Etching - qhov txheej txheem no yog dab tsi? Hom kev etching

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Etching yog hom kev kos duab kos duab, luam tawm ntawm cov duab los ntawm kev npaj ua cliché. Classic engraving yog ib qho kev xav los ntawm cov ntoo, polymer (linoleum) los yog acrylic khoom, txiav nrog ib tug cutter nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qauv. Tus naj npawb ntawm luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog txwv. Etching yog engraving, uas yog tsim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb technology. Cov ntawv etching yog ua los ntawm cov phaj hlau, tooj liab, hlau lossis zinc.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Hlau phaj, dawb paug rau cliche, kho nrog acid npaj. Nitric acid yog siv rau hlau, chlorine reagent yog siv rau tooj liab.

Ib lub phaj hlau ntawm qhov loj me yog polished kom ci, degreased thiab coated nrog cov kua roj vanish tshwj xeeb-resistant. Tom qab ziab, ib daim duab yog siv rau lub workpiece, uas yuav yog kwv yees thiab tom qab ntawd yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua qub. Qee zaum, daim duab yuav ua tiav tiav. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov nyiam ntawm tus tswv. Ntau tus kws kos duab pom tias nws tsim nyog los kho cov cliches, thiab qee tus ntseeg tias kev kos duab tseeb tsis tas yuav raug kho. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog cov txheej txheem uas tseem ceeb, tab sis qhov kawgtshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, etching yog ib qho kev kos duab zoo tiag tiag uas yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse ob qho tib si nyob rau theem ntawm kev npaj thiab hauv cov txheej txheem kom tau txais kev xav ncaj qha.

Kev ua haujlwm contour

Tom qab kos tus qauv ntawm lub workpiece, tus tswv khawb tag nrho cov kab nrog ib rab koob nyias nyias, tshem cov kua qaub-resistant txheej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Yog li, cov hlau tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov reagent tsuas yog ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas nws yuav tsum tau ua kom rov ua haujlwm. Lub tiav hatched workpiece yog immersed nyob rau hauv acid thiab etching txheej txheem pib. Kev npaj da dej yuav tsum tau npog kom ruaj ntseg kom tsis txhob txaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej qhov cua ntawm chav tsev kom cov pa tshuaj lom acid tsis txhob mloog hauv huab cua.

khoom siv tshuaj

Etching cov txheej txheem yog txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas yuav tsum tau muaj qee yam xwm txheej kom ntseeg tau tias tus kws kos duab muaj kev nyab xeeb. Kev tsis saib xyuas tus cwj pwm rau kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tsis tsim nyog. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas siv rau hauv kev ua cov hlau blanks rau etching yog qhov txaus ntshai heev, lawv qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis zoo lossis tsawg kawg nkaus. Tom qab etching, lub phaj tiav yog ntxuav hauv dej ntws, ces cov kua roj vanish yog muab tshem tawm ntawm nws.

Tom ntej no, luam ntawv number case yog siv rau hauv paus, uas ua rau tag nrho cov recesses. Cov xim ntau dhau raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw nrog swabs. Tom qab ntawd cov ntawv luam tawm yog tsim los ntawm etching board los ntawm nias. Ntawvyog nias tawm tsam lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv siab, lub luam yog meej thiab contrasting. Yog li, cov txheej txheem etching tso cai rau koj los tsim cov duab kos ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj; cov kab thinnest, curls, dots thiab khawb zoo heev organic. Yog hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm prints nyob rau hauv kaum thiab pua, ces lub cliche yog maj erased thiab poob qhov sib piv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau hloov kho lub rooj tsavxwm ib ntus, rov txheej nrog kua qaub-resistant kua roj vanish thiab sib sib zog nqus tus qauv los ntawm etching.

Printable forms

Hlau daim hlau ua tiav, rov ua dua, tuaj yeem siv tau qee lub sijhawm. Txhua cliché yog ib lub phaj luam ntawv uas ua rau etchings. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov duab kos duab. Etching yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 16th caug xyoo.

Creative achievements

Nyob rau xyoo 1515, tus kws kos duab nto moo Albrecht Dürer tau tig mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm etching, nws cov kev sim hauv etching hlau boards cim qhov pib ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm kev kos duab zoo. Durer ua ke tsim cov classical engravings nrog etchings, ob txoj kev rau lub sij hawm ntev yog qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm.

