Dab tsi yog tonality hauv suab paj nruag. Lub suab nkauj. Major, tsawg

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ua ntej txheeb xyuas cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb, tus neeg ua yeeb yam ua ntej ntawm txhua tus them nyiaj rau cov cim tseem ceeb thiab cov cim tseem ceeb. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis yog tsuas yog kev nyeem ntawv tseeb ntawm cov ntawv nyob ntawm qhov no, tab sis kuj yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias ntau tus neeg sau ntawv muaj xim pob ntseg thiab sawv cev rau txhua tus yuam sij hauv qee cov xim. Nws puas tshwm sim los ntawm lub caij nyoog? Los yog nws yog ib qho kev hloov maj mam sab hauv?

Lub tswvyim thiab txhais ntawm tonality

Ntawm theorists B. L. Yavorsky thiab I. V. Sposobin qhia tias qhov no yog qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws. Yog li, piv txwv li, yog lub tonic yog "C" thiab hom yog "Major", ces tus yuam sij yuav yog "C Major".

Hauv qhov nqaim (tshwj xeeb) kev nkag siab, tonality hauv suab paj nruag kuj yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib txuas, nrog rau qhov siab. Tsuas yog twb nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tus consonant triad. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm 17th-19th centuries (classical-romantic). Hauv ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb, peb tuaj yeem tham txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm ntau lub tonalities, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo. Xws li, piv txwv li, quarto-thib tsiblub voj voog, lawv cov yuam sij cuam tshuam, sib npaug, eponymous, thiab lwm yam.

Ib lub ntsiab lus ntxiv. Qhov no yog hierarchically centralized system ntawm high-rise kev sib txuas uas yog functionally delimited (differentiated). Los ntawm nws qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke nrog kev ntxhov siab, ib qho frettonality yog tsim.

Pitch in the 16th century

Pitch nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th suab paj nruag yog nyob rau hauv ib tug quandary. Lub sij hawm nws tus kheej tau qhia nyob rau hauv 1821 los ntawm F. A. J. Castile-Blazzle (ib tug naas ej Fabkis txoj theorist). Txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab tshaj tawm lub tswv yim ntawm tonality txij li xyoo 1844 F. J. Fetis. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lo lus no tsis tau siv tag nrho mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov thiab Tchaikovsky txog tonal kev sib raug zoo tsis pom nyob qhov twg. Thiab tsuas yog Taneyev phau ntawv "Mobile counterpoint ntawm kev sau ntawv nruj", ua tiav xyoo 1906, ua rau pom nws.

Lo lus "tonality" muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Ua ntej, nws yog ladotonal harmonic-functional system. Qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho tshwj xeeb tonality hauv suab paj nruag. Ntawd yog, qee hom modal ntau yam ntawm qhov siab. Lub tswv yim niaj hnub ntawm tonality tau qhia tau zoo heev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Karl Dahlhaus. Nws txhais nws nyob rau hauv lub siab dav ntawm lo lus. Raws li nws lub ntsiab lus, nws yuav pom tseeb tias cov qauv qub Gregorian suab paj nruag yog thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm tonality. Nws sau tseg tias, ntxiv rau qhov chord-harmonic, muaj lub suab nrov nrov.

Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm tonality

1. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub hauv paus lossis qhov chaw. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub suab, chord, lossis qhov chaw sib txawv kiag li.
2. Muajqee lub koom haum ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas ncaj qha muab lawv mus rau hauv ib txoj kab ke hierarchically subordinate.
3. Ib qho abutment, nruab nrab lossis tag nrho cov kab ke uas yuav tsum tau kho ntawm tib qhov siab. Raws li qhov no, nws ua raws li lub suab nkauj hauv suab paj nruag txhais tau tias muaj ib hom kev sib koom ua ke nyob ib puag ncig no lossis lub ntsiab lus.
4. Frame (loj, me), uas yog muab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm chord system thiab suab paj nruag uas ua raws lawv "canvas".
5. Ntau tus yam ntxwv tsis sib xws: D nrog xya thiab S nrog rau thib rau.
6. Internal hloov ntawm kev sib haum xeeb.
7. qauv qauv raws li peb lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: tonic, subdominant thiab dominant.
8. Cov duab loj raws li kev hloov kho.

Palestina hom thiab lub suab

Nyob rau hauv classical tonality, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm attraction rau qhov chaw (tonic) yeej. Nyob rau hauv lub modal hom, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Tsuas muaj subordination rau qhov teev. Hauv Palestrina, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub fret system tau qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob txheej. Qhov no yog ib qho choral (monodic) sub-base thiab nws cov txheej txheem reorganization. Nyob rau hauv hom Palestrian, tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb inclination rau tonic. Kuj tsis muaj qeb li ntawd. Palestrina muaj lub koom haum holistic ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Tsis muaj cadences, feem, tsis muaj inclination rau lub hauv paus. Ntawd yog, kev tsim kho tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab kiag li. Yog li, Palestrina tsis muaj tonality ntawm Viennese classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

Monodic hom thiab harmonic yawm sij

Loj thiab me yog sib npaug nrog lwm hom: Aeolian, Ionian, Phrygian, txhua hnub, Locrian, Dorian, Mixolydian, thiab tseem pentatonic. Muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm cov yuam sij harmonic thiab hom monodic. Cov yuam sij loj thiab me yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov nro sab hauv, kev ua ub no, dynamization thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txav mus los. Lawv kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke loj heev. Tag nrho cov no yog tsis nyob rau hauv monodic hom. Lawv kuj tsis muaj ib tug txawv attraction rau lub tonic, nws dominance. Lub ntsiab lus dynamism ntawm lub tonal system yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov xwm ntawm European xav nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm. E. Lovinsky tau ua tiav tau sau tseg tias kev hloov pauv, qhov tseeb, yog qhov pom kev ruaj khov ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thaum tonality, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog dynamic.

