Elizabethan baroque hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg: piav qhia, nta thiab nta

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Elizabethian baroque yog ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev uas tau tshwm sim thaum huab tais Elizabeth Petrovna kav. Nws loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tus kws kes duab vajtse, uas yog tus sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov style, yog Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Hauv kev hwm ntawm nws, Elizabethan baroque feem ntau hu ua "Rastrelli".

Precursor

Peter the Great kav tau coj ntau yam kev hloov pauv rau kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub tebchaws. Lub peev tshiab tau tsim nrog cov tsev nyob rau hauv ib qho style uas gravitated rau European canons ntawm architecture. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm ntawm lub npe Petrine baroque, tshwm sim los ntawm German, Dutch thiab Swedish architecture. Tus tshiab style yuav luag tag nrho tawm ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai, uas tau tuav nyob rau hauv siab hwm thiab tas li saib nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture rau ntau centuries. Yog, thiab baroque, nws yog hu ua heev conditionally. Lub architecture ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd xyaum tsis paub lub lush décor uas yog Ameslikas tus yam ntxwv ntawm style.

Petrine thiab Elizabethan baroque uas tuaj rau nwshloov, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Lub tom kawg absorbed cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Moscow architecture ntawm lig 17th - thaum ntxov 18th centuries, rov qab mus rau tus ntoo khaub lig-domed tswv yim rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev, dos thiab pear-zoo li tus dai kom zoo nkauj npog.

Style nta

Kev kav tus ntxhais yau ntawm Peter the Great tau cim los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm txoj cai tswjfwm lub xeev, kev txhawb nqa lub tebchaws loj. Cov qauv no tsis tuaj yeem tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau architecture. Lub Elizabethan baroque nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab dhau los tau ua lub embodiment ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim. Peb sau ob peb yam ntxwv ntawm qhov style no:

• ua ntau yam ntawm cov khoom dai;
• plasticity thiab dynamism ntawm architectural forms;
• sib piv cov xim sib txuas hauv sab nrauv;
• siv pilasters thiab peb-quarter kab;
• saib thiab ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv;
• rov qab mus rau qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture.

Maestro of style

Rastrelli tau tsim nws thawj qhov kev tsim hauv Courland rau Duke Biron. Tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse Anna Ioannovna thiab, thaum kawg, ntawm Elizabeth. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Rastrelli tau mus xyuas Moscow, qhov chaw uas nws muaj lub cib fim kom paub txog cov piv txwv ntawm tsoos Lavxias teb sab architecture. Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg, qhov kev taug luv luv no cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm tus tswv thiab, vim li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev kawm. Petersburg.

Thawj lub tsev uas Rastrelli ua raws li kev txiav txim ntawm Empress, thiab los ntawm qhov uas nws lub koob meej pib, yog lub caij ntuj sov palace. Hmoov tsis, lub tsev no tsis tau muaj sia nyob, vim nws yog ntoo. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev koom tes sib txawv, nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm ntau qhov haujlwm:

• Grand Palace hauv Peterhof (1747-1752);
• St. Andrew's Cathedral hauv Kyiv (kos duab kos duab ntawm lub tsev xyoo 1747);
• rebuilding the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (1752-1757).

Lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv nroog

Lub Caij Ntuj Sov Palace yog ib qho ntawm Rastrelli qhov kev tsim tshiab kawg. Lub tsev, uas niaj hnub no yog lub tsev Hermitage, tseem ua qauv qhia Elizabethan baroque rau txhua tus neeg niaj hnub no. Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1754. Thaj chaw ntawm lub palace yog 60 txhiab square meters thiab muaj 1500 chav. Lub tsev yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tsev nyob hauv nroog. Tus huab tais tau saib xyuas qhov no los ntawm kev tshaj tawm tsab cai txwv tsis pub tsim cov tsev siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no tau piav qhia tsis yog los ntawm kev xav ntawm tus huab tais, tab sis los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Rastrelli suav qhov zoo tshaj plaws proportions ntawm lub tsev txheeb ze rau qhov nruab nrab dav ntawm Neva. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom tseem tsis tau paub, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais meej meej tias qhov tseeb no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai tau ua nruj me ntsis.

Kev zoo nkauj tsis nco qab

Kev tsim kho lub caij ntuj no Palace tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv Catherine II thiab tsis muaj Rastrelli: Empress tshem nws, muabnyiam Felten, Wallen-Delamote, Rinaldi thiab Betsky. Lub tsev tau dhau los ua ntau qhov kev tsim kho thiab kho dua tshiab, tab sis txawm tias niaj hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus tau npaj los ntawm Rastrelli thiab tsim raws li nws cov lus qhia. Lush kho kom zoo nkauj, yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov variants ntawm Baroque style, muab lub palace ib tug solemn saib. Lub architecture ntawm lub tsev yog txawv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb atherosclerosis tsim los ntawm txhua kab, qee zaum sib cais los ntawm ib qho kev ncua deb, qee zaum sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib hom kab, risalits (protruding qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv tag nrho qhov siab), stepped corners.

