Biography thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin N. M. Cov npe ntawm Karamzin tej hauj lwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib lo lus zoo li kev siab hlub, kev nyiam thiab kev hlub yog feem ntau siv los ntawm peb. Tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias yog tias nws tsis yog rau Nikolai Karamzin, tej zaum lawv yuav tsis tau tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm ib tug neeg Lavxias. Kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin tau muab piv nrog cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kev xav zoo heev Stern, thiab txawm tias cov kws sau ntawv tau muab tso rau tib theem. Muaj kev xav tob tob, nws tau tswj hwm sau thawj phau ntawv, Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias. Karamzin tau ua qhov no yam tsis tau piav qhia txog ntu keeb kwm cais, uas nws yog ib qho kev kawm, tab sis los ntawm kev muab cov duab panoramic ntawm cov duab keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev.

Childhood thiab cov hluas ntawm N. Karamzin

Tus neeg txawj ntse yav tom ntej yug rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, 1766. Nws loj hlob thiab loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm nws txiv Mikhail Yegorovich, uas yog tus thawj coj so haujlwm. Nikolai poob nws niam thaum ntxov, yog li nws txiv tau koom nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Thaum nws kawm nyeem ntawv, tus me nyuam tub tau txais phau ntawv los ntawm nws niam lub tsev qiv ntawv, cov uas yog Fabkis cov dab neeg, ua haujlwm los ntawm Emin, Rollin. Nikolai tau txais nws thawj txoj kev kawm hauv tsev, tom qab ntawd kawm hauv Simbirsk tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1778xyoo, nws raug xa mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv nce qib ntawm xibfwb Moskovsky.

Txawm yog menyuam yaus los nws pib nyiam keeb kwm. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Emin.

Nikolai lub siab xav tsis thoob cia nws zaum ntev, nws pib kawm lus, mus mloog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Moscow University.

pib ua haujlwm

Karamzin txoj haujlwm tau rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm uas nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment ntawm St. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Nikolai Mikhailovich pib sim nws tus kheej ua tus sau.

Pab txhawb rau kev tsim Karamzin raws li cov lus kos duab thiab cov neeg paub, uas nws tau ua hauv Moscow. Ntawm nws cov phooj ywg yog N. Novikov, A. Petrov, A. Kutuzov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau koom nrog kev sib raug zoo - nws tau pab hauv kev npaj thiab tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm me nyuam yaus "Children's Reading for the Heart and Mind".

Lub sijhawm ntawm kev pabcuam tsis yog tsuas yog pib ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Nikolai Karamzin, tab sis kuj ua rau nws zoo li ib tug neeg, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua rau ntau tus neeg paub uas muaj txiaj ntsig. Tom qab nws txiv tuag, Nikolai txiav txim siab tawm hauv kev pabcuam, tsis txhob rov qab mus rau nws. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, qhov no tau suav hais tias yog audacity thiab kev nyuaj rau tib neeg. Tab sis leej twg paub, yog tias nws tsis tau tawm ntawm qhov kev pabcuam, nws yuav muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm nws thawj qhov kev txhais lus, nrog rau cov haujlwm qub uas muaj kev txaus siab rau cov ncauj lus keeb kwm tuaj yeem taug qab?

YTrip to Europe

Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Karamzin hloov pauv sai li sai tau, thaum xyoo 1789 txog 1790. nws mus ncig teb chaws Europe. Thaum mus ncig, tus kws sau ntawvmus ntsib Immanuel Kant, uas ua rau muaj kev zoo siab rau nws. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, uas nws lub rooj sib tham tau ntxiv nrog nws lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv Fabkis thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Fabkis Revolution, tom qab sau nws Cov Ntawv Sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Traveler. Nws yog txoj haujlwm no ua rau nws nto moo.

Muaj ib lub tswv yim tias nws yog phau ntawv no uas qhib lub countdown ntawm ib tug tshiab era ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Qhov no tsis yog qhov tsis tsim nyog, txij li cov ntawv sau tseg no tsis yog tsuas yog nrov hauv Tebchaws Europe, tab sis kuj pom lawv cov thwjtim hauv Russia. Ntawm lawv yog A. Griboyedov, F. Glinka, V. Izmailov thiab ntau lwm tus.

