Art: keeb kwm ntawm kos duab. Hom kev kos duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev nkag siab txog qhov muaj tiag, kev xav thiab kev xav hauv lub cim - tag nrho cov no yog cov lus piav qhia uas tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev kos duab nyob tom qab centuries ntawm paub tsis meej. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev ua ub no tuaj yeem taug qab rov qab mus rau qhov kev tshawb pom archaeological, lwm tus tsuas yog tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev.

Nyeem mus kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm ntau hom kev kos duab, nrog rau cov kev xav nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Keeb kwm theories

Tau ntau txhiab xyoo neeg tau nyiam kev kos duab. Keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab yog qhia nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsim cov kev xav thiab sim ua kom paub meej lawv.

Hnub no, muaj ntau yam kev xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws tsib txoj kev xaiv, uas peb yuav tham txog tom ntej.

Yog li, txoj kev ntseeg kev ntseeg yuav raug hais ua ntej. Raws li nws, kev zoo nkauj yog ib lub npe thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm tus Tswv nyob hauv ntiaj teb, hauvpeb lub ntiaj teb no. Art yog cov khoom siv ntawm lub tswv yim no. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm tib neeg creativity tshuav lawv cov tsos rau tus Creator.

Cov kev xav hauv qab no hais txog qhov kev xav ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev kos duab qub, tshwj xeeb, los ntawm qhov kev ua si. Nws yog hom kev ua ub no thiab kev ua si uas tshwm sim ua ntej ua haujlwm. Peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam nws hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub nceeg vaj tsiaj. Ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm version yog Spencer, Schiller, Fritsche thiab Bucher.

Txoj kev xav thib peb pom kev kos duab ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm eroticism. Tshwj xeeb, Freud, Lange thiab Nardau ntseeg tias qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim vim qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov poj niam txiv neej nyiam ib leeg. Ib qho piv txwv los ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb yuav yog mating games.

Cov neeg Greek thaum ub xav tias kev kos duab tshuav nws qhov tsos rau tib neeg lub peev xwm los xyaum. Aristotle thiab Democritus hais tias los ntawm kev ua raws li qhov xwm txheej thiab kev loj hlob hauv zej zog, tib neeg tau maj mam tuaj yeem ua lub cim qhia kev xav.

Tus yau tshaj yog Marxist txoj kev xav. Nws tham txog kev kos duab los ntawm tib neeg kev tsim khoom.

Tom ntej no, peb yuav saib keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau hom kev tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntse.

Theatre

Kev ua yeeb yam raws li daim duab kos duab tau yug los ntev. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias lub tswv yim no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam shamanic. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub, tib neeg vam khom rau tej xwm txheej, pe hawm ntau yam tshwm sim, thov kom dab pab tua tsiaj.

Rau qhov no, ntau yamlub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg thiab khaub ncaws, cov phiaj xwm tau ua tiav, cais rau txhua rooj plaub.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab ke no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev ua yeeb yam. Cov no yog cov rituals. Txhawm rau kom muaj qee qhov kev ua si tau muab cais ua kev kos duab zoo nkauj, yuav tsum muaj, ntxiv rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, kuj yog tus saib.

Yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb, kev yug ua yeeb yam pib thaum ub. Ua ntej ntawd, kev ua yeeb yam sib txawv tau sib txuas ua ke - seev cev, suab paj nruag, hu nkauj, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab ntawd, kev sib cais tau tshwm sim, peb cov lus qhia tseem ceeb tau maj mam tsim: ballet, drama thiab opera.

Ntxhais kev ua si txoj kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kos duab thov tias nws tshwm sim ua kev lom zem, lom zem. Yeej, nqe lus no yog ua raws li kev paub tsis meej thaum ub, qhov twg cov neeg hnav khaub ncaws ntawm satyrs, bacchantes. Thaum lub sijhawm no, kev ua yeeb yam, neeg coob coob thiab lom zem hnub so tau tuav ob peb zaug hauv ib xyoos.

Tom qab ntawd, lawv pib ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia cais - ua yeeb yam. Muaj tej hauj lwm ntawm playwrights, piv txwv li, Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles. Muaj ob hom - tragedy thiab comedy.