Lub façade tig mus rau Palace Square, Rastrelli muab nrog lub koov. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tau tshoov siab los tsim nws thaum nws tab tom kho lub palace hauv Strelna. Lub tsev tau repainted ob peb zaug. Thaum xub thawj, sov ocher yog lub ntsiab xim, ib tug neeg cov ntsiab lus (kev txiav txim, décor) tau highlighted nrog dawb txiv qaub. Niaj hnub no, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub palace muaj emerald xim. Thawj zaug lawv ua zoo li no thaum pib Tsov Rog Tsov Rog.

Smolny Cathedral

Qhov kawg ntawm Rastrelli txoj haujlwm yog Smolny Monastery. Lub Elizabethan baroque nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub tsev no ci nrog tag nrho nws splendor. Smolny Cathedral, lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm pawg, tau tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 30, 1748. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Christian Knobel ncaj qha saib xyuas txoj haujlwm, tab sis tus sau ntawm lub tsev project yog Rastrelli.

Lub tsev teev ntuj yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam khoom zoo nkauj: lucarnes, arched (arched) pediments, tub txib saum ntuj thiab vases. Thaum xub thawj, tus kws kes duab vajtse tau mus tsim ib lub tsev raws li European qauv - nrogib dome. Elizabeth tsis pom zoo rau qhov kev txiav txim siab no thiab hais rau tsib lub domes, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Orthodox cathedrals. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog lub tuam tsev uas tsuas muaj ib qho xwb, lub dome loj tshaj plaws. Nws sawv ntawm ib lub nruas, muaj lub kaus mom zoo li lub kaus mom thiab yog crowned nrog dome dome. Qhov seem plaub domes yog tswb pej thuam.

Lub tsev teev ntuj pom pom tau muab faib ua ob thaj chaw. Ib qho suav nrog lub façade ntawm sab qis, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov tsos reminiscent ntawm lub palace. Qhov thib ob - tsib domes stretched upwards - yog sib dua thiab nrog nws cov architecture sib raug rau cov duab ib txwm ntawm lub tuam tsev. Lub Smolny Cathedral tau qhuas los ntawm ntau ntawm Rastrelli cov neeg kawm. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib lub tsev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws uas sawv cev rau Elizabethan baroque nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm St. Nws nyob ntawm Rastrelli Square nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog.

Kvasov's creations

Lwm tus kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Elizabethan Baroque ua haujlwm ua ke nrog Rastrelli ntawm Catherine Palace hauv Tsarskoye Selo: Andrey Vasilyevich Kvasov thiab Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky. Niaj hnub nimno kos duab thuam pom thawj zaug uas yog tus sau ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Sennaya. Lub tsev teev ntuj no tau tsim muaj nyob rau xyoo 1753. Txog rau hnub no, nws tau muaj sia nyob tsuas yog hauv cov duab: xyoo 1938 nws raug kaw, thiab xyoo 1961 nws tau tawg. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg, kev sau ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj raug ntaus nqi rau Rastrelli, tab sis cov neeg tshawb fawb niaj hnub tsis pom zoo nrog qhov no.

Rau cov kwv tij Razumovsky, Kvasov tsim palaces hauv Kozeltse, Gostilitsy thiab Znamenka (qhov kev sau ntawv ntawm qhov kawg tseem muaj teeb meem). Nyob rau hauv 1748 nws mus rau Ukraine, qhov chaw uas nws ua hauj lwmntawm tej yaam num nyob rau hauv Ukrainian baroque style.

Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky

Hauv Tsarskoe Selo, raws li kev tsim ntawm Chevakinsky, ob lub tsev ntawm Catherine Palace tau tsim tsa, Monbijou pavilion, uas tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, tsev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim Hermitage pavilion.

Chevakinsky yog tus thawj kws tsim qauv ntawm lub nkoj. Nws tau saib xyuas kev tsim kho cov tsev khaws khoom ntawm cov kob ntawm "New Holland" thiab tsim ib txoj kev npaj rau kev tsim kho ntawm Kronstadt. Lub Elizabethan baroque ua los ntawm Chevakinsky tau txais cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Tus kws kes duab vajtse feem ntau siv cov pob ntawm peb kab los kho cov ces kaum, wrought-iron balconies thiab brackets nrog cov qauv paj.

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Chevakinsky txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Nws nyob ntawm Nikolskaya Square hauv St. Petersburg thiab yog ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm Elizabethan Baroque.

Lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim los ntawm 1753 txog 1762. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev yog tus ntoo khaub lig. Lub ntsiab zoo nkauj uas adorn St. Nicholas Cathedral yog Corinthian kab, stucco architraves, dav entablature thiab forged lattices ntawm lub balconies. Lub tsev rushes nrog tsib gilded domes.

Lub Elizabethan baroque, cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm, tau tso tseg tsis ua tus qauv tseem ceeb tom qab Elizabeth Petrovna tuag. Qhov kev coj ua vaj tsev no xyaum tsis tau kis mus rau lub nroog hauv nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov style tau tshwm sim tsis yog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm St. Petersburg masters. Elizabethan Baroqueyog embodied nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Moscow architects, feem ntau D. V. Ukhtomsky thiab I. F. Michurin.