Alexander Afanasiev thiab nws cov haujlwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov ntawv nyeem yuav luag los ntawm cov kab xev? Tau kawg, fairy tales. Nov yog thawj zaj dab neeg uas niam txiv qhia lawv cov me nyuam. Los ntawm lawv peb kawm thawj zaj lus qhia: qhov zoo yog qhov muaj zog tshaj qhov phem, nws yeej yuav yeej. Thiab txawm hais tias txoj kev qee zaum nyuaj, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tso tseg thiab koj yuav tsum ntseeg koj tus kheej thiab koj lub zog. Txawj ntse, zaj dab neeg zoo yog lub ntiaj teb loj uas qhib rau tus me nyuam los ntawm thawj hnub ntawm lub neej.

Nws kawm xav, paub qhov phem ntawm qhov zoo, ntsuas qhov ua ntawm cov dab neeg. Fairy tales npaj tus me nyuam rau cov neeg laus lub neej, qhia yuav ua li cas coj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no loj heev. Thaum kev sib tham tig mus rau ib tug fairy taleas, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis nco qab lub zoo "storyteller" - Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev, vim hais tias yog tsis muaj nws, peb yuav tsis tau paub ib tug "Turnip", los yog "Ryaba Hen", los yog "Kolobok".

Afanasiev Alexander Nikolaevich (1826–1871) yug hauv cheeb tsam Voronezh, nroog Boguchar. Leej txiv tau ua tus kws lij choj thiab yog li ntawd sim muab nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Voronezh gymnasium, Afanasiev mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw uas nws nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab kawm tiav, nws qhia ntawv nyeem thiab keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, thiab ib xyoos tom qab nws nkagrau kev pabcuam hauv archive.

Tej zaum, nws yog lub xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas tau los ua cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Ntawm no nws tau paub nrog ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muaj nuj nqis, tab sis nkag tsis tau rau feem ntau. Afanasiev luam tawm phau ntawv journal Bibliographic Notes, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm nto moo Lavxias teb sab xav, paj huam thiab sau ntawv pom lub teeb. Alexander Afanasiev sau ntau, ua raws li kev tshawb fawb thiab neeg sau xov xwm. Ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov kev tshaj tawm xyoo no:

• "N. I. Novikov."
• Russian Book Trade.
• "Satires ntawm Cantemir".
• "Kev sib cav txog kev sau ntawv ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los."

Dab tsi tuaj yeem luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia tau thauj mus txawv tebchaws thiab tshwm sim hauv London hauv cov lus sau tseg "Polar Star", ib qho ntawm cov tshaj tawm uas yog Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig A. I. Herzen. Nyob rau hauv 1862, Afanasyev raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pab cuam, liam tias muaj kev sib txuas nrog London propagandists. Alexander Afanasiev tsis muaj txoj haujlwm ruaj khov rau ntau xyoo, thiab xyoo 1865 nws nkag mus hauv Duma ua tus pab tuav ntaub ntawv, ob xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau tsiv mus rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv. Tus kws sau ntawv zoo tau tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 45 los ntawm kev noj.

keeb kwm kev ua haujlwm

Ib tus hlub ntawm qub txeeg qub teg, Afanasiev tshawb txog txhua yam ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm Russia, tau txais phau ntawv sau ntawv qub. Nws muaj ntau yam haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia, nws luam tawm lawv nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal Sovremennik (State Economy nyob rau hauv Peter lub Great, Pskov Judicial Charter, thiab lwm yam). Sau cov kev txheeb xyuas keeb kwmcov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawm "Society of History thiab Antiquities" nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Neeg nyiam sau ntawv, tshawb fawb archives, hais lus thiab tshaj tawm cov lus hais txog cov lus tsim ntawm tib neeg. Raws li qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab tsis zoo rau nws, Afanasiev ua tiav thiab luam tawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej - "Lub Poetic Views ntawm Slavs ntawm Xwm."

Kev sau ntawv

Txij li xyoo 1850, Alexander Afanasiev tau hloov pauv tag nrho rau kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog cov dab neeg, dab neeg thiab keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb muaj nuj nqis heev. Nws nthuav tawm rau peb txog yav dhau los, lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no. Nqa mus rau qhov dav dav cov kev cai qub, kev ntseeg, lus dab neeg thiab cov lus piv txwv ntawm Slavic cov ntawv nyeem. Lub sijhawm no, nws tshaj tawm ntau dua 60 cov ntawv hauv ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog:

• Tshawb nrhiav mythology ntawm "Yawg Brownie".
• "Wizard and Witch".
• "Zoomorphic deities ntawm cov Slavs".
• "Ib ob peb lo lus hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab pej xeem kev ntseeg."
• "Pagan legends txog Buyan Island".
• "Russian satirical magazines 1769-1774".

Nkauj Hmoob Russian fairy tales

Tus neeg sau ntawv Lavxias thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm A. N. Pypin tau sau txog Afanasiev txoj kev mob siab rau zaj dab neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd rau qhov tseeb tias tus sau tab tom sim muab cov lus piav qhia mythical rau cov xwm txheej tsawg tshaj plaws. Chernyshevsky N. G.kuj tau taw qhia qhov no, tab sis ntxiv tias ib tus tsis tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog Afanasiev cov lus piav qhia.

