Drama in literature is Drama: piv txwv ntawm tej hauj lwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Drama yog ib hom kev sau ntawv uas tso cai rau hauv ib zaj lus luv luv los qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg, kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cim, qhia txog kev coj ncaj ncees. Kev xwm txheej, kev ua yeeb yam thiab txawm tias cov duab kos niaj hnub no yog txhua yam ntawm cov duab no uas tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub.

Drama: phau ntawv nrog tus cwj pwm nyuaj

In translation los ntawm Greek lo lus "drama" txhais tau tias "ua". Kev ua yeeb yam (txhais lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem) yog ib txoj haujlwm uas nthuav tawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov cim. Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov cim tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua, thiab tus ntsuj plig - los ntawm kev sib tham. Cov hauj lwm ntawm hom ntawv no muaj cov phiaj xwm zoo, tsim los ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov cim, tsis tshua muaj - monologues lossis polylogues.

Tus sau cov lus tsuas yog tam sim no raws li cov lus hais. Lawv muaj kev ua haujlwm, qhia cov cim thiab piav qhia qhov xwm txheej.

Drama li ib hom ntawv nyeem yog tsim raws li kev cai classical.

Nws muaj ob peb ntu, faib ua haujlwm. Muaj ob peb tus phab ej nyob rau hauv nws, ib tug tsim storyline uas teem lub axis ntawm txoj hauj lwm. Qee qhov xwm txheej me me tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv tag nrho cov haujlwm. Yog tias qhov kev ua haujlwm raug tsim rau kev ua haujlwm, ces nws qhov ntim yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 80 nplooj ntawv. Xws li tsab ntawv lossis kev ua si sib npaug li 3-4 teev ntawm kev nqis tes ua.

Ancient literature

Thaum pib, ua yeeb yam tau tsim los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus vajtswv ntawm fertility Dionysius, suav nrog nkauj thiab seev cev. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam hnav daim tawv nqaij, daim npog qhov ncauj ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag thiab hu nkauj qhuas. Muaj kev sib tw ntawm tragedians thiab comedians. Nto moo playwrights - Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripilus, Aristophanes - nto moo sau ntawv ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws.

Classic ua yeeb yam suav nrog ntau hom. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv hom kev kos duab: qhov no yog tragedy, comedy thiab ua yeeb yam nws tus kheej. Tragicomedy, yog li nrov hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias, tau tsim nyob rau ntawm kev sib tshuam.

Txoj kev ua yeeb yam ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev xwm txheej

Literally, lo lus "txoj kev txom nyem" txhais tau tias "tshis nkauj". Nws tau txuam nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg tu siab, thaum tus vaj tswv ntawm winemaking mus rau hauv hibernation, los yog metaphorically tuag. Aeschylus suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm kev xwm txheej, nws txhim kho daim ntawv thiab suav nrog tus neeg ua yeeb yam thib ob hauv qhov kev txiav txim. Sophocles ntxiv tus cim thib peb. Kev xav txav yog qhia los ntawm kev quaj ntsuag, kev quaj ntsuag, ntshai, npau taws. Pab hu nkauj qhuas vajtswv, tsa suab zoo.

Kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws muajRau qhov classical Cheebtsam: dab neeg, kev loj hlob ntawm tus cwj pwm, muaj feem xyuam thiab tseem ceeb lub tswv yim, prosaic thiab metrical lus, suab paj nruag, thiab spectacle. Kev nyuaj siab ntes tus ntsuj plig thiab ua rau kev txom nyem paub.

Nyob hauv nws daim ntawv tsis hloov pauv, qhov xwm txheej tuaj txog rau Renaissance, qhov chaw nws tau nrov dua. Shakespeare's heroes ntsib txoj hmoo ntawm txoj kev tshiab. Tam sim no kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb dua li kev ua si ntawm vajtswv. Tus naas ej "King Lear", "Othello", "Hamlet" los txog rau niaj hnub no yog ib tug nyeem rau cov hluas playwrights thiab lam.

