Cov kws sau ntawv Renaissance zoo

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Historian Jules Michelet nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIX yog thawj zaug siv lub tswvyim ntawm "Renaissance". Cov kws ntaus nkauj thiab cov kws sau nkauj uas yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm tau koom nrog lub sijhawm uas tau pib hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, thaum lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm pawg ntseeg tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua nrog nws txoj kev txaus siab rau tib neeg.

Renaissance music

Tebchaws Europe tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv. Ib me ntsis dhau los, cov tswv yim ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg tau tshwm sim hauv ltalis, tab sis cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai tau tswj hwm los ntawm Dutch lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov twg thawj zaug tshwj xeeb metrias (chaw nyob) tau tsim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj los qhia cov neeg sau yav tom ntej. Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau nthuav tawm hauv lub rooj:

polyphonic song	Motet	Polyphonic Mass
Ib hom suab nrov nrov tsim nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia: ze rau zaj nkauj (canzona, villanella, barcarolle, frottola) thiab cuam tshuam nrog cov kab lis kev cai (madrigal)	Txhais los ntawm Fabkis - "lo lus". polyphonicsuab paj nruag thaum lub sij hawm ib lub suab koom nrog lwm tus nrog tib los yog txawv lyrics	Ntau lub suab nkauj rau cov ntawv thov Vajtswv hauv tsib ntu

Cov kws sau ntawv Renaissance nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Netherlands yog Guillaume Dufay, Jakob Obrecht, Josquin Despres.

Zoo Dutch

Johannes Okeghem tau kawm nyob rau ntawm Notre-Dame metris (Antwerp), thiab nyob rau hauv 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th nws tau los ua ib tug chorist nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke Charles kuv (Fabkis). Tom qab ntawd, nws tau mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm vaj ntxwv tsev hais plaub. Tau nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog laus laus, nws tau tso tseg ib qho keeb kwm zoo nyob rau hauv txhua yam, tau tsim nws tus kheej ua ib tug neeg zoo heev. Cov ntawv sau ntawm nws 13 pawg hu ua Chigi codex tau los rau peb, ib qho yog pleev xim rau 8 lub suab. Nws tsis tsuas yog siv lwm tus xwb, tab sis kuj yog nws cov suab paj nruag.

Orlando Lasso yug hauv thaj chaw ntawm Belgium niaj hnub (Mons) xyoo 1532. Nws lub peev xwm suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej thaum yau. Tus tub raug nyiag los ntawm tsev peb zaug kom nws ua tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo. Nws tau siv tag nrho nws lub neej neeg laus hauv Bavaria, qhov chaw uas nws tau ua tus tenor ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke Albrecht V, thiab tom qab ntawd coj lub tsev teev ntuj. Nws pab neeg tshaj lij tau pab txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm Munich mus rau hauv lub suab paj nruag hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov chaw uas muaj ntau tus kws sau nkauj Renaissance tau tuaj xyuas.

Cov txuj ci xws li Johann Eckard, Leonard Lechner, Italian D. Gabrieli tuaj nrog nws kawm. Xyoo 1594, nws pom nws qhov chaw so zaum kawg ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Munich, tawm hauv qhov chaw zoo. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam: ntau dua 750 motets, 60 pawg thiab ntau pua zaj nkauj, uas nrov tshaj plaws yog Susanne un jour. Nws motets ("Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Sibyls") yog qhov tshiab, tab sis nws kuj yog lub npe hu ua suab paj nruag secular, uas muaj kev lom zem ntau (vilanella O bella fusa).

Italian tsev kawm ntawv

Cov kws sau ntawv Renaissance los ntawm ltalis, ntxiv rau cov lus qhia ib txwm muaj, nquag tsim cov suab paj nruag (organ, bowed string instruments, clavier). Lub lute tau los ua cov cuab yeej siv tshaj plaws, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, harpsichord tau tshwm sim - tus thawj coj ntawm pianoforte. Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem, ob lub tsev kawm uas muaj suab npe tshaj plaws tau tsim: Roman (Giovanni Palestrina) thiab Venetian (Andrea Gabrieli).

Giovanni Pierluigi tau muab lub npe Palestrina los ntawm lub nroog ze Rome qhov chaw uas nws yug los thiab ua haujlwm pab pawg hu nkauj thiab koom haum hauv pawg ntseeg loj. Hnub yug yog kwv yees heev, tab sis nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1594. Thaum nws lub neej ntev nws tau sau txog 100 pawg thiab 200 motets. Nws "Mass of Pope Marcellus" tau qhuas los ntawm Pope Pius IV thiab tau los ua tus qauv ntawm Catholic dawb huv suab paj nruag. Giovanni yog tus sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev hu nkauj tsis muaj suab paj nruag nrog.

Andrea Gabrieli, ua ke nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab tus tub xeeb ntxwv Giovanni, ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Mark (XVI xyoo pua), "xim" cov nkauj hu nkauj nrog lub suab ntawm lub cev thiab lwm yam twj paj nruag. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Venetian gravitated ntau rau cov suab paj nruag secular, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tsim Sophocles 'Oedipus nyob rau theem ua yeeb yam, Andrea Gabrieli tau sau cov suab paj nruag ntawm pawg hu nkauj,ib qho piv txwv ntawm choral polyphony thiab harbinger ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm opera.

