Painting on ntub plaster. Art painting ntawm phab ntsa

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Yog tias koj taug kev ntawm cov nroog qub, mus rau cov tuam tsev, koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab kos duab tiag tiag. Lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv tsev ntawm ceilings thiab phab ntsa los yog ncaj qha rau ntawm lub facades ntawm lub tsev. Tom ntej no, peb yuav tau paub txog hom kev kos duab no nthuav dav ntxiv.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Painting on ntub plaster yog hu ua fresco. Cov style no muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BC. Cov neeg pib koom nrog kev pleev xim rau hnub ntawm Aegean kab lis kev cai. Rau qhov no, cov xim tau siv los ua cov kua nplaum thiab cov casein binders.

History information

Cov txheej txheem tau nco txog ntawm secco. Nws txhais li cas? Peb tab tom tham txog phab ntsa pleev xim rau ntawm plaster qhuav. Thaum lub sijhawm, cov ntaub ntawv tau yooj yim muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tua tau yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, qhov no zoo heev cuam tshuam lub koob meej ntawm fresco painting. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom sib txawv hauv practicality thiab durability. Thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam thiab kev vam meej ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, qhov style no feem ntau siv los kho qhov chaw sab nrauv thiab sab hauv ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, phab ntsa painting (duab hauv qab no) yog tovhom. Ntau txoj kev tau siv. Painting ntawm ntub plaster nrog cov xim yog ntxiv los ntawm tempera-kua nplaum txoj kev. Nrog kev pab los ntawm nws, keeb kwm yav dhau thiab sau npe sab saud tau ua tiav. Ntau yam khoom siv khi (qe, zaub nplaum, thiab lwm yam) kuj tau siv. Raws li lub sijhawm Renaissance, kev paub txog kev kos duab ntawm fresco tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb los ntsuas cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws kos duab. Nws yog lub sijhawm no hauv tebchaws Ltalis uas pleev xim rau ntawm cov plaster ntub dej mus txog qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Main designs

Txij li thaum ub nyob rau hauv ltalis, tom qab qhov kev txiav txim zaum kawg ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm tsab ntawv, raws li zoo raws li kev ua tiav ntawm daim duab kos, ib daim duab los qhia layout. Ntawm nws, tus kws kos duab tuaj yeem tsim nws cov tswv yim. Qhov no siv rau cov qauv thiab xim ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho scale. Yog hais tias daim duab ntawm ntub plaster loj dhau lawm, ces qhov chaw tau muab faib ua ntu. Txoj kev demarcation tau ua raws cov contours ntawm cov ntsiab lus, uas feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti. Vim qhov no, yav tom ntej, cov xim sib cais seam tsis tshua pom. Txhawm rau hloov lawv cov contours, nyem los yog punctureing los ntawm daim ntawv tracing. Cov txheej npaj tau ua tib zoo smoothed tawm kom tsis txhob muaj smudges.

qauv qauv

Kev kos duab phab ntsa yog ib txoj haujlwm siv sijhawm ntau. Hauv qhov no, yuav tsum muaj kev paub ntau. Kev pleev xim txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum txhuam glides yooj yim tshaj ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem ntawm painting rau ntub plaster muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta. Piv txwv li, yog tias txhuam pib tawm tom qabgrooves ntawm qhov chaw, qhov no yuav txhais tau hais tias cov xim tsis nkag mus rau hauv thiab, raws li, tsis ruaj. Ntu no yuav tsum tau txiav. Ua ntej koj txuas ntxiv pleev xim, koj yuav tsum tau thov ib txheej tshiab. Painting ntawm ntub plaster yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov txheej txheem. Thaum xub thawj, tsuas yog lub teeb xim yog superimposed raws li npaj sketch. Tom qab ntawd los tig ntawm nruab nrab ntxoov thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd - tsaus sawv daws yuav. Ces cov txheej txheem rov qab pib. Kev hloov ntawm qhov tsaus mus rau qhov kaj yog ua tiav. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov suab nrov kawg tau nqus, thiab lawv tuaj yeem kho tau hauv cov chaw uas lawv tau dhau los ua dhau los. Tom qab cov phab ntsa pleev xim yog thaum kawg ua tiav (cov duab hauv kab lus piav qhia ntau yam kev xaiv rau kev kos duab tiav), thiab cov mortar qhuav tag, sib tsoo thiab waxing pib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaj chaw qhuav ntawm cov av tsis muaj dej tau ua tib zoo tshem tawm ntawm cov txheej dhau los.

Kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog

Kev pleev xim rau ntawm cov ntaub ntub dej yog ua raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txiv qaub. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum nws qhuav los ntawm cov khoom ua kua, nws maj mam hloov mus rau hauv ib qho colloid-crystalline. Ntau yam nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm txiv qaub. Piv txwv li, kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov duab tiav, nrog rau tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, thiaj li yuav tau txais ib tug zoo nkauj painting ntawm phab ntsa, tshwj xeeb plaster yog yuav tsum tau. Cov qib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv qaub zoo yog xav tau. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum "tua" nws. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj lub thawv ntim nrogdej txaus. Txiv qaub yog ua tib zoo nchuav rau hauv. Yuav tsum tau ceev faj. Thaum slaking, txiv qaub tau kub heev. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau tso cai sawv ntsug hauv dej. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom nws ntub dej kom ntev li ntev tau. Lub sijhawm yam tsawg kawg uas xav tau yog ib xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum nws tsis tuaj yeem tua cov txiv qaub ua ntej. Yog li ntawd, cov kev daws teeb meem nrog lub sij hawm luv luv raug tso cai.

khoom ntxiv

Lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm thaum lub sijhawm kos duab kos duab ntawm phab ntsa yuav kav ntev heev nyob ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov muab tub lim rau cov tshuaj ib txwm muaj ntau yam hloov pauv. Cib crumb tseem suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Nws muaj ntau qhov zoo. Dej nyob rau hauv ib tug ntub plaster mortar, raws li zoo raws li cov txiv qaub diluted nyob rau hauv nws, thaum lub cib tau ntub, nkag mus rau hauv nws pores. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ziab, tag nrho cov no maj mam heev los rau saum npoo. Yog li, lub sijhawm ziab ntawm plaster yog txuas ntxiv. Lub sij hawm siv ua hauj lwm ntawm daim duab kuj stretched. Raws li kev maj mam ziab, ua tsaug rau nws, qhov tob "germination" ntawm txiv qaub crystals rau hauv lub hauv paus yog guaranteed.

lwm txoj kev xaiv

Cib chips tsis yog cov khoom siv nkaus xwb uas tuaj yeem ua kom pleev xim rau ntawm cov ntaub ntub dej ntev dua. Hauv qhov no, lwm txoj hauv kev yog xuab zeb. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias nws raug pom zoo kom siv tus dej. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws txawv ntawm cov nplej sib txawv tshaj plaws. Vim li nodej xuab zeb muaj xws li cov cuab yeej xws li siab ceev. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov txiv qaub nyob rau hauv lub plaster tov technically hloov mus rau hauv ib tug ntxhia "kua nplaum". Nrog nws, cov filler hais yog fastened ua ke. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm txiv qaub yog qhov ntau dua, qhov sib ze dua rau ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, lub plaster txheej yuav muaj zog. Flax fiber (qee zaum kuj hu ua tws hemp) yog ib qho muab tub lim, thiab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj xuab zeb. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov txheej plaster ua tsis yooj yim dua. Nws tau txais kev tiv thaiv me ntsis deformation, nrog rau cov yas ntxiv.

txheej txheem thov: thawj kauj ruam

Ua ntej koj pib pleev xim rau phab ntsa ntub dej, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo npaj txhua yam. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov panels uas cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug siv. Lub cib ntsa yog lub hauv paus zoo tshaj plaws rau fresco. Yog tias koj yuav tsum ua haujlwm nrog pob zeb, nws raug nquahu kom ua kom nws qhov chaw tsis sib xws. Tsim cov poholes thiab qhov ntiav ntiav tau tso cai. Hauv qhov no, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj phau ntawv jackhammers. Koj tuaj yeem siv lub perforator. Xws li cov cuab yeej muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm jackhammer. Muaj cov rooj plaub thaum phab ntsa rau fresco yog pre-plastered. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau sim coj cov txheej txheem qub. Yog tias muaj qhov chaw uas qhov no tsis ua haujlwm, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntxuav cov av, plua plav thiab pleev xim.

txheej txheem tseem ceeb

Plaster yog siv rau hauv 2-3 txheej. Ua ntej nws pom zoontub lub hauv paus. Yog hais tias cov av yog peb-txheej, ces thawj ntawm lawv yuav tsum qhuav zoo. Tom qab ntawd nws yog wetted nrog dej kom txog thaum tag nrho saturated. Tom qab ntawd tus so ntawm txheej yog siv. Lub tshuab ntawm ob-txheej av yog me ntsis txawv ntawm yav dhau los version. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, thawj txheej yog tso cai rau solidify kom huv si. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis pub kom qhuav tag. Tom qab ntawd, koj tuaj yeem thov txheej txheej kawg ntawm plaster. Nws yog nws uas smoothes nyob rau hauv lub painting. Qhov no yog innaco. Txhawm rau kom muaj peev xwm siv cov txheej txheem tom ntej, qhov saum npoo ntawm plaster yog ntxuav ntawm cov txiv qaub nplai nrog spatula.

txheej no yog siv kom cov plaster siv tau li ntawm ib nrab teev (ntau tshaj 1.5 teev). Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov smoothings yog ob zaug. Qhov no yog ua ua ntej lub phab ntsa painting pib. Kev pleev xim yog txheej txheem nyuaj heev, thiab tej zaum yuav ua yuam kev. Yuav kom tshem tau ntawm lawv, tus kws kos duab tuaj yeem siv lub spatula, leveling thiab nias qhov tsis xws luag. Yog li, qhov tshwm sim crystalline crust yog tawg.

me me nuances

Ib qho fresco plaster shrinks me ntsis thaum lub sij hawm ziab. Qhov no feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem: qhov thicker nws yog, qhov me dua tom kawg. Yog li, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus dej yog pom zoo. Ntau qhov chaw thaum ub qhia tias txiv qaub, uas yog tsim rau plastering, yog thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj xyuas los ntawm xws li ib tug parameter li ceev. Ntawd yog, spatula dipped rau hauv cov tshuaj yuav tsum nyob twj ywmqhuav.

