Ancient tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture
Ancient tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture

Video: Ancient tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture

Video: Ancient tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture
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Ancient Greek architecture yog ib lub ncov ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm yav dhau los. Nws tau tsim lub hauv paus rau European architecture thiab tsev kos duab. Lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias lub ancient architecture ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws muaj ib tug kev cai dab qhuas connotation thiab yog tsim los fij rau cov vajtswv, muab khoom plig rau lawv thiab tuav cov xwm txheej loj rau lub sijhawm no.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev kos duab ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub tau muab faib los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm ua tsib lub sijhawm: archaic, ntxov classical, classical, Hellenistic thiab Roman txoj cai. Tom ntej no, peb yuav tham txog lawv txhua tus, nrog rau cov tuam tsev nto moo tshaj plaws ua los ntawm Greeks thaum ub, kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Nyob hauv lub sijhawm

Lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm archaic: los ntawm 7th c. BC e. mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Athenian tus tsim cai lij choj thiab politician Solon (txog 590 BC). Nyob rau hauv lub 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Greek architecture qhia txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv zej zog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Greek polis, kev loj hlob ntawm kev ywj pheej rog tau nrawm, thiab qhov no ua raumus rau lub tense tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam sab saum toj ntawm cov aristocrats. Thaum lub sijhawm no, lub tuam tsev, uas tau tsim los ntawm tag nrho txoj cai, tau los ua lub tsev tseem ceeb rau pej xeem - lub chaw khaws nyiaj txiag thiab cov khoom muaj nqis thiab kev ua koob tsheej rau pej xeem tib lub sijhawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev qub tau tsim - kev txiav txim (ib txheej txheem nruj uas qhia txog qhov chaw thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua kab) thiab ib qho entablature (overlapping).

lub tuam tsev qub
lub tuam tsev qub

Txoj kev ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm lub sijhawm qub

Nyob rau lub sijhawm qub qub, ib hom qauv pob zeb thaum ntxov, lub npe hu ua "lub tuam tsev hauv antah", tau loj hlob tawm ntawm cov tsev qub qub ntawm Homeric era. Nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej nws muaj ib tug portico tsim los ntawm protrusions ntawm sab phab ntsa (ants) thiab ob kab sawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Cov no suav nrog, tshwj xeeb, Athenian Treasury ntawm Delphi (daim duab saum toj no), ua los ntawm Parisian marble. Kwv yees hnub ntawm kev tsim kho yog 510-480. BC e. Lub tsev tau khawb thiab rov tsim dua xyoo 1903-1906

Ntxiv mus, muaj kev hloov cov ntsaum los ntawm txhua kab, thiab lub tuam tsev qub qub tau tshwm sim - prostyle. Nws muaj qhov qhib portico. Qhov ntxiv ntawm plaub kab ntxiv nyob rau sab nraud, nyob ze ntawm qhov nkag mus rau lub txhab nyiaj (amphiprostyle), yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim lub npe hu ua peripetra - lub tuam tsev qhib rau txhua sab. Thiab txawm hais tias tag nrho cov hom no tau tsim ib txhij, qhov kawg txawm li cas los xij los ua qhov tseem ceeb.

Txhua lub tsev muaj ib chav tsev loj - qhov chaw dawb huv ntawm lub tuam tsev thaum ub (lub thaj), qhov chaw uas muaj ib tug sculptural duab ntawm ib tug revered vajtswv lossis vajtswv poj niam nyob. Nws hu ua "naos".

cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture
cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture

Thaum Classical

Nyob rau lub sijhawm qub qub, uas tau los ntawm 590 txog 470. BC e., ancient architecture maj frees nws tus kheej los ntawm txawv teb chaws nyiam coj los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Asia. Zoo li kev pleev xim thiab duab puab, nws tau los ua ib qho kev tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Greek classical.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov tuam tsev tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no, muaj kev nruj nruj thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm cov nplai thiab cov kab, nrog rau lwm qhov ntawm lub tsev. Tag nrho cov no muab lub architecture ntawm lub sij hawm thaum ntxov classical lub zog thiab kev zoo nkauj. Ib lub tuam tsev tshiab tau tsim - Doric, uas tom qab ntawd tau nthuav dav.

