Lub tswvyim ntawm "art". Hom thiab hom kev kos duab. Cov hauj lwm ntawm kos duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lub tswv yim ntawm "art" yog paub rau txhua tus. Nws nyob ib puag ncig peb thoob plaws hauv peb lub neej. Art plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej. Nws tshwm sim ntev ua ntej lub creation ntawm kev sau ntawv. Los ntawm peb tsab xov xwm koj tuaj yeem kawm txog lub luag haujlwm thiab cov haujlwm.

Dab tsi yog art? Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Lub tswvyim ntawm "art" yog ntau yam. Feem ntau, nws txhais tau hais tias ib ceg ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm sab ntsuj plig, uas yog kev hlub ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Kev kos duab yog ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nco qab. Nws yog kev xav txog kev kos duab ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Ua tsaug rau nws, koj tuaj yeem paub tias tib neeg nyob hauv lub sijhawm ntawd li cas.

thawj tus kws sau ntawv uas tau qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm "kos duab" yog Charles Batyo. Nws tau tsim ib daim ntawv qhia tag nrho uas nws tau faib cov haujlwm no ntawm tib neeg. Nws phau ntawv The Fine Arts Reduced to One Principle tau luam tawm xyoo 1746. Charles Batyo ntseeg tias lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau raws li ntau yam kev cai. Tus sau paub meej tias kos duab ua rau muaj kev zoo siab, thiab nws kuj muaj sab ntsuj plig, tsis yog lub cev tus cwj pwm.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "art"suav nrog kev kos duab, suab paj nruag, paj huam, architecture thiab ntau ntxiv uas peb ntsib txhua hnub. Txhua yam kev ua yeeb yam muaj qee yam zoo. Txhua cheeb tsam ntawm kev kos duab muaj ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov kev muaj tiag thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Txhua yam kev ua yeeb yam tau muab faib ua hom thiab ib hom. Feem ntau kos duab muab faib ua peb pawg:

• tonic (suab paj nruag thiab paj huam);
• figurative (architecture, painting and sculpture);
• mixed (choreography, ua yeeb yam, hais lus thiab lwm yam).

Muaj ntau hom kev kos duab:

• spatial, uas, ua tsaug rau kev tsim kho, pom cov duab (sculpture, architecture) tau tshwm sim;
• ib ntus, nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm kev sau paj huam (paj huam, suab paj nruag) tau txais qhov tseem ceeb;
• spatio-temporal - spectacular art (circus, xinesmas, choreography).

Graphics

duab kos duab yog ib hom uas suav nrog kev kos duab thiab luam tawm cov duab (engraving, minotopia thiab ntau dua). Nws cov lus qhia yog contour, stroke, keeb kwm yav dhau thiab qhov chaw. Nws paub tias qhov no yog hom kev kos duab nrov tshaj plaws. Hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv, cov duab kos muaj ntau yam nrog kev pleev xim.

Engraving yog hom duab uas cov duab kos yog qhov kev xav luam tawm. Nws yog thov nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb engraver. Lub engraving tuaj yeem piav qhia ntawm hlau, ntoo thiab linoleum.

Lwm yam zoo saibgraphics - lithography. Qhov no yog ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev luam ntawv tiaj tus, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub pob zeb ua hauj lwm raws li lub phaj luam ntawv. Daim duab kos duab no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1798. Daim duab yog siv rau lub pob zeb nrog tus cwj mem tshwj xeeb lossis cwj mem.

Daim duab kos duab yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus. Thawj cov duab muaj nyob ntawm Neolithic thiab Bronze Age. Peb cov poj koob yawm txwv carved ib tug qauv rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab pob zeb. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, cov duab tau siv rau riam phom thiab khoom siv hauv tsev. Tom qab sau ntawv tau tshwm sim, cov duab kos tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntawv, phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv.

Txoj kev luam cov qauv tsis tau paub ntau xyoo. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov duab tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam. Nws tsis yog ib qho zais cia tias niaj hnub no cov duab kos duab yog xav tau ntawm cov neeg sau.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshaj lij tau pib tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov duab dub thiab dawb. Ntau tshaj 20 qhov txawv ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj tau tsim. Phau ntawv qhia kev cob qhia tau luam tawm. Niaj hnub no, cov duab nyob hauv qhov chaw ua yeeb yam.

Bento

Bento yog ib qho kev kos duab txawv txawv rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus. Nws tsis yog ib qho zais cia uas ntau tus niam txiv tsis paub qhia lawv tus menyuam noj qab haus huv. Niaj hnub no, ntawm lub rhawv ntawm cov khw muag khoom muaj ntau yam kev xaiv ntawm cov zaub mov tsis zoo thiab txawm tias txaus ntshai. Daim ntawv kos duab tshiab, bento, tuaj yeem cawm tau. Nws tshwm sim hauv Suav teb. Cov Suav hu lub sij hawm no cov zaub mov uas lawv ntim rau hauv lub thawv tshwj xeeb thiab nqa nrog lawv mus kawm lossis ua haujlwm. Bento yog ib qho kev kos duab uas tuaj yeem ua taunoj. Cov niam tsev txawj ntse thiab ua noj ua haus tsim cov duab thiab cov duab me me los ntawm cov zaub mov. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov no yog qhov sib npaug thiab muaj cov vitamins ntau. Cov neeg suav tsim cov khoom siv kos duab tsuas yog los ntawm cov khoom noj zoo xwb.

Bento yog ib qho txuj ci rau menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus, ua tsaug rau qhov uas tus menyuam yuav tau noj zaub mov zoo. Nws tseem tsis tau muaj dua li peb, tab sis ob peb tus tswv uas tau paub txog cov txheej txheem no twb paub lawm.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kos duab ntawm lub siab thiab lub neej ntawm tus menyuam. Yuav piav qhia tej txuj ci niaj hnub no rau tus menyuam li cas?

Art ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tus menyuam thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nws tus cwj pwm. Niaj hnub no, txhua tus neeg yuav tsum muaj yam tsawg kawg nkaus kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Lub koom haum tab tom txhim kho sai, thiab yog li txhua tus neeg yuav tsum muaj ntau yam. Ntau tus niam txiv niaj hnub sim ua kom lawv tus menyuam muaj kev hlub ntawm kev kos duab thaum ntxov li sai tau. Rau qhov no, ntau txoj hauv kev ua niam txiv tau tsim los siv tau los ntawm thawj lub hlis ntawm tus menyuam lub neej.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev kos duab uas tus menyuam tau txais hauv tsev kawm. Feem ntau cov niam txiv, cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv them nyiaj ntau rau kev sau ntawv, nyeem ntawv, suav thiab lwm yam kev kawm uas sab laug hemisphere ntawm lub hlwb yog lub luag haujlwm. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo, koj yuav tsum kawm suab paj nruag, seev cev thiab lwm yam txuj ci. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txhim kho ob lub hemispheres ntawm lub hlwb thiaj li ua kom muaj tus cwj pwm zoo rau yav tom ntej.

Nrog kev paubart in a me nyuam:

• tus kheej yog tsim;
• nce qib ntawm kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm;
• kev coj ncaj ncees raug tsim;
• muaj peev xwm xav tau tsim;
• kev ntseeg tus kheej thiab kev hwm tus kheej nce;
• nco thiab mloog zoo;
• kho ntug ntug.