Nyob hauv Hnub Nyoog Kawg, cov neeg ua yeeb yam tawm tsam cov tswv yim. Schiller cov xwm txheej nto moo "Cov tub sab" thiab "Kev dag ntxias thiab kev hlub" tau nrov li Goethe's "Egmont" thiab "Getz von Berlichingen".

Romanticism qhia qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis twb nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab hauv thiab sab nrauv ntawm cov cim. Byron, Hugo ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hom kev xwm txheej.

Big Literary Family

Drama hauv cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog pawg muaj tswv yim loj. Tus thawj progenitor ntawm xwm txheej thiab comedy tam sim no tau txais cov neeg tshiab hauv tsev neeg. Cov neeg sawv cev niaj hnub no yog melodrama, vaudeville, kos duab. Melodrama raws li ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv faib cov heroes rau "zoo" thiab "phem" cov neeg: cov cim muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim, thiab vim li ntawd, pom qhov kev daws teeb meem tsis txaus ntseeg. Vaudeville thiab kos duab kos duab ua ke ua ke.

Kev nthuav dav hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau kev ua yeeb yam, muaj lwm hom kev qhiantaub ntawv. Lub rooj yuav pab qhia seb peb tam sim no yuav tshuaj xyuas dab tsi hauv qee qhov nthuav dav.

Novella yog ib yam ntawm zaj dab neeg luv luv: kev ua haujlwm luv luv nrog cov ntsiab lus ntse thiab cov lus piav qhia nruab nrab. Tsis muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws overtones thiab qhov xaus tsis tau npaj txhij, zoo li hauv zaj nkauj.

Ode - niaj hnub no, tab sis nrov heev nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, ib tug solemn ua hauj lwm uas tau hais los ntawm paj huam los yog paj huam teem rau suab paj nruag.

Cov lus - qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej tiag tiag, zaj dab neeg ntseeg tau.

Zaj dab neeg yog ib hom ntawv epic hais txog lub neej ntawm tus phab ej lossis ob peb lub cim, qhia ua ntu zus los ntawm lub neej. Ntev npaum li ib zaj dab neeg luv luv, tab sis tsawg dua ntawm qhov tshiab.

Paj huam yog ib zaj paj huam.

Dab neeg - ib tug me kwv tij ntawm zaj dab neeg, qhov twg ib los yog ntau yam xwm txheej ntawm lub neej ntawm tus hero raug hais. Cov yeeb yam tsis ntev los no, thiab muaj ob peb tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Raws li txoj cai, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm tus neeg piav qhia tsis pom. Zaj dab neeg thiab zaj paj huam yog ib hom ntawv uas nyiam tshaj plaws.

Ntuj tshiab yog ib zaj lus zoo heev, uas muaj ob peb zaj dab neeg uas cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg lub neej lossis tag nrho lub neej ntawm tib neeg. Cov cim sib npaug, zaj dab neeg qhia txog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv zej zog thiab teeb meem.

Epic - ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws lossis keeb kwm. Sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm prose los yog paj huam. Cov kws sau ntawv feem ntau hu ua epics novels, tab sis nws txawv ntawm qhov kawg hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm pej xeem lub neej,nthuav tawm txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv zej zog thiab thaj chaw dav dav thiab keeb kwm.

Ballad yog ib zaj paj huam zoo nkauj, qhov twg cov kab keeb kwm uas khiav los ntawm tag nrho cov phiaj xwm tau qhia meej meej. Ib lub ballad txawv ntawm ib zaj paj huam lyric hauv cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus sau nrhiav los qhia nws cov kev xav ntawm sab hauv, es tsis txhob ntawm cov zajlus. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nqe lus luv dua.

Ib zaj nkauj yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm lub tswv yim, kev xav, zaj lus los ntawm nqe lus teem rau suab paj nruag. Nws tau muab faib ua ntu, qhov twg qhov refrain yog chorus, thiab cov txheej txheem tsim yog cov nqe.

Nkauj, keeb kwm, suab nkauj, zaj nkauj hu tau kho siab. Nws ntseeg tau hais tias cov nkauj thiab ballads yog cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws.

Cov lus hauv qab no yuav pab koj kom tau txais lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm hom kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv muaj tswv yim.

