2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Architecture… Muaj ntau lo lus no. Tau ntau pua xyoo, architects tau ua haujlwm hnyav, tawm hauv lawv cov khoom zoo nkauj. Ntau yam ntawm lawv cov creation, hmoov tsis, yog poob rau hauv lub kwj ntawm lub sij hawm. Tab sis ntau tau muaj sia nyob mus rau niaj hnub no thiab txaus siab rau connoisseurs ntawm ntau hom architecture.
Definition of concept
Muaj ntau qhov nqis peev hauv lub tswv yim ntawm architecture. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog kev tsim kho. Tab sis tus kws kes duab vajtse tsis yog tsim ib yam dab tsi, nws tsim. Nws muab kev txawj ntse rau hauv kev tsim, sim tsim tej yam tshiab, tshwj xeeb. Ib tug kws kes duab vajtse thaum ub tau sau txog peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev: lub zog, kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev zoo nkauj. Lwm qhov ntxiv rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib plaub - expediency. Tau kawg, cov kev ua tau zoo no tau tshwm sim hauv txhua lub tsev, chaw ua si lossis chaw ua si uas lawv cov neeg tsim tau ua haujlwm.
Tab sis architecture tsis yog hais txog lub tsev xwb. Nws kuj yog kev kos duab ntawm kev tsim, tsim ib yam dab tsirau kev siv tswv yim los ntawm tib neeg, kev zoo nkauj, lub zog thiab yooj yim. Nws nyob ib puag ncig peb txhua qhov chaw. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, yeej ib txwm muaj architects uas nyiam cov kos duab no thiab dhau los ntawm lawv cov masterpieces mus rau tiam tom ntej.
Kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv ntawm hom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov qauv tsim pab kom pom lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb tsis yog raws li pawg lossis pawg ntawm cov duab, cov tsev, tab sis yog cov masterpieces cais. Cia wb mus saib qhov kos duab zoo nkauj no thiab pom nws cov yam ntxwv.
hom kev tsim qauv
Architecture, raws li ib feem ntawm kev kos duab, muaj nws qhov chaw lossis cov lus qhia. Kev npaj hauv nroog, toj roob hauv pes thiab tiaj ua si architecture thiab volumetric, uas yog, cov qauv loj yog cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm architecture. Cais, peb kuj tuaj yeem hais txog qhov tsim ntawm sab hauv, architecture ntawm cov ntawv me thiab lwm yam. Tab sis feem ntau cov seem yog suav nrog ib qho ntawm peb lub ntsiab.
Urban planning
Qhov kev pom hauv niaj hnub architecture tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no - nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws suav nrog kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho cov chaw nyob tshiab: megacities, nroog, nroog. Qhov no yog ib qho kev lag luam loj uas npog ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv ib qho complex, uas yog, tsis tsuas yog vaj tse, tab sis kuj txhua yam tsim nyog rau lub neej nyob rau hauv lub neej: tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kho mob, khw, thiab lwm yam thaj chaw rau qhov chaw nyob rau yav tom ntej kev sib hais haum. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev npaj hauv nroog tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho thiab khaws cov vaj tsev qub, uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov nroog.
Architecturekhoom siv
Qhov kev pom no ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv architecture. Qhov no suav nrog fortresses, kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse, vaj tse nyob ntawm ntau hom thiab ntau thiab tsawg, pej xeem vaj tse xws li tsev kawm ntawv, tsev cia puav pheej, khw, theaters, stadiums, raws li zoo raws li cov tsev lag luam, ntau yam factories, factories, chaw nres tsheb. Architects txiav txim siab, tsim thiab tsim ntau lub tsev uas xav tau los ntawm zej zog raws li cais units.
toj roob hauv pes architecture
Ntawm cov hom kev lag luam niaj hnub no, muaj ib qho ntxiv, tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, hom. Nws suav nrog txhua yam ntsig txog kev txhim kho kev sib haum xeeb, nws txoj kev nplij siab, kev zoo nkauj. Chaw ua si, boulevards, txoj kev, squares, squares nrog lawv lub teeb, monuments, fountains, khw, ntoo, bushes, laj kab, billboards muaj nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm toj roob hauv pes architecture. Cov kws tshaj lij hauv daim teb no tau koom nrog thaj chaw kho kom zoo nkauj, thaj chaw ze ntawm tsev thiab lwm lub tsev, nrog rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab chaw ua si, uas yog qhov zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj thiab qhov chaw so rau lawv cov qhua.
