Dadaism - yog dab tsi? Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Dadaism nyob rau hauv painting

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, tib neeg tau saib xyuas lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb. Nws tsis txaus los ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv ib cheeb tsam kom muaj kev sib tham txaus siab hauv lub tuam txhab ntse.

Yuav kom nyob nrog lub neej thiab tsis poob ntsej muag ntawm lub sijhawm tseem ceeb, peb yuav tsum tsim kho thiab kawm ib yam tshiab.

Txhua tus uas xav tias nws tus kheej yog tus neeg kawm ntawv uas muaj kev nplua nuj yuav tsum nkag siab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev kos duab thiab kos duab, vim qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov ncauj lus uas feem ntau tham nrog cov neeg tsis paub hauv lub zej zog txawj ntse.

Muaj ntau tus qauv tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws sau ntawv, los ntawm nruj classicism mus rau eccentric thiab anarchic underground.

Hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib qho kev sib tham tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum - Dadaism.

Dada: txhais

Raws li koj nkag siab, qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum ua rau cov neeg xav tsis thoob nrog nws txoj kev lim hiam thiab kev ua tsis ncaj ncees. Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no tau dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev qia dub, kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab txawm tias kev ua phem ntawm qee tus neeg nom tswv. Kev tsis txaus siab ntawm pawg neeg loj hlob. Tag nrho cov kev nruj nruj thiab kev nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm qhov tshwm sim tau nchuav tawm los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Dadaism nws tus kheej yog avant-garde kos duab kev coj ua uas tsis lees paub cov cai ntawm kev sib xyaw xim thiab tsis suav nrog cov kab ntshiab thiab cov duab geometric. Xyoo 1916, cov kws ua yeeb yam, xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev ua tsov rog txaus ntshai, tau qhib rau cov neeg no hauv kev sau ntawv, suab paj nruag, pleev xim, ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas. Nrog cov kitsch zoo li no, lawv tau sim qhia lawv qhov kev saib tsis taus rau lub hwj chim, nws txoj kev cynicism, tsis muaj tib neeg, kev xav, thiab kev lim hiam uas, hauv lawv txoj kev xav, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub tebchaws.

Ib tug raws li cov kev taw qhia xws li Dadaism yog surrealism, uas kuj tsis lees paub txhua yam zoo nkauj.

Kev poob siab, kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev muaj, kev npau taws thiab kev tsis ntseeg hauv lub neej tom ntej zoo siab - cov no yog cov laj thawj ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no, uas tsis lees paub txhua txoj cai ntawm kev zoo nkauj.

Dadaism yog ib qho qauv uas tawm tsam tawm tsam kev ua tub rog thiab cov bourgeoisie, siv zog rau kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev ntseeg.

lub npe tuaj qhov twg

Yuav tsum nrhiav lo lus tsim nyog los sau npe zoo li no, uas txheeb xyuas qhov tsis muaj qab hau thiab tsis nkag siab txog qhov uas cov tub ceev xwm tau ua nyob rau xyoo ntawd.

Tristan Tzana, sim nrhiav lub npe tsim nyog rau tus qauv tsim tshiab, tau tig los ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Negro pab pawg lus thiab tuaj hla lo lus "dada".

Yog li, Dadaism yog txhais los ntawm cov lus ntawm haiv neeg African Kru - tus Tsov tus nyuj. Tom qab ntawd nws muab tawm tias hauv qee thaj tsam ntawm Ltalis yog li ntawdlawv hu tus nais maum thiab niam, thiab "dada" kuj tseem nco txog tus me nyuam mos.

Tus kws kos duab xav tias tsis muaj lub npe zoo dua rau qhov kev sib tw avant-garde.