Los ntawm no "ceg loj hlob" thiab kev sib piv ntawm Karamzin nrog Stern. Lub "sentimental journey" tom kawg yog reminiscent ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin.

Rau Russia

Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, Karamzin txiav txim siab los nyob hauv Moscow, qhov chaw nws txuas ntxiv nws cov kev sau ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws dhau los ua tus kws sau ntawv thiab sau xov xwm. Tab sis lub apogee ntawm lub sij hawm no yog, ntawm chav kawm, luam tawm ntawm Moscow Journal, thawj Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv journal, uas kuj luam tawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Karamzin.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau luam tawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau, uas txhawb nqa nws ua leej txiv ntawm kev xav hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias. Ntawm lawv yog "Aglaya", "Pantheon ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws", "Kuv cov trinkets" thiab lwm yam.

Ntxiv mus, Emperor Alexander kuv tau tsim lub npe ntawm tsev hais plaub keeb kwm rau Karamzin. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias tom qab tsis muaj leej twg tau txais lub npe zoo li no. Qhov no tsis yog txhawb zog xwbQhov teeb meem nyiaj txiag ntawm Nikolai Mikhailovich, tab sis kuj ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov xwm txheej hauv zej zog.

Karamzin as a writer

Karamzin tau koom nrog chav sau ntawv uas twb muaj lawm hauv kev pabcuam, txij li kev sim sim nws tus kheej hauv daim teb no hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsis tau muaj kev vam meej.

Karamzin txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb txoj kab tseem ceeb:

• ntawv tseeb, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam (hauv cov npe: dab neeg, dab neeg);
• paj huam - ntau tsawg dua;
• ntawv tseeb, keeb kwm sau.

Feem ntau, kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm muab piv nrog rau cov cawv ntawm Catherine nyob rau hauv zej zog - muaj kev hloov pauv uas tau ua rau kev lag luam humane.

Karamzin yog tus kws sau ntawv uas tau los ua qhov pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias tshiab, lub sijhawm uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.

Sentimentalism hauv Karamzin cov haujlwm

Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich tig lub ntsej muag ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, thiab, vim li ntawd, lawv cov neeg nyeem, rau kev xav raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb no uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xav thiab cais nws ntawm classicism.

Lub hauv paus ntawm qhov ib txwm muaj, ntuj tsim thiab muaj tseeb ntawm tus neeg yuav tsum tsis yog qhov pib muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis tso tawm ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav, kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus neeg li, uas yog muab los ntawm xwm thiab yog ntuj.

Tus phab ej tsis yog tus qauv lawm. Nws yog tus kheej, muab nws uniqueness. Nws cov kev paub tsis tau deprived nwslub zog, tab sis txhawb nqa, qhia kom hnov lub ntiaj teb hloov maj mam, teb rau kev hloov pauv.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv raug suav tias yog "Poor Lisa". Cov lus no tsis muaj tseeb kiag li. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, uas nws ua hauj lwm tau tawg lawm tom qab luam tawm tsab ntawv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Traveler, qhia sentimentalism precisely nrog mus txawv tebchaws sau ntawv.

Karamzin's paj huam

Karamzin cov paj huam siv ntau qhov chaw hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Tab sis tsis txhob underestimate lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li nyob rau hauv prose, Karamzin tus kws sau paj lug ua ib tug neophyte ntawm sentimentalism.

Cov paj huam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau taw qhia rau Lomonosov, Derzhavin, thaum Nikolai Mikhailovich tau hloov pauv mus rau European kev xav. Muaj ib tug reorientation ntawm qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Hloov chaw sab nraud, lub ntiaj teb kev xav, tus sau delves mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sab hauv ntawm ib tug neeg, xav txog nws lub hwj chim ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Tsis zoo li classicism, cov cim ntawm lub neej yooj yim, lub neej txhua hnub dhau los ua tus phab ej, raws li cov khoom ntawm Karamzin cov paj huam yog lub neej yooj yim, raws li nws tus kheej tau thov. Tau kawg, thaum piav txog lub neej txhua hnub, tus kws sau paj huam tsis kam siv cov lus piv txwv thiab kev sib piv, siv cov qauv thiab cov lus sib dhos yooj yim.

Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias paj huam ua neeg pluag thiab nruab nrab. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kom muaj peev xwm xaiv tau muaj kev kos duab txhais tau tias lawv tsim cov txiaj ntsig xav tau thiab tib lub sijhawm qhia tus hero txoj kev xav yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Karamzin cov paj huam ua haujlwm.

Paj huam tsis yogmonumental. Lawv feem ntau qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm tib neeg qhov xwm txheej, ob qhov kev xav ntawm yam, kev sib koom siab thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.

Prose of Karamzin

Cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm Karamzin tso tawm hauv kev hais lus kuj pom nyob hauv nws cov haujlwm theoretical. Nws hais kom txav deb ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm classicist nrog kev xav txog kev xav ntawm tus txiv neej, nws lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawb tus nyeem ntawv kom muaj kev nkag siab siab tshaj plaws, ua rau lawv txhawj xeeb tsis yog rau tus phab ej xwb, tab sis kuj nrog nws. Yog li, kev nkag siab yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sab hauv ntawm tus neeg, ua rau nws txhim kho nws cov peev txheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Txoj kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ua tib yam li cov paj huam: yam tsawg kawg ntawm kev hais lus nyuaj, pom thiab ua tsis ncaj. Tab sis kom tib cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm tus neeg taug kev yuav tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv qhuav, lawv tsom mus rau kev nthuav tawm lub hlwb thiab cov cim los ua ntej.

Karamzin cov dab neeg piav qhia meej txog qhov tshwm sim, tsom mus rau qhov kev xav ntawm lub cev. Tab sis txij li thaum muaj ntau qhov kev xav los ntawm kev mus txawv tebchaws, lawv tau dhau los ntawm daim ntawv los ntawm lub sieve ntawm tus sau "Kuv". Nws tsis koom nrog cov koom haum kho hauv lub siab. Piv txwv li, nws nco txog London tsis yog rau Thames, txuas hniav thiab pos huab, tab sis thaum yav tsaus ntuj, thaum lub teeb ci thiab lub nroog ci ntsa iab.

Cov cim pom tus kws sau ntawv lawv tus kheej - cov no yog nws cov phooj ywg taug kev lossis cov neeg sib tham uas Karamzin ntsib thaum taug kev. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov no tsis yog cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe xwb. Nws tsis yig los sib txuas lus nrog socialites, thiabnrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv txom nyem.

Karamzin is a historian

Lub xyoo pua 19 coj Karamzin rau keeb kwm. Thaum Alexander kuv tau tsa nws ua tus kws sau keeb kwm hauv tsev hais plaub, Karamzin lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv ntau: nws tso tseg txoj haujlwm sau ntawv thiab poob rau hauv kev sau ntawv keeb kwm.

Oddly txaus, Karamzin mob siab rau nws thawj txoj haujlwm keeb kwm, "Ib Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Ancient thiab New Russia hauv Nws Txoj Cai thiab Kev Sib Raug Zoo," rau kev thuam ntawm huab tais txoj kev hloov kho. Lub hom phiaj ntawm "Notes" yog los qhia cov kev saib xyuas ntawm lub siab ntawm lub zej zog, nrog rau lawv cov kev tsis txaus siab rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ywj pheej. Nws kuj tau sim nrhiav pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no.

Karamzin - tus txhais lus

Karamzin, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab kev ua haujlwm muaj ntau haiv neeg, kuj tau nrhiav nws tus kheej hauv kev txhais lus. Thiab kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua tiav. Nikolai Mikhailovich tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug kws kho mob, tab sis kuj yog ib tug theorist ntawm kev txhais lus ntawm nws lub sij hawm.

Languages from which he translation works:

• English;
• Fabkis;
• German.