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, kos duab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tsis nco qab lawm. Qhov tseeb, nyob rau sab hnub poob teb chaws Europe nws tau yug los tshiab - dua los ntawm pej xeem hnub so thiab kev ua koob tsheej.

Painting

Keeb kwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj yog keeb kwm yav dhau los. Txog tam sim no, cov duab kos tshiab tau pom nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov qhov tsua hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, hauv Altamira qhov tsua hauv Spain, Niah Qhov tsua hauv Malaysia thiab lwm tus.

Feem ntau, cov dyes tau tov rau lawv nrog cov ntawv khi, piv txwv li, thee lossis ocher nrog resin. Cov phiaj xwm tsistau ntau yam. Yeej, cov no yog cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj, yos hav zoov scenes, handprints. Cov kos duab no belongs rau Paleolithic thiab Mesolithic.

Tom qab petroglyphs tshwm. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog tib lub pob zeb painting, tab sis nrog ib tug ntau dynamic zajlus. Silhouettes ntawm tib neeg twb tshwm sim ntawm no, cov neeg yos hav zoov scenes yog nce.

Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ancient Egypt. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev no ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile uas nruj canons ntawm ntau yam tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb, cov txuj ci zoo ntawm no ua rau cov duab puab thiab monumental painting.

Yog peb kawm cov duab kos thaum ub, peb yuav pom tias qhov kev coj ua ntawm kev xav tau tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg kev sim luam, kho qhov kev muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig.

Tom qab painting yog sawv cev los ntawm monuments ntawm Crete-Mycenaean lub sij hawm thiab ancient Greek vase painting. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm daim duab no pib nrawm. Frescoes, icons, thawj portraits. Txhua yam no tshwm sim thaum thawj ib puas xyoo BC.

Yog tias frescoes tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ces nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog, feem ntau cov kws ua yeeb yam tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance ua cov hom niaj hnub no maj mam pib sawv.

Yog li ntawd, Italian Renaissance tau muab lub zog rau kev txhim kho tag nrho Western European painting. Caravagism, piv txwv li, cuam tshuam rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam Flemish. Tom qab ntawd, baroque, classicism, sentimentalism thiab lwm yam tsim.

Music

Suab paj nruag tsis yog kos duab qub. Keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab yog ntaus nqi rau thawj rituals ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, thaum seev cev tsim, ua yeeb yam tau yug los. Tib lub sijhawm, suab paj nruag tshwm.

Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias tsib caug txhiab xyoo dhau los hauv tebchaws Africa, tib neeg tau qhia lawv txoj kev xav los ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov flutes uas archaeologists pom ib sab ntawm cov duab puab hauv cheeb tsam. Cov figurines muaj txog plaub caug txhiab xyoo.

Qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab, thiab lwm yam, tsis txhob tso tseg txoj kev cuam tshuam los saum ntuj los ntawm thawj cov neeg muaj tswv yim. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tias ib tug neeg yug yaj dhuav los yog neeg yos hav zoov tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm lub qhov ntawm cov yeeb nkab los ua lub suab zoo siab.

Txawm li cas los xij, thawj Cro-Magnons tau siv cov cuab yeej cua thiab cua hauv kev ua yeeb yam.

Tom qab los txog lub sijhawm ntawm cov nkauj qub. Thawj zaj nkauj sau tau rov qab rau xyoo 2000 BC. Ib ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum nrog cov ntawv cuneiform tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb hauv Nippur. Tom qab deciphering, nws paub tias cov suab paj nruag tau kaw nyob rau hauv thib peb.

hom kev kos duab no tau paub dav hauv Is Nrias teb, Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt. Thaum lub sij hawm no, cua, percussion thiab plucked twj siv.

Nkauj suab paj nruag los hloov. Qhov no yog kos duab los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub koom txoos kev taw qhia tau tsim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog. Lub secular version yog sawv cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm troubadours, buffoons thiab minstrels.

Literature

Keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai nkag siab dua thiabargumentative ua thaum nws los txog rau cov ntaub ntawv sau. Nws yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tso cai rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv xa mus. Yog tias lwm hom kev kos duab tau tsom mus rau qhov kev xav-kev xav, ces qhov kawg kuj ua haujlwm nrog pawg ntawm lub siab.