Tus tsim ntawm kev txav

Dadaism ib txhij muaj keeb kwm hauv Zurich thiab New York, hauv txhua lub tebchaws ntawm ib leeg. Cov tsim ntawm qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo nkauj no suav nrog: tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus kws sau nkauj los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees Hugo Ball, Richard Huelsenbeck, Samuel Rosenstock - tus kws sau paj huam Fab Kis thiab Romanian (ib tug neeg Yudais los ntawm haiv neeg), paub zoo dua rau cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv pseudonym Tristan Tzara, a German thiab Fabkis kws sau paj lug, sculptor thiab artist Arp Jean, German-Fabkis artist Max Ernest thiab Janko Marcel, ib tug Israeli thiab Romanian artist. Tag nrho cov neeg nto moo no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Dadaism hauv kev pleev xim, ntawv nyeem, suab paj nruag thiab lwm yam kev kos duab.

Qhov chaw sib ntsib xaiv los ntawm pawg neeg muaj tswv yim no yog Cabaret Voltaire. Lub almanac luam tawm los ntawm Dadaists ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd dais lub npe ntawm lub koom haum no.

Txawm hais tias cov neeg uas tau hais los saum toj no tau suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm tam sim no peb tab tom tham txog, ob peb xyoos ua ntej nws lub hauv paus, lub ntiaj teb nto moo "lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm fuism", tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab Arthur Sapek thiab tus kws sau ntawv. Alphonse Ale thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muab tso rau kev kos duab thiab suab paj nruag ua haujlwm uas nqa tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no.

Feem ntau ntawm Bohemia, ua haujlwm hauv cov qauv ntawm Dadaism, tau nyob hauv Fab Kis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, qhov chaw no maj mam sib xyaw nrog avant-garde thiab surrealism.

Dadaism nyob rau hauv Russia tau nto moo ua tsaug rau cov paub zoo Moscow thiab Rostov pab pawg neeg sau ntawv Nichevka, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Los ntawm 1923, qhov kev taw qhia no tau hloov los ntawm cov tshiab thiab sib xws rau cov kev xav nrov nrov tam sim no. Dadaists retrained li expressionists thiab surrealists.

Dadaism hauv painting

Collage yog suav tias yog hom kev muaj tswv yim nrov tshaj plaws hauv cov qauv no: ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam, siv qee cov khoom tsim nyog raws li lub hauv paus, nplaum nrog ntau daim ntawv ntau xim, ntaub thiab lwm yam khoom ntxim nyiam.

Dadaism nyob rau hauv painting yog futuristic thiab constructivist nyob rau hauv cov xwm, qhov kev nyiam yog muab rau cov khoom tsim kho tshuab es tsis yog ib tug neeg thiab nws tus ntsuj plig.

Ntxhais tus qauv no nrog lawv lub tswv yim tab tom sim rhuav tshem cov lus ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm lo lus dav dav.

Txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Dadaism hauv kev pleev xim nrog lawv cov haujlwm tsis lees paub txhua yam kev xav, rhuav tshem ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev sib raug zoo canons uas tau tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, es tsis txhob tso rau pem hauv ntej rau kev qhia tsis muaj ntsiab lus, tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lawv qhov kev ntseeg thiab ruam cov duab thiab collages. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua tau zoo heev, vim lawv ua tau raws li lub xeev cov pej xeem.

Tsis muaj kev taw qhia zoo sib xws nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua li Dadaism hauv kev pleev xim. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd feem ntau tau los ua cov kws sau paj huam ib nrab hnub, uas tau pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv lawv cov haujlwm hauv ob qhov chaw no (R. Hausman, G. Arp, K. Schwieters, F. Picabia).

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau yav tom ntejlub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm "fumism" muab cov Dadaists.

Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Dadaism tau kawm ntau yam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab Marcel Duchamp, cov haujlwm tau avant-garde thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.

Tus neeg pleev kob no hauv nws cov haujlwm tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau txhua hnub, cov khoom tsis zoo, uas qee qhov tseem yog Dadaism. Piv txwv ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog Chocolate Crusher No. 2 thiab Tsheb kauj vab.

Nrog nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws kos duab, zoo li txhua tus Dadaists, thuam lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws thiab txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab, hu rau kev ywj pheej thiab kev npau taws.