Tus kws sau ntawv tsis tau txhais cov lus, tab sis sim hloov kho lawv cov stylistically, coj lawv los ze zog, haum rau "Russian pob ntseg". Nws tsis tsuas yog them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov style ntawm kev sau tus thawj, tab sis kuj ua tib zoo ua hauj lwm los tsim kom tau lub siab xav uas yog embodied nyob rau hauv thawj, thiaj li tsis mus poob lub slightest particle los qhia kev paub.

Pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim tus kws sau ntawv tshwj xeeb, kuv tau kawmKaramzin txoj haujlwm, qhia luv luv qhia ntxiv rau cov neeg nyeem.

Tus kws sau ntawv tau txheeb xyuas peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum muaj kev txhais lus zoo raws li:

• Purity - txhawj xeeb cov khoom siv lexical.
• Smoothness - peb tham txog stylistic uniformity.
• Pleasant - kev txhais lus yuav tsum raug raws li qhov ua tau, tab sis tsis muaj qhov sib npaug. Nws yuav tsum yooj yim to taub.

Karamzin lus hloov kho

Influencing cov ntaub ntawv, Karamzin txoj hauj lwm tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam cov kev hloov hauv kev hais lus. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog mus kom ze rau kev ua neej nyob, hais lus. Nws nrhiav kev ntxuav nws ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm, cov lus piav qhia tsis tseeb. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Nikolai Mikhailovich kuj yog ib tus neeg tawm tsam ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm tib neeg cov lus, xws li tias lawv tsis haum rau kev nkag siab ntawm kev hais lus zoo, siv tau, tab sis zoo nkauj.

Karamzin txhawb cov lus Lavxias los ntawm kev tsim ntau cov lus tshiab, ua tsaug rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov hauv paus, hloov cov kab lus lossis coj los ntawm lwm yam lus. Ntawm cov lus no: kev lag luam, kev hlub, tib neeg thiab lwm yam.

History of Russia

Cov haujlwm keeb kwm nto moo tshaj plaws sau los ntawm Karamzin yog "Cov Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws". Kev ua haujlwm tau ua raws li "Kev Ceeb Toom ntawm Ancient thiab Tshiab Russia hauv nws txoj kev nom kev tswv thiab pej xeem kev sib raug zoo". Nws yog thaum ua hauj lwm rau nws Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, uas nws tej hauj lwm yeej ib txwm muaj keeb kwm digressions, sau ntawv los ntawm keeb kwm, xav txog kev tsim ib tug loj analytical ua hauj lwm.

Swinging atlub ntiaj teb no xwm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, nws kos cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov annals, ntau yam uas twb xub siv nyob rau hauv science nyob rau hauv dav dav. Karamzin tsis tsuas yog rov tsim keeb kwm me ntsis, tab sis kuj pom ntau thiab ntau qhov chaw tshiab. Yog li, nws yog tus uas nrhiav tau Ipatiev Chronicle.

Stories structure:

• kev taw qhia - piav qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm raws li kev tshawb fawb;
• keeb kwm ua ntej 1612 los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm pawg neeg nomadic.

Txhua zaj dab neeg, zaj dab neeg xaus nrog qhov xaus ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees.

Meaning of "History"

Thaum Karamzin ua tiav txoj haujlwm, "Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Xeev Lavxias" tau tawg ua ke zoo li cov ncuav qab zib kub. 3,000 daim ntawv raug muag hauv ib hlis. "Keeb Kwm" tau nyeem los ntawm txhua tus: yog vim li cas qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog sau qhov khoob khoob hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev, tab sis kuj yooj yim, yooj yim ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Raws li phau ntawv no, muaj ntau tshaj li ib qho kev kos duab, txij li "History" kuj tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov phiaj xwm.

"Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev" tau los ua thawj qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Nws kuj tau dhau los ua qauv thiab piv txwv rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev txaus siab hauv keeb kwm hauv lub tebchaws.

Tus sau tau hais txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej raws li tib txoj kev tseeb ntawm lub xeev. Qhov no ua rau muaj cua daj cua dub ntawm kev npau taws ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov pej xeem.