Cov tuam tsev Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws ntawm lub sijhawm qub qub: Hera hauv Olympia, Apollo hauv Delphi, Zeus hauv Athens, Pallas Athena txog. Aegina (daim duab saum toj no). Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv Sicily thiab hluas ltalis muaj ntau ntau architectural monuments ntawm lub sij hawm no, ces lub richest Greek colonies nyob rau ntawd. Tshwj xeeb yog lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Poseidon ntawm Paestum. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog ib qho ntawm xya qhov kev xav hauv ntiaj teb - lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Artemis hauv Efexaus, uas tau hlawv los ntawm Herostratus.

cov tuam tsev nto moo hauv tebchaws Greece
cov tuam tsev nto moo hauv tebchaws Greece

Temple of Poseidon ntawm Paestum

Lub monument ntawm ancient Greek architecture tseem paub rau cov neeg kawm raws li lub Tuam Tsev II ntawm Hera. Tej zaum nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog lub tsev muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Doric style, yos rov qab mus rau 5 BC. e. Nyob rau hauv nws hnyav thiab yooj yim tsos, nws qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm heroic tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm invading Persians. Ua ntejNiaj hnub no, ib feem ntawm cov kab sab saud, sab hauv ob-tiered colonnades thiab sab nraud, towering ntawm lub hauv paus ruaj khov, tau khaws cia. Zoo li cov tuam tsev qub ntawm thaj chaw (cov qub Posidonia), nws tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb uas tawv heev crystalline plhaub. Los ntawm saum toj no, nws tau kho nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm plaster. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis tu ncua yog pom nyob rau hauv architecture. Lub tsev muaj qhov ntev: 60 m ntev thiab 24 m wide.

II Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Hera nyob hauv Ltalis (40 km sab qab teb ntawm Salerno). Tam sim no nws qhib rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Nkag mus rau nws tus nqi 4 lossis 6 euros (nrog rau kev mus ntsib Archaeological Museum hauv Paestum).

ancient architecture
ancient architecture

Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Artemis ntawm Ephesus

Lub tuam tsev tau lees paub tias yog ib qho ntawm xya qhov kev xav uas muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Nws nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub nroog niaj hnub ntawm Selcuk (Turkey). Cov qauv muaj keeb kwm nyuaj thiab kev nyuaj siab.

Lub tsev thawj zaug thiab loj tshaj plaws ntawm qhov chaw no tau tsim nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th. BC e., thiab hauv 356 Herostratus hlawv nws. Tsis ntev lub tuam tsev thaum ub tau rov qab los hauv nws qhov qub, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua peb nws tau puas lawm, lub sij hawm no los ntawm cov Goths. Nyob rau hauv 4th c. lub sanctuary tau raug kaw thawj zaug thiab tom qab ntawd rhuav tshem nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog professing ntawm ib tug tshiab kev ntseeg - Christianity thiab txwv tsis pub ntawm pagan kev lis kev cai thiab cults. Lub tsev teev ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, txawm li cas los, kuj tsis sawv ntev.

Raws li mythology, Artemis yog Apollo tus muam ntxaib. Nws tau saib xyuas txhua lub neej hauv ntiaj teb (tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag), saib xyuas lawv thiab tiv thaiv lawv. Nws tsis tau deprived neeg ntawm nws mloog, muab kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv kev sib yuav thiab foom koob hmoov rau yug.cov xeeb ntxwv. Lub cult ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam nyob rau hauv Ephesus muaj txij li thaum immemorial. Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm nws, cov neeg hauv nroog tau tsim lub tuam tsev loj loj (ntev 105 m, dav 52 m, qhov siab ntawm 127 kab nruab rau hauv yim kab, sib npaug li 18 m). Cov nyiaj rau nws tau pub dawb los ntawm huab tais Lydian. Kev tsim kho tau ua tiav rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab lub sijhawm no ntau tus kws tsim vaj tsev tau hloov pauv. Lub tuam tsev tau ua los ntawm cov daus-dawb marble, thiab tus mlom ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam yog ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw thiab kub. Nws yog lub chaw lag luam thiab nyiaj txiag ntawm lub nroog, thiab cov kev cai dab qhuas tau muaj nyob rau ntawd. Lub tuam tsev thaum ub no tsis tau koom nrog lub nroog cov tub ceev xwm thiab tau nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm cov pov thawj hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Tam sim no, tsuas muaj ib kab uas kho dua tshiab tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub tuam tsev. Hauv Miniaturk Park (Turkey) koj tuaj yeem saib tus qauv ntawm lub tuam tsev (daim duab saum toj no).

