua ib tug staunch monarchist. Nws ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm Nicholas I.

Creativity of the 1850s

Raws li tshwm sim nrog txhua tus kws sau paj huam, Maykov txoj haujlwm ntawm xyoo 1850 yog qhov dav dua li cov txheej txheem kev xav. Nws tsim cov haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo (idyll "The Fool", lub voj voog "Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Xav"), cov paj huam ntawm kev xav thiab kev nom kev tswv. Ib txhij Maikov sau paj huam uas txuas ntxiv cov ntsiab lus anthological thiab zoo nkauj ntawm nws cov paj huam thaum ntxov. Peb tab tom tham txog cov voj voog xws li "Cameos" thiab"Fantasy". Thaum kawg ntawm 1850s. Lub voj voog "Nyob hauv tsev", "Nyob rau hauv qus", "Nyob rau hauv nag", "Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav", "Haymaking" tshwm. Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no, Maikov tus qub harmonic saib ntawm xwm yog tseem xav. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no nws pom nws tus kheej hauv kev kos duab ntawm thaj chaw nyob deb nroog hauv Russia.

Autumn

In 1856 Apollon Maikov tau tsim ib zaj paj huam nto moo tshaj plaws. "Autumn" - yog li nws hu nws. Txij li thaum yau, tus kws sau paj lug nyiam mus yos hav zoov, tab sis feem ntau ntes nws tus kheej xav tias kev taug kev hauv hav zoov tsis muaj greyhounds thiab rab phom ua rau nws txaus siab ntau dua. Nws yeej nyiam rake nyob rau hauv nplooj nrog nws ko taw, hnov lub crackling ntawm ceg … Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg lub hav zoov poob nws paub tsis meej thiab paub tsis meej, vim hais tias "lub xeem paj tau khi", "lub xeem txiv ntoo tau plucked. ". Thiab lub ntiaj teb no ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab tam sim no hauv tus kws sau paj huam…

Sea expeditition

Lub ntsiab lus Italian tau rov tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Apollon Nikolaevich hauv xyoo 1859. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nws, nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, tau ua ib qho kev ntoj ke mus rau hiav txwv, mus xyuas cov Islands tuaj ntawm Greek archipelago. Lub nkoj uas tau nqa tawm tsis tau mus rau tim Nkij teb chaws. Nws yuav tsum nyob hauv Naples. Yog li ntawd, es tsis txhob ntawm ib lub voj voog, raws li Apollon Nikolayevich Maikov tau npaj, nws tig tawm los ua ob. Lub "Neapolitan Album" yog tsim los ntawm Italian impressions. Nov yog ib yam dab neeg hauv nqe lus, lub ntsiab lus uas yog lub neej ntawm cov neeg hauv Naples. Raws li kev kawm txog kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws,"Ntawm Greek Cov Nkauj" ("Tus Ncws Rushed", "Lullaby", thiab lwm yam).

Ib qho ntawm nws cov paj huam uas nrov tshaj plaws yog "Lullaby …". Apollo Maykov tau tsim txoj haujlwm no hauv xyoo 1860. Ntau tshaj 20 tus kws sau nkauj ib zaug tau sau nkauj rau nws. Ntawm lawv yog A. Chesnokov, A. Arensky, V. Rebikov, P. Tchaikovsky.

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

Nyob rau hauv 25 xyoo dhau los ntawm nws lub neej Maikov xav txog cov lus nug nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev ua. Nws xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv Maikov txoj kev xav nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau nyob los ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm peb lub tebchaws, nws yav dhau los thiab tam sim no, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv keeb kwm. Nyob rau xyoo 1880, Apollon Nikolaevich kuj tau tsim ntau zaj paj huam uas txawv ntawm kev ntseeg sib sib zog nqus thiab lub tswv yim hais tias kev txo hwj chim ntawm kev ntseeg yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias ("Hnub Nyob Mus Ib Txhis tab tom los txog …", "Thov tso tseg, tso tseg. !..”, etc.).

Nyob hauv kaw

Merezhkovsky nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Eternal Companions" sau hais tias Maikov Apollo yog ib tug kws sau paj lug uas nws txoj kev kaj lug thiab txawm. Tsis muaj kev tsim txom, tsis muaj yeeb ncuab, tsis muaj kev mob siab rau, tsis muaj kev tawm tsam hauv nws. Muaj paj huam, phau ntawv, mus ncig, tsev neeg kev xyiv fab, koob meej. Tseeb tiag, nws biography tsis yog poetic heev: nws tsis tuag ntawm scaffold los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug duel, nws tsis raug tsim txom, nws tsis raug tsim txom los ntawm passions. Nrog Apollon Maikov, txhua yam sab nraud nkag mus rau hauv. Nws biography tseeb, txoj hmoo muaj tseeb yog nws txoj kev los ntawm Romans thiab Greeks mus rau Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag, keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg, paj huam ntawm phau Vajlugkub thiab nyob mus ib txhis.lus nug ntawm lub neej.