Cov ntawv qub qub muaj nyob hauv cov tebchaws xws li Is Nrias teb, Tuam Tshoj, Persia, Egypt thiab Mesopotamia. Lawv feem ntau tau muab dai rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tuam tsev, pob zeb, thiab muab cov ntaub nplaum nplaum.

Ntawm cov hom ntawm lub sijhawm no, nws tsim nyog hais txog zaj nkauj, ntawv lom zem, ntawv, ntawv sau keeb kwm. Tom qab ntawd, cov lus piav qhia, cov lus qhia, cov lus faj lem tshwm.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv thaum ub tau dhau los ua ntau thiab tsim kho. Cov neeg xav thiab cov kws sau nkauj, kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws sau paj huam ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome tau tso tseg rau lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ib qho khoom muaj nqis uas tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txawj ntse. Ntawm no lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub Western European thiab ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv tau nteg. Qhov tseeb, kev faib rau hauv cov nkauj, epic thiab yeeb yam tau thov los ntawm Aristotle.

Tom ntej los txog Hnub Nyoog Nrab. Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab, tshwj xeeb yog cov ntaub ntawv, pib thaum lub sij hawm no. Thawj hom muaj xws li phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, phau Vajlugkub, cov phau ntawv xaiv, cov lus qhia, thiab lwm yam.

Dance

Ib daim duab nyuaj tshaj plaws los sau. Tsis muaj leej twg tsis ntseeg tias kev seev cev tau tshwm sim ntev dhau los, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis zoo li tias nws yuav muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txawm tias qhov kwv yees kwv yees.

Cov duab ntxov tshaj plaws pom hauv qhov tsua hauv Is Nrias teb. Muaj cov pleev xim rau tib neeg silhouettes hauv kev seev cev poses. Raws li kev xav, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kos duab, nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog qhov yuav tsum tau qhia kev xav thiabattracting tus opposite pw ua ke. Nws yog kev seev cev uas tau lees paub qhov kev xav no.

Txog tam sim no, dervishes siv seev cev kom nkag mus rau trance. Peb paub lub npe ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Ancient Egypt. Nws yog Salome, keeb kwm los ntawm Idom (ib lub xeev qub nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Sinai Peninsula).

Kev vam meej ntawm Far East tseem tsis cais kev seev cev thiab ua yeeb yam. Ob qho ntawm cov duab kos duab no yeej ib txwm mus ua tes hauv tes. Pantomime, Japanese ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, Indian dancers, Suav carnivals thiab processions. Tag nrho cov no yog cov xwm txheej uas tso cai rau koj los qhia kev xav thiab ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua yam tsis siv cov lus.

Sculpture

Nws hloov tawm tias keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab zoo yog inextricably txuas nrog lwm yam kev tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Piv txwv li, cov duab puab tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm nres ntawm kev seev cev. Ntau tus mlom ntawm Greek thiab Roman tus tswv thaum ub ua kev lees paub.

Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia qhov teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab tsis meej. Sculpture, piv txwv li, ntawm ib sab, tau sawv los ua ib qho kev sim ua kom pom cov vajtswv thaum ub. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov tswv tau tuaj yeem nres lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej zoo tib yam.

Nws yog cov duab puab uas tso cai rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam los qhia kev xav, kev xav, kev nruj sab hauv lossis, qhov sib txawv, kev thaj yeeb hauv cov yas. Cov kev tshwm sim khov ntawm tib neeg lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig tau dhau los ua ib daim duab qub uas tau khaws cov tswv yim thiab cov tsos ntawm tib neeg lub sijhawm ntawd ntau txhiab xyoo.

Zoo li ntau lwm yam txuj ci, duab puab los ntawm Ancient Egypt. Tej zaum lub monument nto moo tshaj plawsyog Sphinx. Thaum xub thawj, craftsmen tsim kho kom zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau vaj ntxwv palaces thiab tuam tsev. Ntau tom qab, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov pej thuam mus txog lub teb chaws. Los ntawm cov lus no txhais tau hais tias los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, leej twg muaj nyiaj txaus los xaj tuaj yeem kho nws lub tsev nrog cov duab puab.