Form Literature

Epos	Lyrics	Drama
Fab	nkauj kho siab	Vaudeville
Epic	Invective	Sketch
lus dab neeg	Madrigal	Comedy
Novel	Ode	Txoj kev nyuaj siab
Zaj	Song	Drama
Zaj	Sonnet	Melodrama
Sketch	Romance	Tragicomedy
Romance	lus
	Elegy
Epic	poem
	Epitaph
	Epigram

Hnub yug ntawm Russian dramaturgy

Qhov qeeb thiab ntsuas thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau cim los ntawm kev nthuav tawm sai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua yeeb yam.

Ntawm ib sab, qhov no yeej yog vim kev txaus siab hauv kev ua yeeb yam, qhov twg tag nrho galaxy ntawm cov khoom plig zoo nkauj thiab cov kws sau ntawv tshwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum lub sijhawm no, muaj kev zam rau kev nyeem ntawv hauv tsev thiab chav nyob sau ntawv. Cov xwm txheej ntawm Kryukovsky, Ozerov, Plavilshchikov, Viskovagov, Gruzintsev, Glinka, Zotov yog nrov. Ivanov's "Marfa Posadnitsa, los yog Conquest ntawm Novgorod" los ntawm Ivanov nyiam kev vam meej.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm classics thiab originality

Tus neeg thuam P. A. Katenin tau sim tiv thaiv daim ntawv classic ntawm ib hom ntawv, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj txhais Corneille thiab Racine. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ua yeeb yam hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog ib daim qauv ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ua yeeb yam. Lub tswv yim ntawm "kev tsis ncaj ncees-classical tragedy" tshwm sim, thiab Kotzebue cov haujlwm poob rau hauv kev tawm tsam. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb yog Dramatic Herald, luam tawm los ntawm Yazykov txij li xyoo 1808. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws playwrights ntawm lub sij hawm yog Shakhovsky. Ntau tshaj 100 plays tau los ntawm nws tus cwj mem. Nws yog nto moo rau nws comedies, nyob rau hauv uas lub puab tsis muaj zog ntawm kev ua si, raws li cov neeg thuam ntawm cov kws txawj, tau them los ntawm lub brilliance ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab sham cuam tshuam.

Tshuaj ua yeeb yam hauv cov ntaub ntawv

Vaudeville rau Lavxiaskev xav tau thawj zaug los ntawm Khmelnitsky. Nws feem ntau yog ib tug txawj txhais lus. Yog li, nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Fab Kis ua yeeb yam nto moo: "Castles in the Air", "Talker", "Indecisive".

Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" yog thawj phau ntawv Lavxias ntawm tus cwj pwm, uas tau ua tiav zoo hauv cov qauv thiab qauv ntawm Fabkis ua yeeb yam. Cov hauj lwm no, luam tawm xyoo 1831, tseem ua tau zoo heev niaj hnub no.

Cov ntaub ntawv Askiv kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab Lavxias. Piv txwv li, txawm Belinsky pom tias Pushkin muab Shakespeare tus Boris Godunov. Pushkin zoo li dawb do reshape lub portraits ntawm lub heroes ntawm tus huab tais ntawm xwm txheej. Tab sis cov cim Lavxias tsis ua raws li tus chij ntawm kev mob siab rau, tab sis nyob rau hauv tus quab ntawm pob zeb ua yeeb yam.

Piv txwv ntawm Lermontov tej hauj lwm, untenable nyob rau hauv lub artistic kev txiav txim zoo, tab sis nthuav raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus kws sau paj lug tus cwj pwm, cia ib tug nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb sab hauv ntawm ib tug ci ntsa iab stylist. Gogol's "Inspector General" yog qhov ua yeeb yam-pob zeb uas ua rau cov teeb meem ntawm bureaucracy rau pej xeem luag. Tom qab kev vam meej ntawm Gogol nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj ib tug zam rau ib tug Lavxias teb sab cim, thiab tsis yog rau ib tug txhais lus carbon ntawv los ntawm European ntaub ntawv.