Basic styles of architecture
Raws li tau sau tseg, muaj ntau hom kev tsim vaj tsev. Tab sis peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov qauv uas tau tso lawv cov cim rau txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig peb rau ntau pua xyoo. Mus saib cov tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov duab kos duab, mus ncig xyuas lub nroog qub ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, peb tuaj hla ntau lub sijhawm tshwm sim hauv architecture. Txhua yam ntawm cov style yog characterized los ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv. Cov qauv feem ntau yog cais raws li lub sijhawm keeb kwm. Ntawm noCov tseem ceeb yog: Antiquity, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance los yog Renaissance, Baroque thiab Rococo, Classicism, Art Nouveau, Modernism thiab Postmodernism. Wb mus saib lawv ib co.
Architecture nyob rau hauv antiquity
Ua ntej, cia peb hais ob peb lo lus hais txog cov khoom qub qub, uas yog, archaic style. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov xeev qub xws li Assyria, Mesopotamia thiab Ancient Egypt. Txhua lub tsev tsim ua ntej xyoo pua tsib BC feem ntau yog ntaus nqi rau qhov style. Dab tsi yog qhov raug rau lawv? Simplicity, theej loj lub tsev pob zeb, ua raws li cov duab geometric thiab proportions. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov sib txawv hauv kev ua tiav ntawm pre-antique style. Piv txwv li, nyob rau tim lyiv teb chaws, muaj ib tug symmetry, thaum nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia muaj asymmetry.
Antiquity, raws li ib qho ntawm cov hom architecture, lossis cov qauv, feem ntau yog hais txog Ancient Greece. Qhov style no tau tshwm sim hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov tuam tsev. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov vaj tse kev cai dab qhuas, ces lawv cov nta yog cov phab ntsa tuab, qhov tsis muaj qhov rais thiab muaj ib lub qhov nyob rau hauv qab nthab rau lub teeb mus rau hauv lub tsev. Lawv yog cov symmetrical thiab rhythmic. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib qho system tau tsim, hu ua qhov kev txiav txim. Nws muaj peb txoj kev. Thawj, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua tsib BC, yog lub Corinthian kev txiav txim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm colonnades. Qhov kev txiav txim Doric, uas tshwm sim ib puas xyoo dhau los, tau txawv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav. Thiab qhov kawg, Ionic, tshwm sim tom qab tshaj li lwm tus. Nrov nyob rau hauv Asia Minor, qhov kev txiav txim Ionic tau sib dua, muaj kuab heevxwm txheej tsev.
Cov neeg Loos tau ua kom txoj kev txiav txim nplua nuj thiab zoo nkauj dua los ntawm kev ntxiv cov décor thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lawv cov tuam tsev thiab vaj tsev.
Architectural Middle Ages
Hais txog lub xyoo pua kaum, ib qho tshiab tshwm sim, hu ua Romanesque nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Nws kav tau ob lossis peb centuries. Lub sijhawm no ntawm keeb kwm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim cov castles, fortresses, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Lawv tau ua raws li cov qauv tsim uas muaj cov duab geometric yooj yim: lub voos xwmfab, lub tog raj kheej, parallelepiped. Maj mam, cov qauv no tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau cov yees thiab cov chav ua yeeb yam. Thaum pib ntawm lub sij hawm no yog yus muaj los ntawm nws cov phab ntsa paintings, thiab qhov kawg - los ntawm pob zeb reliefs ntawm lub facades. Monuments ntawm no peculiar feem ntau ntawm cov hom ntawm architecture tau ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe mus rau niaj hnub no.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII, ib tug tshiab style pib tshwm sim - Gothic. Nws yog characterized los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug ncej system nrog ntau yam arches thiab vaults. Nws feem ntau yog tus thawj coj kev tsim kho ntawm pawg ntseeg thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, uas thawj zaug pib tshwm nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm medieval Fabkis. Piv txwv li, lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv cov style no tau tsim nyob ze Paris nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th. Ntau xyoo dhau los, Gothic kis mus rau lwm lub tebchaws: Switzerland, Belgium, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Spain, Askiv. Ua tsaug rau Crusades, qhov style no tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov tsev ntawm Syria thiab Cyprus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, cov tsev hauv nroog tau pib tsim, siv Gothic style rau lawv cov khoom dai, thiab cov palaces es tsis txhob muaj cov fortresses.
NyobGothic yog hloov los ntawm Renaissance. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, qhov style no pib muaj koob meej. Lub Renaissance coj rov qab cov qauv qub qub, ntxiv rau nws sau ntawv ntawm nws cov kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws thiab kev pom, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Rau kev tsim vaj tsev, architects siv qhov kev txiav txim, nrog rau nws cov yam ntxwv symmetry, simplicity, proportionality, horizontality.
Nrog cov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv, hom tom ntej ntawm architecture tuaj - baroque, uas tshwm sim thaum tig ntawm 16th thiab 17th centuries. Ltalis yog qhov chaw yug ntawm cov style. Baroque yog manifested nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm palaces, cathedrals, pej xeem vaj tse. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov style yog qhov sib txawv, dynamism, majesty, kev sib xyaw ntawm illusion thiab kev muaj tiag, zoo saib yog them rau décor thiab stucco ntsiab.