Classic lub sijhawm hauv architecture

Lub sijhawm Classic, uas tau los ntawm 470 txog 388. BC e. - Qhov no yog lub hnub qub ntawm lub xeev, lub sijhawm ntawm kev ywj pheej siab dua thiab kev txhawb nqa. Cov tswv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tebchaws Greece tuaj rau Athens. Txoj kev ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm architecture yog inextricably txuas nrog lub npe ntawm tus loj tshaj sculptor ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no - Phidias. Cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov duab Pericles tau piav qhia txog lub phiaj xwm loj thiab loj heev rau kev txhim kho Acropolis. Nws yog nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Phidias tias thaum lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC. e. ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim kho loj tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim, tom qab ua tiav ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws architectural pawg tau tshwm sim, coj los ntawm Parthenon. Lub Acropolis ntawm Athens tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab puab los ntawm tus tswv thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Feem ntau, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub sijhawm qub tseem nyob hauv Doric hom tuam tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws ualighter nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab bold nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Maj mam, Ionic style thiab Corinthian tau nkag mus rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws nws tus kheej, cov tuam tsev ua noble, elegant thiab lub teeb. Tshwj xeeb mloog yog them rau proportions thiab khoom. Architects siv dawb marble, uas yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws architectural monuments ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd yog lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Theseus, nyob rau hauv Athens. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm yuav ua li cas Doric style tau toned hauv Attica.

Tib lub sijhawm, Doric style txuas ntxiv ua tus thawj coj Sicily, tawm tsam nrog cov qauv loj.

Parthenon

Acropolis ntawm Athens yog lub roob pob zeb 156 m siab nrog lub siab mos, txog 300 m ntev thiab 170 m dav. Lub tuam tsev tau mob siab rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm txhua tus Attica thiab Athens, tshwj xeeb yog tus vajtswv poj niam Athena tus nkauj xwb. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 447-438. los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Kallikrates raws li qhov project tsim los ntawm ancient Greek kws kes duab vajtse Iktin, thiab nplua nuj dai kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm sculptor Phidias. Tam sim no lub tuam tsev raug puas tsuaj, kev kho dua tshiab tseem tab tom ua.

Parthenon Acropolis ntawm Athens
Parthenon Acropolis ntawm Athens

Lub Parthenon yog lub tuam tsev qub, uas yog ib puag ncig Doric nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ionic style. Nws nyob ntawm peb kauj ruam marble, muaj qhov siab txog li 1.5 m. Los ntawm tag nrho cov sab, lub tuam tsev yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug colonnade: 8 kab ntawm lub facades ntawm lub tsev thiab 17 nyob rau txhua sab.

Cov khoom siv los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim yog Pentilian marble. Lub masonry qhuav, i.e.nqa tawm yam tsis siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab lossis cov cement.