Yuav kom qhia tus menyuam rau kev kos duab, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kev npaj ib cheeb tsam uas yuav tsum tau khaws tag nrho cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev ua ub no. Koj yuav tsum muaj ntau phau ntawv kos duab hauv tsev. Txij thaum yau, tus menyuam yuav tsum nyeem lawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tham txog txhua yam uas tau kawm. Txhawm rau kom paub txog kev kos duab, koj yuav tsum tau mus xyuas cov tsev khaws puav pheej, cov chaw ua yeeb yam, ua yeeb yam thiab kev nthuav qhia nrog koj tus menyuam tsawg kawg ib hlis ib zaug. Tsis muaj teeb meem koj yuav tsum pov tseg cov duab kos, daim ntawv thov thiab cov khoom siv tes ua tsim los ntawm cov menyuam yaus txhais tes. Ua tsaug rau lawv, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov muaj tswv yim loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tso npe rau nws hauv lub voj voog thematic kom ntxov li sai tau, cov chav kawm uas nws yuav nyiam.

Qee yam ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab tsis yog rau cov menyuam yaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg laus. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau ib tus menyuam yaus tsis nkag siab txog kev tsim vaj tsev uas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau piav qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv tias txhua yam kev kos duab yog ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej.

Ntau cov lus nug hauv cov menyuam yaus ua rau cov duab tsis pom tseeb. Muaj ntau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas cov niam txiv tuaj yeem siv los qhia lawv tus menyuam tias nws nyuaj npaum li cas los tsim cov duab kos duab zoo li no. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog "SamKandinsky nws tus kheej."

Ntau zaus, cov menyuam yaus xav paub seb puas tuaj yeem sib piv cov duab niaj hnub thiab qub. Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Zoo art. Keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Russia

Muaj ntau yam txuj ci paub. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab zoo. Yuav luag txhua tus paub tias kev kos duab zoo li cas. Cov menyuam yaus raug qhia rau nws thaum yau.

Zoo kos duab yog hom kev ua yeeb yam, ua tsaug rau tus tswv tuaj yeem, nrog kev pab tshwj xeeb, tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb ib puag ncig nws. Nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Russia tau muab faib ua ob lub sij hawm, tus ciam teb ntawm uas tau cim los ntawm lub Petrine kev hloov kho. Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, painting tau zoo txuam nrog icon veneration. Icons muaj lawv tus kheej kos duab style. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kev kos duab yog los qhia kev thov Vajtswv thiab kev thaj yeeb nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Vajtswv. Qhov no piav qhia txog lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib co artistic txhais tau tias. Thaum lub sij hawm, cov masters mastered lub Byzantine style, tsev kawm ntawv ntawm icon painting twb qhib. Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog "Trinity" los ntawm A. Rublev. Icons ntawm 15th-16th centuries yog txawv los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov xim.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, cov cim ntawm "fryazhsky sau" tau nrov. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Western European painting, uas yog cov xim roj, ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo qauv, yog depictions ntawm tib neeg thiab xwm. Kev txaus siab rau lub cim raws li kev kos duab tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv lub xyoo pua 19th.

Cov duab puab qub Lavxias muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb thiab ntoo carvings. Feem ntau, cov tswv tau piav qhia cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau lub ntsej muag. Nyob rau hauv lub 18th thiab 19th centuries, sculptors thiab paintings los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv kev thov. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, cov tswv hauv tsev tau nrov.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, kev kawm hauv kev pleev xim tau nrov tshaj plaws. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nruj ntawm cov duab kos, cov xim zoo ib yam thiab siv cov scenes los ntawm phau Vajlugkub thiab mythology. Yog li ntawd, lub teb chaws kos duab tau maj mam yug.

Nyob rau xyoo 1860-1880, thawj qhov chaw tau qhib, thiab cov tswv hauv tsev tau muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Maj mam, cov qauv tshiab tshwm sim. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau coj qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Hauv 18-19 centuries, noob neej tsis tsuas paub zoo li cas kos duab, tab sis kuj siv nws.