Dadaism hauv suab paj nruag thiab paj huam

Dhau li ntawm cov duab kos, cov Dadaists tau ntes lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Lawv tau tswj xyuas cov duab, suab paj nruag, nyeem ntawv thiab seev cev hauv ib qho kev nthuav qhia.

Kurt Schwieters yog ib tug Dadaist tig inventor ntawm suab paj huam, uas nws hu ua "zoo paj huam". Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no ntawm kev nthuav qhia, ib zaj dab neeg yog intertwined nrog suab paj nruag, piv txwv li, kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhia nrog suab nrov hauv paj huam. Cov paj huam no feem ntau muaj lub ntsiab lus nrog kev tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev tawm tsam bourgeois keeb kwm. Cov kws sau paj lug thuam cov tub ceev xwm thiab tsim kev coj ncaj ncees hauv lawv.

Ntau zaus, cov pej xeem tau muab tej hauj lwm poetic uas tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv cov lus thiab kab lus, tab sis muaj ib txheej ntawm suab, ntawv, qw, thiab suab paj nruag.

Dadaism kuj yog suab paj nruag coj los ntawm cov neeg nto moo xws li: Francis Piquebia, Georges Ribemont-Desay, Erwin Schulhoff, Hans Heusser, Albert Sevino, Erik Satie. Lawv cov ntawv sau tau hnavsuab nrov thiab qhia cov tsiaj essence ntawm haiv neeg, uas tsis yog ib txwm meej rau ib tug yooj yim layman.

Dances nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no kuj tsis txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug txheej ntawm du thiab kev cob cog rua, thiab cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov seev cev tau sewn nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm zigzag cubism, uas tsis ntxiv aesthetics rau lawv.

Dadaists, nkees ntawm lub teb chaws kev sib cav sib ceg uas tsov rog coj, npau suav ntawm kev koom ua ke lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho. Cov lus qhia nyiam hauv "Cabaret Voltaire", uas zoo li bohemia ze tshaj plaws, yog: African suab paj nruag, jazz thiab ua si balalaika.

Art in Germany

Nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Dadaism yog, thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov, kev tawm tsam nom tswv, nthuav tawm los ntawm hom kev kos duab hauv av.

Cov pab pawg neeg ua yeeb yam hauv lub tebchaws no tsis tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, zoo li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov qauv no hauv lwm lub xeev. Ntawm no, Dadaism yog ntau ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo thiab qhia tag nrho cov iab ntawm cov neeg tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab nws cov kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub teb chaws puas thiab tsis muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws lub hauv caug.

Tsis tas li ntawd, German Dadaists H. Hench thiab G. Gross hauv lawv cov haujlwm tau hais txog kev khuv leej rau Russia, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau nyob hauv lub xeev ntawm kev hloov pauv.

Dada tau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo pua 20th thaum Gross, Heartfield, Heche thiab Houseman tsim duab duab nrog rau ntau cov ntawv xov xwm nom tswv.

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1920, rau qhov kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov neeg txawj ntse uas tau hais los saum toj no tau teeb tsa kev ncaj ncees Dadaist, qhov chaw bohemians los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tuaj sib sau ua ke.

Nws nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemeeslub collage tau raug txhim kho, raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm photomontage tau tshwm sim ntawm nws hauv symbiosis nrog cubism.

Ntxiv rau nws cov haujlwm hauv kev coj ua ntawm kev pleev xim, Husman ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sau ntawv muaj tswv yim, nthuav tawm rau pej xeem ob peb zaj paj huam "abstract", uas tsuas yog ntawm lawv cov suab nrov thiab nco txog lub ntsej muag shamanic.

Richter thiab Egeleng suav hais tias yog txiv ntawm Dada xinesmas.

In France

Dadaism hauv kev kos duab tau txais kev qhia tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv Fab Kis, txij li nws keeb kwm pib txawm tias ua ntej lub npe ntawm lub zog no.