Main fresco ua haujlwm

Sau lub fresco yuav tsum tshwm sim sai, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tsis nrawm. Nws yog ntshaw tias lub sij hawm siv rau kev xav thiab rov ua haujlwm yog khaws cia kom tsawg. Tus tswv yuav tsum nthuav tawm ua ntej qhov kawg version ntawm daim duab yav tom ntej, thiab hauv txhua yam ntsiab lus. Qhov ntawd yog, yuav tsum muaj lub tswv yim meej uas yuav cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm.

cov lus qhia me me

Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom siv txoj hauv qab no. Txhua txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem, ntawm lawv:

1. Cia ib tug qauv.
2. Ua haujlwm nrog cov suab hauv zos.
3. Kev txiav ib daim duab nrog teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo.

Nrog rau qhov ua ntu zus ntawm kev ua haujlwm no, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm ziab txiv qaub yog siv rau qhov siab tshaj plaws.

Action algorithm

Thaum pib ua haujlwm, lub plaster tseem yuav ntub heev. Lub sijhawm no, ib qho kev kos duab raug ua. Ntxiv mus, cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov creation muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj tswv yim tshawb nrhiav thiab nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws nthuav qhia "tsev". Los ntawm ib qho kev pom, qhov no tau piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: qhov yuav tsum tau kho kom haum tuaj yeem ua rau tus thawj daim duab phiaj xwm ntawm theem kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm nws, spatial ciam teb yuav tsum tau qhia meej meej rau txhua lub zos xim. Tom qab tsim cov duab kos tiav, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau "qhib" daim duab. Ua li no, cov xim hauv zos yog siv rau nws tag nrho saum npoo. Nws tsis tawm ntawm qhov chaw dawb. Tom ntej no, ib txheej txheej tshiab yog siv. Nws muaj ib tug pigment yaj nyob rau hauvdej. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub resulting crystalline crust yuav pib tawg me ntsis. Yog li, qhov chaw ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej fresco twb tau tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd, kev ua qauv duab ntxoov ntxoo los ua ntej. Thaum pib, nws yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov ntse ntawm lub cev thiab lub ntsej muag, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus. Tom qab ntawd, koj tuaj yeem ua kom pom tseeb siv cov txiv qaub zoo es tsis txhob siv tshuaj ntxuav tes. Yog vim li cas yog cov txiv qaub yaj nyob rau hauv lub plaster tau yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv cov sib tov nrog cov sib tov. Yog li, txawm nyob rau ntawm yuav luag qhuav, cov xim yuav ruaj ntseg ruaj. Qee zaum, koj yuav khiav mus rau qee yam teeb meem. Lawv pw hauv qhov xwm txheej qhuav ntawm phab ntsa. Yuav kom txo qis cov kev pheej hmoo no, yolk diluted nrog dej yog nkag mus rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov xim uas npaj rau cov duab ntxoov ntxoo thiab cov lus piav qhia zaum kawg. Nws tsis muab nyiaj them rau plaster kom qhuav. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog txiv qaub, ib qho nplaum yog tsim. Nws tuaj yeem tuav cov xim zoo rau ntawm cov xim pleev xim.

xov xwm ntxiv

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, tus kws kos duab fresco yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem ua. Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias glauconite, daj ocher thiab tag nrho cov xim uas muaj txiv qaub yog xav tau lightened tom qab lub plaster tau qhuav. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws nyob ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov cab kuj uas nws yog superimposed. Qee zaum, txawm tias phab ntsa ntub dej zoo tuaj yeem nqus dej sai sai. Yog li ntawd, lub fresco yuav pib qhuav sai heev. Piv txwv li, plaster yog siv rau pob zeb lossis lwm lub substrate uas tsis nqus dej. Hauv qhov ntawdHauv qhov no, cov txheej txheem ziab yuav qeeb qeeb yog tias siv peb txheej primer. Thaum ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum me ntsis ntawm plaster kev ncaj ncees. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias tus tswv sim sib tov cov xim superimposed nrog txhuam uas tseem tsis tau qhuav, thov ua ntej, ncaj qha rau saum npoo ntawm plaster. Ua qhov no yog kev poob siab heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov xim yuav sib tov nrog cov txiv qaub uas yog ib feem ntawm plaster. Tom qab qhov chaw no dries, nws yuav sawv tawm nrog ntau dhau pallor nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim duab.