Vim li no, tej kev kos duab no thiaj li tso tseg tsis muaj vajntxwv thiab tej tuam tsev.

Zoo li ntau lwm qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, duab puab nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau poob qis. Kev txhawb siab tsuas yog pib nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Renaissance.

Hnub no daim duab no tau hloov mus rau qhov chaw tshiab. Ua ke nrog cov duab hauv computer, 3D tshuab luam ntawv ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov duab peb sab.

Architecture

Kev kos duab ntawm architecture yog tej zaum qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev los qhia txog kev xav muaj tswv yim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog architecture uas sib txuas lub koom haum ntawm qhov chaw rau tib neeg lub neej, kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov tswv yim thiab kev xav, nrog rau kev khaws cia ntawm qee yam ntawm kev lig kev cai.

cais cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab kos duab no tshwm sim thaum tib neeg tau muab faib ua cov txheej thiab castes. Qhov kev ntshaw ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov pov thawj los kho lawv lub tsev kom lawv sawv tawm ntawm lwm lub tsev tom qab ntawd coj mus rau qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev.

Txoj kev muaj tiag ntawm tib neeg, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ib puag ncig, phab ntsa - tag nrho cov no tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Thiab cov décor tso cai rau tus kws kos duab qhia lub siab thiab qhov chaw uas nws tso rau hauv lub tsev.

Circus

Lub tswv yim ntawm "cov kws ua yeeb yam" tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua yeeb yam. Hom spectacle no feem ntau pom tau tias yog kev lom zem. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm immemorial, fairs thiab lwm yam koob tsheej tau nws lub ntsiab venue.

Lo lus "circus" los ntawm Latin lo lus "round". Lub tsev qhib ntawm daim ntawv no tau ua qhov chaw rau kev lom zem ntawm cov neeg Loos. Qhov tseeb, nws yog hippodrome. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab lub tebchaws tawg, nyob rau sab hnub poob teb chaws Europe lawv tau sim txuas ntxiv cov kev lig kev cai, tab sis cov kev ua ub no tsis tau muaj koob meej. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, qhov chaw ntawm lub circus raug coj los ntawm minstrels ntawm cov neeg thiab paub tsis meej ntawm cov nom tswv.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau tsom mus rau kev txaus siab rau cov thawj coj. Lub circus, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau pom tias yog kev lom zem ncaj ncees, uas yog, nws yog qib qis.

Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Renaissance uas thawj zaug sim tsim ib qho qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub circus tshwm sim. Cov txuj ci txawv txawv, cov neeg muaj kev yug me nyuam, cov kws qhia tsiaj, jugglers thiab clowns thaum lub sij hawm ntawd lom zem rau pej xeem.

Tsis tau hloov ntau hnub no. Hom kev kos duab no yuav tsum muaj lub zog zoo kawg nkaus, muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo thiab muaj peev xwm "mus" lub neej.

Cinema

Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias ib tus neeg nkag siab qhov tseeb los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab, raws li kev xav, yog txuam nrog kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej qhia thiab kev sib cuam tshuam hauv zej zog.

Maj mam tsim cov qauv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, kev ua yeeb yam zoo thiab zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej, ib theem tau los ntawm txoj kev tsis tau pom dua los ntawm kev sib kiskev xav, kev xav, ntaub ntawv.

hom kev kos duab tshiab tau tshwm sim. Cinema yog ib tug ntawm lawv.

Thawj zaug, tib neeg tau tswj hwm cov duab rau saum npoo siv "cov teeb ci khawv koob". Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "lub koob yees duab obscura", uas yog tsim los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci. Cov koob yees duab tuaj tom qab. Tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo puas tau cov kwv tij Lumiere tau tswj kom tsim tau ib lub cuab yeej uas tso cai rau lawv los ua cov duab txav.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nws tau hais tias ua yeeb yam raws li daim duab kos duab tau dhau los lawm. Thiab nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm TV, qhov no tau pom tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Txawm li cas los xij, peb pom tias txhua hom kev muaj tswv yim muaj nws cov neeg qhuas, nws tsuas yog cov neeg tuaj saib rov faib dua.

Yog li, peb xam pom qhov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab, thiab kuj tau tham txog ntau hom kev muaj tswv yim.