Rau ntau tus neeg thuam, Alexander Afanasiev teb tias mythology yog tib txoj kev tshawb fawb, thiab tsuas yog tias nws muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua daim duab qub qub yog tias tshawb nrhiav me ntsis. Nws sib cav hais tias cov dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg yog inseparable ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg. Ntau cov lus dab neeg tau sib txuas nrog cov xwm txheej ntuj uas tsis muaj kev piav qhia, uas ib zaug lees paub lawv lub ntsiab lus mythical. Qhov tsis muaj kev nkag siab los ntawm cov neeg thuam txog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb txog mythology tau mob siab rau Afanasyev.

thawj sau ntawm fairy tales

Kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov dab neeg los ntawm Afanasiev hauv cov xwm txheej no yog hom kev ua yeeb yam. Nws sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau tus editor ntawm Otechestvennye Zapiski thiab nug rau ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv rau pej xeem tales. Piav qhia, siv tus piv txwv ntawm Cov Kwv Tij Grimm, tias qhov no yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog txaus siab. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal, txij li lub ntim uas Afanasiev muaj nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd deb tshaj lub peev xwm ntawm phau ntawv journal.

Xyoo 1952, Lavxias teb sab Geographical Society tau muab Afanasiev sau cov dab neeg uas nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv twb tau muab pov tseg txog 1000 zaj dab neeg, xa mus rau nws los ntawm Dal V. I. Ob qho tib si thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ua, raws li lawv tau sau los ntawm cov neeg sib txawv, cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm ob qho tib si zoo thiab style. Xyoo 1855, thawj zaug ntawm Lavxias Folk Tales tau luam tawm.

Zaj dab neeg los ntawm Alexander Afanasyev tau luam tawm ntau yam. Tsuas yog yimcov teeb meem suav nrog ntau dua 600 lub npe. Nws xaiv cov menyuam yaus cov dab neeg uas ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws rau kev tshaj tawm. Nws yog thaum ntawd cov nyeem thawj zaug ntsib Koshchei thiab Baba Yaga, kawm txog Firebird thiab Kolobok, hnov txog Teremka thiab Marya Morevna. Nov yog qhov sau ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov dab neeg hauv ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.

Kev cais ntawm fairy tales

Thaum lub sijhawm npaj ntxiv ntawm cov khoom, Afanasiev xav txog thiab faib nws. Nws faib cov dab neeg rau hauv ntu: cov dab neeg epic, mythological, tsiaj epic, dab neeg txog dab neeg thiab cov neeg tuag, cov dab neeg niaj hnub thiab kev lom zem. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, qhov kev faib tawm tau yooj yim me ntsis: fairy tales txog tsiaj, kev sib raug zoo thiab fairy tales. Tab sis nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas Alexander Afanasiev tsim.

Phau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem tab sis ua rau tsis txaus siab ntawm cov txiv plig thiab tub ceev xwm. Censorship nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev tau tiv thaiv cov dej num ntawm Afanasyev. Nyob rau hauv lub caij no, ib phau ntawm "Tseem muaj nuj nqis Tales" twb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Geneva, coj ib tug tiv thaiv lub tsev teev ntuj thiab anti-bar cim. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm Afanasiev's collections yog ib qho kev tshwm sim zoo hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tshawb fawb lub neej ntawm Russia. Tom qab nws tso tawm, ntau tus neeg thuam thiab cov kws sau ntawv zoo ntawm lub sijhawm tau tshuaj xyuas.

Forbidden Tales of Afanasiev

Ntxiv rau cov menyuam yaus zaj dab neeg, Afanasiev muaj cov ntawv sau dab neeg rau cov neeg laus, luam tawm hauv Geneva: "Lavxias teb sab dab neeg tsis yog rau kev tshaj tawm." Cov sau Tales, Legends thiab Parables kuj raug txwv nyob rau hauv Russia thiab luam tawm txawv teb chaws. Cov tub ceev xwm pom nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev xav. Nws suav nrog cov lus hais txog kev ntshaw,stupidity, dab ntxwg nyoog, mythical dab thiab dab phem. Ib qho khoom muaj nqis heev uas cuam tshuam txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg.

Lub sijhawm xyoo ntawm kev tsim txom censorship, ntau cov khoom sau tawm los ntawm ntau lub npe. Piv txwv li, cov lus dab neeg uas muaj cov ntsiab lus erotic tau tawm hauv lub npe: Valaam. Xyoo tsaus ntuj. Phau ntawv no raug txwv tsis pub ntev. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tau tso tawm thawj zaug nyob rau hauv 1997. Cov neeg sau paub zoo ntawm cov dab neeg muaj ntau yam haujlwm uas tseem tab tom luam tawm.

Yog li ntawd, lawv feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog cov haujlwm ntawm peb cov neeg kawm ntawv, uas tau sau phau ntawv "Contamination Zone". Alexander Afanasiev yog tus kws sau ntawv tam sim no. Tab sis nws txoj hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev txuas nrog cov dab neeg ntawm lub npe zoo, uas tau mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho los sau cov dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub sau ntawm Afanasiev Alexander Nikolaevich yog hais txog ob txhiab fairy tales. Nws nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai raws li thawj tshaj tawm ntawm ib phau ntawm pej xeem tales.