Tib neeg nyiam Duchamp, Picabia thiab "poet boxer" Caravan paub txog cov haujlwm ua ntej Dadaist.

Tom qab tso tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Tam sim ntawd" qhov uas nws thuam cov neeg muaj npe nrov thiab tau tshuaj xyuas uas suav nrog cov dab neeg tsim.

Nws nyob qhov ntawd uas tus tsim ntawm Dadaism Tristan Tzana nyob.

Paris suav tias yog lub tsev khaws khoom ntawm avant-garde art ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Eric Satie, Picasso thiab Coteau tau tsim ib qho kev ua yeeb yam tsis zoo uas tsis haum rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov txiaj ntsig classic. Dadaist ua qauv qhia, manifestos, exhibitions thiab ntau cov ntawv xov xwm tau lossi luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no.

Duchamp tso tawm cov duab nto moo ntawm cov classics. Lub tswv yim tiag tiag ntawm Dadaism yog Mona Lisa nrog lub ntsej muag pleev xim, uas tau txais lub npe "Nws tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus thiab kub hnyiab."

Ernest, tsim nws cov duab kos, siv cov khoom qub qub. Nws kos cov duab uas txhua tus tuaj yeem nkag siab, tab sis lawv dhau los nrog kev lom zem dub.

Ttsana coj los rau sawv daws mloog ua kev lom zemtxoj hauj lwm "Lub plawv ntawm Gas", uas nyob rau hauv 1923 ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob rau hauv lub koom haum Dada, thiab Andre Breton xav kom muaj kev sib cais nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no nrog rau cov tom ntej tsim ntawm surrealism.

Nyob rau xyoo 1924, Tzana nthuav tawm qhov xwm txheej "Hloov phuam ntawm huab" rau lub sijhawm kawg.

Dada in New York

Lub tsev thib ob ntawm tam sim no yog New York, uas tau dhau los ua qhov chaw rau ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam tawm tsam rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv lwm lub tebchaws.

Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Beatrice Wood thiab Mann Ray tau los ua lub plawv ntawm Dadaism hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tsis ntev los no koom nrog Arthur Crevin, uas tau khiav tawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab mus rau Fabkis cov tub rog. Lawv tau nthuav tawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv Alfred Stieglitz Gallery thiab hauv tsev ntawm Arensbergs.

New York Dadaists tsis tau teeb tsa cov ntawv tshaj tawm, lawv tau tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev xav los ntawm kev tshaj tawm xws li "Dis muag" thiab "New York Dadaism", qhov uas lawv thuam cov kev coj noj coj ua uas nyiam los ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej.

American Dadaism txawv txav los ntawm European, nws tsis muaj kev tawm tsam nom tswv, tab sis yog raws li kev lom zem.

Xyoo 1917, Duchamp tau tso zis tso rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam, uas nws dai ib qho kos npe nrog cov ntawv sau "Fav", uas ua rau tag nrho cov neeg tuaj sib sau ua ke. Txwv tsis pub nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov duab puab yog tam sim no suav hais tias yog ib tug monument ntawm modernism.

Vim Duchamp txoj kev tawm mus, lub tuam txhab ntawm Dadaists nto moo tawg.

Nyob hauv Netherlands

Nyob rau hauv Netherlands tus Dadaist nto moo tshaj plaws yog Theo Van Desburg, uas luam tawm ib phau ntawv xov xwm hu ua "De Stijl". Nws sau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv no nrog tej hauj lwm nto mooAdherents ntawm avant-garde style.

Ua ke nrog nws cov phooj ywg Stirves thiab Vilmos Hussar, nrog rau nws tus poj niam Nely Van Disberg, nws tsim lub tuam txhab Dutch ntawm Dadaism.

Tom qab Disberg txoj kev tuag, nws tau pom tias hauv nws phau ntawv xov xwm nws kuj tau luam tawm cov paj huam ntawm nws tus kheej sau, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua IK Bonset.