Zaj yeeb yaj kiab hauv cov ntawv nyeem kuj yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Turgenev, uas tau ua haujlwm ntawm hom ntawv no thaum xyoo 40s thiab thaum ntxov 50s. Nws cov yeeb yam "Lub Freeloader", "Noj tshais ntawm Tus Thawj Coj", "Bachelor", "Provincial" tseem suav nrog hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yam.

Nyob zoo saibheroes tau txais nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Piv txwv li, Pisemsky tus cwj pwm los ntawm "A Bitter Fate" yog ib lub zos peasant nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj thiab tsis embellishment. Tus sau zaj dab neeg "Baal", "Enlightened Time", "Financial Genius" tsis nyob ntev ntawm theem.

Russian Shakespeare

Drama hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis muaj nyob hauv nws daim ntawv yam tsis muaj Ostrovsky lub npe. Tus sau no tswj tsis tau tsuas yog kom tau txais tib neeg txoj kev hlub, rau 40 xyoo Ostrovsky staged txog 50 plays, tab sis kuj rau instill rau cov neeg tuaj saib saj rau zoo thiab complex tej hauj lwm. Dobrolyubov hu ua hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Nikolaevich "ua si ntawm lub neej." Tag nrho cov ntawv yog sustained zoo li ib tug classic ua yeeb yam. Lub ntsiab txhais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Ostrovsky's plays yog universal ua yeeb yam. Tus sau sim tsis tsuas yog qhia qhov xwm txheej xwb, tab sis kuj nrhiav cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem hauv cov cim cov cim, ib puag ncig.

Nws tau tswj kom nthuav tawm rau pej xeem tsis yog cov phab ej xwb, tab sis hom kev puas siab puas ntsws uas nws yooj yim pom lawv tus kheej. Tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj tau sau cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo nkauj ("Balzaminov's Marriage"), cov xwm txheej txias ("Thunderstorm"), ua rau cov neeg tuaj saib quaj, xav tsis thoob, empathize. Nws tej hauj lwm yog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.

Drama raws li ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li ib tug thawj tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Ostrovsky cov thwjtim, tshwm sim twb nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tus tswv. Vivid immitators ntawm nws cov txuj ci yog Potekhin, Dyachenko, Krylov, Solovyov, Chernyshev, Vladykin, Chaev, Lvov thiab Antropov. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov playwrights ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Lawv yog cov masters ntawm theatrical txheej txheem,stage action.

theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev sau ntawv yog qhov kev lag luam. Cov neeg sawv cev nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm cov yeeb yam tshiab yog Potekhin, Shpazhinsky, Tarnovsky, Sumbatov, A. Suvorin, Karpov.

L. Tolstoy siv ua yeeb yam los ua ib qho cuab yeej los qhia rau cov neeg coob coob, tso Lub Hwj Chim ntawm Kev Tsaus Ntuj thiab Cov Txiv Ntoo ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse.

Nyob rau xyoo 60s, hom keeb kwm keeb kwm tshwm sim ua yeeb yam. Piv txwv ntawm Ostrovsky cov hauj lwm "Minin-Sukhoruk", "Voyevoda", "Vasilisa Melentievna" yog cov piv txwv ci tshaj plaws ntawm hom tsis tshua muaj no. Lub trilogy ntawm suav A. K. Tolstoy: "Kev tuag ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai", "Tsar Feodor Ioannovich" thiab "Tsar Boris", raws li zoo raws li lub keeb kwm ntawm Chaev ("Tsar Vasily Shuisky") yog txawv los ntawm tib yam zoo. Crackling ua yeeb yam yog muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Averkin: "Mamay's Massacre", "Comedy txog Lavxias teb sab nobleman Frol Skobeev", "Old Kashirskaya".

Hnub no, ua yeeb yam txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tau tsim ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai qub ntawm ib hom ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no, ua yeeb yam hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog cov npe xws li Edward Radzinsky, Nikolai Erdman, Mikhail Chusov. Raws li cov ciam teb thiab cov rooj sib tham raug tshem tawm, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis sib haum xeeb los ua ntej uas cuam tshuam rau Wystan Auden, Thomas Bernhard thiab Martin McDonagh.