Txoj kev ntawm lub tsev kawm German

Lub tebchaws German tau tso tawm Ludwig Senfl, tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij ntawm xyoo pua 16th, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis mus txog qib ntawm Dutch masters. Cov nkauj ntawm cov kws sau paj huam-cov neeg hu nkauj los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse (meistersingers) kuj yog cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb ntawm Renaissance. German composers sawv cev hu nkauj corporations: tinsmiths, shoemakers, weavers. Lawv koom ua ke thoob plaws hauv ib cheeb tsam. Tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Nuremberg lub tsev kawm hu nkauj yog Hans Sachs (xyoo ntawm lub neej: 1494–1576).

Yug los ntawm tsev neeg ntawm tus kws txiav khaub ncaws, nws ua haujlwm tag nrho nws lub neej ua tus tsim khau, tawm tsam nrog nws txoj kev xav thiab kev nyiam suab paj nruag thiab kev sau ntawv. Nws nyeem phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum hauv kev txhais lus ntawm tus zoo hloov kho Luther, paub cov kws sau paj lug thaum ub thiab txaus siab rau Boccaccio. Ua ib tug neeg ntaus suab paj nruag, Sachs tsis tau paub cov ntaub ntawv ntawm polyphony, tab sis tsim suab paj nruag ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom nkauj. Lawv nyob ze ntawm kev ua las voos, nco tau yooj yim thiab muaj qee qhov kev sib dhos. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog "Silver Chant".

Renaissance: cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab cov kws sau nkauj ntawm Fabkis

Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Fabkis yeej tau ntsib kev rov qab los tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, thaum cov av sib raug zoo tau npaj hauv lub tebchaws.

Ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws yog Clement Janequin. Nws yog paub tias nws yug los nyob rau hauv Chatellerault (kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th) thiab mus los ntawm ib tug tub hu nkauj mus rau tus kheej composer ntawm huab tais. Ntawm nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim, tsuas yog zaj nkauj uas tawm los ntawm Attenyan tau muaj sia nyob. Muaj 260 ntawm lawv, tab sis muaj koob meej tiagyeej cov uas tau dhau qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm: "Birdsong", "Hunting", "Lark", "War", "Screams of Paris". Lawv tau luam tawm tas li thiab siv los ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv los kho dua.

Nws cov nkauj yog polyphonic thiab zoo li choral scenes, qhov twg, ntxiv rau onomatopoeia thiab cantilena voicing, muaj exclamations lub luag hauj lwm rau lub dynamics ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws yog ib qho kev sim siab los nrhiav cov tswv yim tshiab duab.

Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Fabkis nto moo yog Guillaume Cotelet, Jacques Maudui, Jean Baif, Claudin Lejeune, Claude Goudimel, uas tau muab cov suab paj nruag rau lub tsev khaws khoom sib haum xeeb, uas tau pab txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm suab paj nruag los ntawm cov pej xeem.

Renaissance Composers: England

Lub xyoo pua 15th hauv tebchaws Askiv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm John Dubsteil, thiab xyoo pua 16th los ntawm William Byrd. Ob tug tswv gravitated rau suab paj nruag dawb ceev. Noog tau pib ua ib tus kws kho mob hauv Lincoln Cathedral thiab xaus nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Royal Chapel hauv London. Thawj zaug, nws tau tswj xyuas kev sib txuas suab paj nruag thiab kev ua lag luam. Nyob rau hauv 1575, nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Tallis, tus composer los ua ib tug monopolist nyob rau hauv luam tawm suab paj nruag tej hauj lwm, uas tsis coj nws ib tug profit. Tab sis nws tau siv sijhawm ntau los tiv thaiv lawv txoj cai rau cov cuab yeej hauv tsev hais plaub. Tom qab nws tuag (1623) nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, nws raug hu ua "cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm suab paj nruag".

Dab tsi yog cov kws sau ntawv zoo ntawm Renaissance tso tseg? Noog, ntxiv rau cov ntawv luam tawm (Cantiones Sacrae, Gradualia), khaws ntau cov ntawv sau,xav tias lawv tsim nyog rau kev pe hawm hauv tsev xwb. Madrigals tau luam tawm tom qab (Musica Transalpina) tau pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Italian, tab sis ob peb pawg thiab motets tau suav nrog hauv cov nyiaj kub ntawm cov suab paj nruag dawb ceev.

Spain: Cristobal de Morales

Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Spanish ntawm suab paj nruag taug kev los ntawm Vatican, ua yeeb yam hauv papal chapel. Lawv xav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Dutch thiab Italian, yog li tsuas yog ob peb tus tau tswj hwm kom muaj npe nrov sab nraud lawv lub tebchaws. Renaissance composers los ntawm Spain yog polyphonists tsim choral tej hauj lwm. Tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Cristobal de Morales (XVI xyoo pua), uas tau coj Metriza hauv Toledo thiab tau cob qhia ntau dua ib tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Ib tug thwjtim ntawm Josquin Despres, Cristobal tau coj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau ntau lub suab hu ua homophonic.

Tus sau ob lo lus thov (qhov kawg rau tsib lub suab) thiab "Tus Neeg Ua Tub Rog" pawg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Nws kuj tau sau secular tej hauj lwm (ib tug cantata nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm qhov xaus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb treaty nyob rau hauv 1538), tab sis qhov no yog hais txog nws ua ntej ua hauj lwm. Taug qab lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Malaga thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws tseem yog tus sau nkauj dawb ceev.

Siv qhov xaus

Renaissance composers thiab lawv tej hauj lwm tau npaj lub hnub qub ntawm instrumental music ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib hom ntawv tshiab - opera, qhov twg intricacies ntawm ntau lub suab yog hloov los ntawm lub primacy ntawm ib tug ua lub ntsiab suab paj nruag. Lawv tau ua ib qho kev sib tw tiag tiag hauv kev tsim kho suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus raucontemporary art.