Txoj Cai ntawm Dadaism

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1924, Dadaism raws li kev sib cais hauv kev kos duab tau tso tseg. Nws tau koom nrog Surrealism thiab Social Realism hauv Fabkis thiab nrog Modernism hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Cov qauv no, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm kev poob siab nrov, yog raug hu los ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij ib tus harbinger ntawm postmodernism.

Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, feem ntau ntawm Dada cov kws ua yeeb yam tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas.

Adolf Hitler, lees paub nws lub tswv yim nkaus xwb, suav tias yog kos duab ntawm "Dada" degenerate, desecrating qhov tseeb (hauv nws lub tswv yim) muaj nuj nqis thiab tsis tsim nyog ntawm lub neej ntawm ib hom, yog li nws tsim txom thiab kaw cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam uas tau xaus rau hauv German camps muaj cov neeg Yudais cov hauv paus hniav, nrog rau cov neeg raug tsim txom thiab tuag.

Echoes ntawm Dadaism tseem tshwm sim hauv pawg neeg tawm tsam thiab nom tswv ntawm Bohemia, piv txwv li, Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev Tsis Txaus Siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, pawg Chamboemba nrov tau hu nws tus kheej ua raws li Dadaism.

Qee cov kws sau ntawv xav txog Lenin yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Dada club, thaum nws koom nrog balalaika orchestra, uas tau thov rau cov neeg sib sau ua ke ntawm Cabaret Voltaire, nrog raunws nyob rau qee lub sij hawm tsis deb ntawm lub tsev uas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub zog no tuaj sib sau ua ke.

Txij lub sijhawm, cov tsev khaws puav pheej muaj npe nrov tau npaj kev nthuav qhia ntawm Dadaist tej hauj lwm. Xws li ib qho kev nthuav qhia tau muaj nyob rau hauv 2006 nyob rau hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Modern Art, nyob rau hauv Paris, nyob rau hauv Washington, ntawm lub National Art Gallery thiab ntawm Georges Pompidou Center nyob rau hauv Paris. Kev ua yeeb yam hauv cov style ntawm "dadaism" yog ib qho khoom plig rau lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas tuag thaum lub sij hawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Yog li, cia peb piav luv luv txog qhov tam sim no yog dab tsi thiab txhais nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.

• Dadaism yog ib qho kev kos duab nrog kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv thiab kev coj noj coj ua bourgeois. Nws refutes txhua yam muaj tseeb, zoo nkauj thiab sab ntsuj plig, luam tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm lub sij hawm.
• Kev kos duab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, uas tau sau nrog Dadaism. Cov kws ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm hauv lub hwj chim no feem ntau siv collage, uas sib txuas cov khoom siv ci ntsa iab, ntawv xov xwm clippings thiab photomontage.
• Nkauj tawm tshiab los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ntawm qhov kev txav no yog suab nrov hauv xwm.
• Cov ntawv nyeem kuj tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Dadaists yog paj huam, uas tsis yog cov lus siv lub suab, nco txog qhov kev thov rau cov vajtswv ntawm cov neeg thaum ub.
• Movies thiab ua yeeb yam hauv qhov tam sim no kuj tsis muaj tseeb thiab muaj cov npe txawv txawv tsis sib xws.
• Lawv sculptures yog cov khoom siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Lub monument nto moo tshaj plaws rau Dadaism yog lub tso zis, uas tus sau muab nws lub npe "Fav".
• In choreography styleqhia nrog cov neeg seev cev hnav khaub ncaws tsis zoo.
• Cov kev phem ntawm Bohemians ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem hu ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm Dadaism hauv kev coj noj coj ua.

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb paub tias Dada style yog dab tsi thiab yog vim li cas nws sawv, deciphered nws lub npe, tham txog nws cov founders, pom qhov txawv ntawm Dadaism nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws thiab saib nws cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv suab paj nruag, ntawv nyeem, painting, zaj duab xis, seev cev thiab architecture.

Peb vam tias peb tuaj yeem teb koj cov lus nug.