Zaj sawv xim dab tsi ua cov neeg sau xim cov yuam sij nrog?

Txhua lub suab, nyob hauv lub cev, muaj qee yam haujlwm tsis yog hauv kev sib raug zoo-kev sib raug zoo nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog xim. Hauv qhov no, cov tswv yim hais txog tus cwj pwm thiab xim (xim xim hauv qhov kev nkag siab) yog qhov ntau heev.

Yog li, piv txwv li, tus yuam sij "C loj" yog lub hauv paus hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem thiab suav tias yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, yog li nws yog xim dawb. Ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj, suav nrog cov kws sau nkauj zoo, feem ntau muaj xim hnov. Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov raug suav hais tias yog tus sawv cev tseeb ntawm cov lus xaiv.

Yog li, piv txwv li, tus yuam sij"E loj" nws txuam nrog ob peb: ci ntsuab, xim ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav birch ntoo thiab pastoral ntxoov. "E tiaj tus loj" rau nws yog qhov feem ntau tsaus ntuj thiab tsaus muag tonality, uas nws pleev xim rau hauv nws lub tswv yim hauv lub suab grey-xiav, yam ntxwv ntawm lub nroog thiab cov fortresses. Ludwig van Beethoven suav tias yog tus menyuam yaus B yog dub. Cov xim no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias tej hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv tus yuam sij no ib txwm suab quaj quaj thiab tragic. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov xim tsis tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm, lawv tau ua raws li qhov kev xav ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Yog tias koj hloov lub tonality, ces nws yuav kis tau cov xim sib txawv kiag li. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog kev npaj ntawm motet los ntawm Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618) los ntawm Franz Liszt. Los ntawm "D loj" nws hloov nws mus rau "B loj", nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov style ntawm suab paj nruag hloov, nta ntawm romanticism tshwm sim.

Lub luag haujlwm thiab qhov chaw ntawm tonality yog dab tsi?

Pib txij xyoo pua 17th, ntau yam ntawm chords, feem ntau nrog cov qauv nyuaj, tau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia suab paj nruag. Qee lub sij hawm tonal dramaturgy kuj sib tw nrog thematic, theem thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ntseeg hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev hloov kho, tsis yog ntawm cov qauv suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag, lub luag hauj lwm loj ntawm tonality yog undeniable. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj: sonata, cyclic, opera, rondo, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm cov txhais tau tias muab bulge thiab nyem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yogcov hauv qab no sawv tawm: ib qho kev hloov maj mam los yog tam sim ntawd hloov ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau lwm qhov, kev hloov pauv sai, kev sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Tag nrho qhov no tshwm sim tawm tsam qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev nyob ruaj khov hauv qhov tseem ceeb.

Kinship of keys

Cov yuam sij cuam tshuam yog thawj, qib thib ob thiab qib thib peb. Pab pawg tus naj npawb ib suav nrog tag nrho cov chords ntawm lub diatonic system ntawm tus yuam sij xaiv los yog muab. Nrhiav lawv yog qhov yooj yim heev. Qhov no yuav tsum tau lub tonic mus nrhiav subdominant thiab dominant chords. Cov no yog theem plaub thiab thib tsib. Lawv kuj muaj lawv tus kheej chords uas zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv lub suab muaj pes tsawg leeg rau lawv. Qhov thib ob qib ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog cov yuam sij nrog tib lub tonic, tab sis txawv hom (nrog rau tib lub npe). Yog li, piv txwv li, "C major" thiab "C minor". Cov cim ntawm tonality, feem, yuav txawv. Nyob rau hauv "C loj" lawv tsis yog, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me ntawm tib lub npe muaj peb flats.

Chords ntawm pab pawg thib peb muaj cov kauj ruam sib xws (3). Qhov thib peb qib ntawm kev sib raug zoo kuj suav nrog ob chords, zoo tib yam hauv cov qauv thiab sawv ntawm qhov deb ntawm peb lub suab. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov no yog "C loj" thiab "F ntse loj". Tag nrho cov kev paub no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias koj xav tau hloov tus yuam sij ntawm zaj nkauj siv kev hloov pauv lossis deflection.

Zaj lus

Yog li, tonality muaj cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab nws cov ntsiab lus. Theorists txhais nws txawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo txog nws txoj kev txhawb siab thiab kev ploj tuag. Yog cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm Western European lub teb chawsnrhiav tau nws thaum ntxov (thaum ntxov li 14th caug xyoo), tom qab ntawd hauv Russia nws pib siv ntau tom qab. Tias yog vim li cas lub tonality nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics thiab romantics txawv heev ntawm cov Palestrina thiab yuav yog Shostakovich, Hindemith, Shchedrin thiab lwm yam composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20-21st.