Cov ntsiab lus tshawb hauv art

Tshwj xeeb, txhua lub ntsiab lus thiab teeb meem uas cov tswv qhia hauv lawv cov duab kos tau cuam tshuam rau ntau pua xyoo. Cov neeg Loos thaum ub tau sib cav tias kev kos duab, tsis zoo li tib neeg txoj sia, yog nyob mus ib txhis. Qhov no tsis yog coincidence. Cov ntsiab lus hauv kev kos duab teeb pom kev teeb meem kev sib raug zoo uas feem ntau ntsib niaj hnub no. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj muaj nuj nqis heev rau noob neej. Masters feem ntau nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hlub, xwm txheej thiab kev phooj ywg hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev hloov pauv hauv kev kos duab thiab cov tswv tshiab tshwm sim, tab sis cov ntsiab lus thiab cov duab tseem tsis hloov pauv. Yog vim li cas txhua txoj haujlwm tseem cuam tshuam tau ntau xyoo.

Art thiab nws lub luag haujlwm

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab hauv zej zog yog qhov muaj nqis. Nws yog ua raws li kev kos duab thiab kev xav txog kev muaj tiag. Kev kos duab tsim cov duab ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg, lawv txoj kev xav, kev xav thiab kev xav hauv ntiaj teb. Figurative kev ua si ntawm kev muaj tiag tsim peb tus cwj pwm. Art pab txhim kho thiab txhim kho tus kheej. Thiab kom paub lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb thiab tus kheej.

Art is a culture cuab yeej cuab tam. Ua tsaug rau cov duab kos duab, koj tuaj yeem paub seb tib neeg nyob li cas ntawm ib zaug lossis lwm qhov. Tsis ntev los no, ntau yam txuj ci kos duab tau dhau los tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm kev kos duab, koj tuaj yeem kawm tswj koj tus kheej. Los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom kos duab, koj tuaj yeem hnov qab txog teeb meem thiab tshem tawm kev nyuaj siab.

Art thiab nws txoj haujlwm

Maxim Gorky ntseeg tias cov dej num ntawm kev kos duab yog kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb. Tus kws sau ntawv tau hais tias ua tsaug rau qhov no, ib tus tuaj yeem kawm paub txog tus kheej, tawm tsam kev hais lus phem, muaj peev xwm nkag siab tib neeg thiab pom qee yam zoo hauv lawv. Niaj hnub no, peb lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau paub. Cov dej num ntawm kev kos duab yog kev tshawb fawb, kev sau xov xwm thiab kev kawm. Masters ntseeg hais tias txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam yog coj kev zoo nkauj rau hauv tus ntsuj plig thiab lub siab ntawm tib neeg. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol tau hais tias txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab yog los piav txog qhov tseeb.

Ntau tus neeg xav paub seb puas tuaj yeem sib piv cov duab niaj hnub thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los. Rau thawjsaib, nws yog ua tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog. Yog tias peb pom kev kos duab raws li ib txoj hauv kev qhia tus kheej ntawm tus kheej, ces ob qho tib si niaj hnub thiab keeb kwm yog nyob rau tib lub dav hlau. Muab piv rau lawv, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias qhov kev nkag siab ntawm tus neeg tau hloov li cas.

Tib neeg txoj kev xav tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb. Qhov no qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib tug neeg tau hloov qhov tseem ceeb thiab niaj hnub no pom lub neej txawv dua li cov poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub. Yav dhau los, tus tswv tau txaus siab rau qhov pom ntawm cov khoom thiab nws daim ntawv, tab sis tam sim no lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm yog nyob ntawm kev xav. Qhov kev sib txawv no tau muaj txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb txij li thaum yau los txhim kho tsis tau tsuas yog sab laug tab sis kuj yog txoj cai hemisphere ntawm lub hlwb. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum ua daim duab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev tsim kho ntawm tus me nyuam. Peb pom zoo kom ua qhov no los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm nws lub neej. Tsis yog txhua tus nkag siab txog lub luag haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm thiab hom kev kos duab. Cov lus piav qhia luv luv hauv peb tsab xov xwm tso cai rau koj kom tau txais kev paub yooj yim txog ntau yam kev kos duab.