Nrog rau qhov baroque, rococo style tshwm, uas muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Lightness thiab friendliness tshwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nruj symmetry disappears, ncaj kab thiab tiaj tus nto xyaum ploj. Cov monuments ntawm Rococo style uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no nyiam peb nrog lawv cov kev ua si thiab yooj yim hloov lawv mus rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Hom architecture ntawm lub tsev tau txais cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Classicism, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, rov qab los rau cov yam ntxwv thaum ub: kev sib haum xeeb, simplicity thiab monumentality.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.
Thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries, ib tug tshiab style tshwm - niaj hnub. Nws zoo heev txhim kho qhov muaj peev xwmkev tsim kho nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis. Muaj kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov ces kaum thiab cov kab paub, txhua yam yog qhia rau naturalness.
Tus qauv tom ntej yog modernism, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws suav nrog ntau yam subspecies ntawm architecture. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim txhua yam tshiab thiab siv tau, ua raws li lub sijhawm.
Yog li, raws li tau pom los ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm hom kev tsim vaj tsev, qhov kos duab no tau ua si thiab ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv tib neeg lub neej. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev zoo nkauj pab peb txaus siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm architecture thiab nkag siab tias tib neeg tau tsim thiab txhim kho li cas rau ntau pua xyoo, qhia qhov no hauv ntau yam ntsiab lus, nta thiab cov duab.
Pom zoo:
Yuav ua li cas kos tib neeg txoj kev xav? Kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev xav ntawm daim ntawv, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsej muag qhia, cov duab kos thiab cov lus qhia ib ntus
Ib daim duab ua tiav tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib txoj haujlwm uas zoo li yuav tshwm sim. Ib tug portrait ntawm ib tug neeg yog ua ciaj sia los ntawm cov kev xav uas tshwm sim rau nws. Qhov tseeb, nws tsis yog nyuaj rau kos cov kev xav li nws zoo nkaus li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Cov kev xav uas koj kos rau ntawm daim ntawv yuav qhia txog lub xeev ntawm lub siab ntawm tus neeg uas nws portrait koj depicting
Kev ua phem rau hauv architecture: keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv, cov kws tsim qauv nto moo ntawm USSR, cov duab ntawm cov tsev
Lub Brutalism style ntawm architecture pib hauv Great Britain tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv, uas tau tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm nyuaj rau tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe thiab lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev taw qhia no tsis yog tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm qhov teeb meem nyiaj txiag nyuaj ntawm lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj tau tsim ib lub siab tshwj xeeb thiab zoo li lub tsev, uas qhia txog kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hluav taws xob guitar: ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm cov qauv nrov, cov tuam ntxhab, cov lus piav qhia thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb
Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws guitar manufacturers, pab xaiv ib tug hluav taws xob guitar rau ib tug beginner, uas guitar xaiv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws hluav taws xob guitars, pheej yig tshaj thiab zoo tshaj plaws guitars nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, xaiv cov hlua rau guitars, hluav taws xob guitar rau beginners, guitar solos, kev sib piv ntawm manufacturers - txog tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm
Qhov kev txhais lus ntawm Tus Tswv ntawm Lub Rings yog qhov zoo dua: cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev xaiv, cov lus qhia thiab cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg nyeem
Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab txhais lus ntawm tus Tswv ntawm lub Rings muaj ntau nplooj ntawv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qhov txawv heev thiab muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev txhais lus. Piv txwv li, txawm hais tias cov uas twb muaj lawm "Qhia rau kev txhais lus ntawm lub npe los ntawm" Tus Tswv ntawm lub Rings ", sau tus kheej los ntawm Tolkien nws tus kheej, yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab-lus versions muaj nws tus kheej lub npe, thiab lawv tag nrho cov txawv markedly los ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab lus versions. ib leeg
Tus Tswv Yexus Khetos hauv Rio de Janeiro: piav qhia nrog cov duab, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim, qhov siab, qhov chaw, yuav ua li cas mus rau qhov ntawd, cov lus qhia thiab cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws
Tus mlom ntawm Tswv Yexus Khetos tus Txhiv Dim yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws, thiab yeej yog tus mlom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus uas embodied tus duab ntawm Vajtswv Leej Tub. Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm Rio de Janeiro thiab Brazil feem ntau, tus pej thuam ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Txhiv Dim tau nyiam cov neeg mus ncig thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig ntau xyoo. Thiab tus pej thuam ntawm Yexus Khetos nyob rau hauv Brazil yog suav nrog nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm Xya Wonders ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm peb lub sij hawm