Temple of Zeus ntawm Olympia

Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Olympian Zeus yog ib qho kev hwm tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Greece. Lub tsev no, uas yog ib qho piv txwv tseeb ntawm Doric kev txiav txim, kuj yog rau lub sijhawm classical. Lub tuam tsev tau tsim tsa thaum lub sijhawm 52nd Olympiad, tab sis kev tsim kho tsuas yog ua tiav ntawm 472-456. BC e. tag nrho cov Phidias tib yam.

lub tuam tsev ntawm hera
lub tuam tsev ntawm hera

Nws yog ib qho classic peripter nrog 13 kab raws lub tsev thiab 6 raws nws qhov dav. Lub tuam tsev tau tsim los ntawm limestone-plhaub pob zeb, xa los ntawm Poros. Qhov siab ntawm cov qauv mus txog 22 m, dav - 27 m, thiab ntev - 64 m. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tsos tau muaj ua tsaug rau excavations nyob rau hauv 1875, ua raws li kev taw qhia ntawm German archaeologist E. Curtius. Lwm qhov ntawm xya qhov kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub tau nyob hauv lub tuam tsev - qhov no yog tus pej thuam chrysoelephantine ntawm Zeus tsim los ntawm Phidias, qhov siab tshaj 10 m.

Lub Tuam Tsev Zeus, nrog rau ntau lwm tus hauv Olympia, raug rhuav tshem ntawm kev ua raws li Emperor Theodosius II, ua pov thawj ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Cov tseem ciaj sia thaum kawg tau muab faus rau hauv cov pob zeb tawg thaum av qeeg ntawm 522 thiab 551 BC. e. Fragments ntawm lub tuam tsev pom los ntawm excavations yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Archaeological Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Olympia, ob peb - nyob rau hauv lub Paris Louvre.

ancient cov tuam tsev hauv tebchaws Greece
ancient cov tuam tsev hauv tebchaws Greece

Tswv Ntuj ntawm hluav taws Hephaestus

Lub tuam tsev qub ntawm lub sijhawm qub, muab rau Hephaestus, tau khaws cia zoo tshaj plaws piv rau lwm tus. Nws tau supposedly erected thaum lub sij hawmntawm 449 thiab 415 BC e. Lub sanctuary yog ib lub tsev ntawm Doric kev txiav txim. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus kws tsim vaj tsev tsis tau khaws cia, tej zaum nws yog tib tus kws tsim vaj tsev uas tau koom nrog kev tsim kho lub tuam tsev ntawm Ares ntawm Agora ntawm Cape Sounion, thiab Nemesis hauv Ramnunt.

Lub tsev tsis raug rhuav tshem thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam tsev tau siv los ua lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox. St. George los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th mus rau 1834. Tom qab ntawd nws tau muab cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tebchaws monument.

Lub sijhawm Hellenistic

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 338 txog 180 xyoo. BC e. Greek architecture pib poob nws cov yam ntxwv purity ntawm saj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm sensuality thiab pomp, uas nkag mus rau Hellas los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Sculptors, paintings thiab architects muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau ntxiv txog lub showiness ntawm lub tsev, nws splendor. Ib tug tuaj yeem hnov txhua qhov chaw thiab txhua qhov chaw muaj kev nyuaj siab rau Corinthian style. Cov vaj tse ntawm pej xeem xwm raug tsim - ua yeeb yam, palaces, thiab lwm yam.

ancient tuam tsev sanctuary
ancient tuam tsev sanctuary

Cov tuam tsev Greek nto moo ntawm lub sijhawm Hellenistic tau mob siab rau Winged Athena (hauv Tegea), Zeus (hauv Nemea). Ntau lub tsev loj thiab nplua nuj tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm no hauv Asia Minor. Tshwj xeeb, lub tuam tsev loj ntawm F. Didyma hauv Miletus (daim duab saum toj no).

Lub sijhawm Roman faj tim teb chaws

Kev tsim lub tebchaws A. Macedon xaus rau lub sijhawm ntawm classics thiab Greek kev ywj pheej. Thaum lub sij hawm Hellenistic, Greek kos duab dhau nws theem kawg ntawm kev loj hlob. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Rome, tim Nkij teb chaws poob nws lub qub kev zoo kawg nkaus, thiab kev ua vaj tse yog yuav luag tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws ua yeeb yam uas tau sib sau ua ke hauv lub nroog nyob mus ib txhis cojkev lig kev cai ntawm lawv cov kos duab thiab pab txhawb rau lub ennoblement ntawm Roman architecture. Lub sijhawm no (180-90 BC), Greek art yuav luag sib koom nrog Roman art.

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