Tus kws kos duab Italian Parmigianino, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm etchings, tau tsa lawv mus rau qib ntawm cov kos duab tiag tiag. Tom qab ntawd, tus neeg pleev kob Dutch Rembrandt tau ua tiav qhov kev ua si tshwj xeeb ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo hauv nws cov duab, ntxiv rau, nws pib xyaum rov ua dua, uas ua rau qhov tob tsis tau pom dua rau daim duab.

Aquatint

Xyoo 1765, tus kws kos duab Fab Kis Fab Kis Jean-Baptiste Leprince tau tshawb pom cov txheej txheem tshiab kom tau txais cov xim muag muag tshwj xeeb, nco txog kev kos duab xim dej. Lub tshuab hu ua aquatint. Rau cov duab, thawj cov qauv tau etched, pauv los ntawm daim ntawv tracing los ntawm txoj kev pricking, ces lub cliché tau them nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti nrog rosin. Lub rooj tsavxwm tau rhuab, cov hmoov melted thiab npog lub nto nrog ib tug granular txheej. Cov chaw teeb pom kev zoo tau ua tiav raws li ib txwm muaj. Aquatint feem ntau tau siv ua ke nrog cov xim luam ntawv, tus tswv tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog Francisco Goya, yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws etchers hauv keeb kwm.

Jacques Callot

Vim tias etching yog ib daim duab zoo, cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 16th-18th centuries sim ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej hauv ib hom ntawv nyuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev vam meej nrog tsuas yog cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws. Ib tus kws kos duab nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog tus kws kos duab Fab Kis Jacques Callot. Tus kws ua yeeb yam ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg tiag tiag, nws cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws tau suav nrog hauv "Kev Tsov Rog Tsov Rog" series, thiab tus tswv lub suab nrov tshaj plaws hu ua "Tus Txiv Neej Hanged"

Nyob ntawm etching

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, cov txheej txheem engraving tau ntse siv nyob rau hauv lub icon painting. Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Flemish lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting, tus kws kos duab Anthony van Dyck, tau los ua ib tug zoo etcher, xyaum dawb huv paintings. Kev kos duab ntawm etching ua rau nws tuaj yeem ntes cov kev hloov maj mam tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab kos duab icon.

Lwm hom yog hu ua reproduction etching. Nws raug coj los ntawm cov tshaj tawm. Tiag tiagtag nrho cov duab kos nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog tsim los siv cov txheej txheem etching. Qhov style ntawm depiction yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau kev sau ntawv. Cov duab kos tau muaj xim zoo nkauj thiab nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus zoo. Technically, cov duab etching yog pheej yig, kuj pheej yig, thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov dluab tseem nyob rau theem siab.

Mezzotint - siv sijhawm ntau, tab sis zoo heev. Nws yog raws li kev siv halftones vim "graining" ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cliché. Cov kev nyuaj siab me tshaj plaws muab qhov roughness, uas, thaum luam tawm, muab kev hloov pauv ntawm lub teeb mus rau duab ntxoov ntxoo. Etchings ua nyob rau hauv mezzotint style yog txawv los ntawm lawv velvety thiab nplua nuj hues.

"Original" saib - cov duab zoo nkauj heev uas tsuas yog tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua. Rau ntau tus kws kos duab, etching tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw tawm, ua tsaug uas lawv muaj peev xwm ua tiav lawv txoj kev xav muaj tswv yim. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws engraver nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th yog Italian kws kes duab vajtse Giovanni Piranesi, tus sau ntawm ntau dluab ntawm Roman cityscapes thiab antiquities. Tsis tshua muaj npe nrov ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog: Giovanni-Baptiste Tiepolo, Francisco Goya, Antoine Watteau, Canaletto, Francois Boucher.

Kev yug dua tshiab

Nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, kev kos duab ntawm etching poob rau hauv kev poob qis, qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm luam ntawv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, engravers rov hais dua lawvkoj tus kheej. Cov etchings tshiab tsis tau pom dua li cov duab kos rau cov ntawv luam tawm, lawv tau dhau los ua cov duab kos duab, cov duab kos duab hauv cov duab. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau tus neeg pleev kob Fabkis tau tig los rau lawv, xws li Charles-Francois Daubigny, Camille Corot thiab lwm tus. Tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm etching thiab Parisian impressionist artist Edouard Manet. Ntawm cov neeg pleev kob Lavxias, cov txheej txheem kos duab tau paub los ntawm Valentin Serov thiab Ivan Shishkin. James Whistler yog ib tug neeg Amelikas etcher, Anders Zorn yog Swedish, thiab Adolph Menzel ua hauj lwm rau engravings nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees.