William Butler Yeats: biography thiab creativity

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

William Butler Yeats yog lub npe hu ua tus kws sau lus Askiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th, uas tau ua ntau yam los hloov cov lus paj huam, nrog rau tus kws sau nkauj, sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv. Hauv daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv pom zoo los ntawm Hemingway rau kev nyeem ntawv yuav tsum tau nyeem rau cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv, Yeats 'Autobiography kuj tau qhia. Nws cov paj huam tau qhuas los ntawm cov neeg txhais lus zoo. Tsis yog ib tug kws sau paj lug, William Butler Yeats tau qhia nws tus kheej. Nws cov paj huam yeej muaj nqis heev, tab sis William Butler tseem hu ua playwright. Yeats lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua yeeb yam muaj kev cuam tshuam rau Thomas Eliot, uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus thawj coj ua "ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm peb lub hnub nyoog."

Keeb kwm, cov hluas thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thaum ntxov

Tus kws sau ntawv Askiv uas peb xav tau yug hauv lub nroog Ireland, hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo uas tau koom nrog Pre-Raphaelite tsev kawm ntawv (qhov twg, los ntawm txoj kev, tsev neeg Kipling kuj yog. kaw). Nws tsis tau txais kev kawm txuj ci tsim nyog, tab sis nws tau kawm nws tus kheej ntau heev. Thaum ntxovtau nyiam cov ntaub ntawv.

Cov nqe lus qhib tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Shelley thiab Spencer. Nws pib sau lawv thaum ntxov li 1882, thiab thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm hnub rov qab mus rau 1885. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1885, William tau koom nrog lub koom haum ntawm Dublin Alchemical Society, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb occult. Tus kws sau paj lug yuav nyiam lawv mus tas nws lub neej.

William pib luam tawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20, thiab 4 xyoos tom qab nws luam tawm nws thawj phau ntawv paj huam. Coj los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Pre-Raphaelites, tus tub hluas, hauv nws cov lus, tau ntsib "kev ntxub ntxaug" rau txoj kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Nws zoo li nws hais tias paj huam kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj no, nws nrhiav kev cawm seej hauv cov cim, ntseeg tias cov duab ntawm kev zoo nkauj zais ntawm peb lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem rov tsim dua tshiab tsuas yog los ntawm kev siv cov cim. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, Yeats tau thov los ntawm kev kos duab tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev xav ntawm tus nyeem ntawv, tab sis kuj yog kev coj ncaj ncees.

Kev Tshaj Tawm

Tus kws sau paj lug tau muab lub zog ntau rau kev kawm. Xyoo 1891, nws tau tsim lub Koom Haum Irish Literary Society hauv London, tom qab ntawd National Irish Union hauv Dublin, koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Poetry Society, thiab tau saib xyuas kev nyiam ntawm Irish lus dab neeg. Ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev ua tiav yog kev tsim lub npe hu ua Gaelic League - lub koom haum pej xeem uas tau npaj los txhim kho Irish haiv neeg kab lis kev cai, rov kho cov lus hauv paus txawm thiab hloov mus rau cov ntaub ntawv raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm pej xeem.

Cov neeg Irish muaj keeb kwm nyuaj. "Greencov kob" tau nyob los ntawm Celtic pab pawg thaum ntxov li xyoo 4th BC. Nyob rau niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, Ireland tau poob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm England. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1921 nws tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug dominion, thiab nyob rau hauv 1949 - kev ywj pheej. Northern Ireland, feem ntau hu ua Ulster, tseem nyob nrog cov neeg Askiv, kev tswj hwm txawv teb chaws yog lim hiam, kev cai tsis pub cov neeg Irish siv lawv hom lus nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm kev tuag. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, kev tawm tsam rau lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab lus. nyuaj los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntau; tam sim no muaj ntau tus neeg Irish nyob txawv teb chaws xws li hauv Ireland. leej niam tus nplaig tau tsis kam thiab txawm tias tam sim no qhov xwm txheej tau txhim kho, tsawg dua li ib feem peb ntawm cov pej xeem hais lus Irish.

Irish Literary Revival

Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev poob qis ntawm kab lis kev cai yog txoj haujlwm ntawm Irish Literary Renaissance txav, nyob rau hauv uas Gaelic Pab Koomtes sawv thiab qhov pib uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tso tawm xyoo 1893 ntawm ib phau paj huam, sau los ntawm William Yeats ("Celtic Twilight"). Cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev txav tsis tau txo nws lub hom phiaj rau cov teeb meem hais lus nqaim, thiab ntau ntawm lawv, suav nrog William, tau sau ua lus Askiv. William Butler Yeats hais tias "Gaelic yog kuv haiv neeg, tab sis tsis yog kuv tus yam ntxwv," Cov lus hais los ntawm nws feem ntau tau siv los txhawb qhov kev txav no. Lub hom phiaj ntawm "Irish Literary Renaissance" yog loj-loj - los tsa lub teb chaws tus ntsuj plig, khaws cia pej xeem kab lis kev cai, tiv thaiv kev ywj pheej ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai.

Tsim kom muaj Irish Literary Theatre

BRaws li ib feem ntawm lub zog, William Butler Yeats tau tsim lub Irish Literary Theatre hauv Dublin xyoo 1899 thiab yog nws tus thawj coj yuav luag txog thaum nws tuag, txog li 40 xyoo. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub repertoire rau nws ua yeeb yam nws tus kheej, tig mus rau lub teb chaws epic thiab haiv neeg keeb kwm rau teeb meem. Ntawm no Yeats yog tus tsim kho tshiab. Nws tswj los tsim ib lub tswv yim ntawm "poetic ua yeeb yam", antithesis ntawm dominance ntawm naturalism.

tus kheej lub neej thiab paj huam hais txog kev hlub

Hauv paj huam, uas tau los ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Yeats, nws kuj tau tshawb nrhiav tas li. Nws txoj haujlwm thaum ntxov tau pib hauv mythology thiab tau txhawb nqa los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "Kev Zoo Nkauj Nyob Mus Ib Txhis". Kev muaj tiag yuav luag tsis nyiam tus kws sau paj huam. Kev hlub coj ib qho kev tsis txaus ntseeg rau Yeats' paj huam. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 24 xyoo, nws tau ntsib tus hluas nkauj zoo nkauj Maud Goni, ib tug actress thiab kiv puag ncig, thiab tau ntau xyoo muaj kev mob siab rau nws uas tseem unrequited. Tsuas yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 52 xyoos, tau txais kev tsis lees paub los ntawm Maud rau zaum thib plaub los koom nrog lawv lub neej, William Butler Yeats pib ua tsev neeg. "Nws xav tau lub tsho saum ntuj ceeb tsheej …" - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm nws cov paj huam hais txog kev hlub lyrics. Los ntawm txoj kev, kab los ntawm nws suab thaum pib ntawm zaj duab xis "Equilibrium". Ntau tus tsis paub tias lawv tus kws sau ntawv yog William Butler Yeats. "Tab sis kuv yog ib tug neeg pluag, thiab kuv tsuas yog npau suav xwb," hais tias zaj nkauj ntawm zaj paj huam no, quaj tias nws tsis tuaj yeem kis tau "saum ntuj ceeb tsheej" ntawm tus taw ntawm nws tus hlub.

Kev lees paub thiab pej xeem paj huam

Lub sijhawm dhau musYeats 'kev ua haujlwm tau cim los ntawm kev hloov pauv. "Kev zoo nkauj nyob mus ib txhis", paj huam hais txog kev hlub - tag nrho cov no maj mam dhau los ua ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Pib nrog kev sau "Lub luag haujlwm" (1914), William Butler gravitates ntau dua rau kev lees paub thiab pej xeem paj huam. Cov sau paj huam qhia txog kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li nyob tsis tswm Catholic Ireland, tsis txaus siab tau accumulating nrog domination ntawm Protestant England. Qhov kev kub ntxhov tau daws los ntawm Dublin kev tawm tsam ntawm xyoo 1916. Ireland tshaj tawm nws tus kheej ib lub tebchaws, tab sis cov neeg tawm tsam tau tuav tawm tsuas yog tsib hnub. William Butler Yeats tau nyob hauv London thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab cov xwm txheej tau los ua ib qho kev xav tsis thoob rau nws, tab sis lawv tau tso qhov kev xav tob rau hauv nws lub siab.

Nws tau rov ntsuas qhov mob yav dhau los. Hloov chaw ntawm mythology sib xyaw nrog mysticism, Yeats txoj haujlwm suav nrog keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws nrog nws tus phab ej tiag tiag. Qhov tseeb ntshav ntawm kev tawm tsam, uas tau thov 450 lub neej, kev tuag ntawm nws cov thawj coj tau ua rau tus kws sau paj lug pov tseg rau cov neeg siab dawb siab zoo, saib xyuas tib neeg.

Tagic tone of lyrics

Lub neej tsis pub kuv nrhiav kev txhawb nqa. Kev ua tsov rog guerrilla tom ntej nrog cov neeg Askiv kov yeej ua rau Yeats chim siab. Nws tau kov yeej los ntawm kev ntshai ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev nruj kev tsiv. Tragic tonality yog yam ntxwv ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov paj huam ntawm lub sijhawm no. Tab sis, tau kawg, muaj kev zoo siab chords hauv Yeats cov lus. Ib qho piv txwv yog paj huam "Fiddler los ntawm Dunia".

Tus kws sau paj huam

Yates' paj huam nyiam davkev paub. Thaj, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob saib rau hyperbolization nyob rau hauv cov mis ntawm Swedish Academy, qhov twg nws tau sau tseg tias nws txoj hauj lwm "muab ib qho kev qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig essence ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws." Txoj cai ntawm tus kws sau paj huam tau zoo heev. Los ntawm 1922 txog 1928, Yeats yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Irish Senate, yog ib tug ntawm peb senators uas tau qhia tsoomfwv txog kev kawm, ntawv nyeem thiab kos duab. Nws cov lus qhuab qhia tau txhawb nqa kev khaws cia ntau lub tebchaws monuments. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, kev sim cuam tshuam hauv kev nom kev tswv tsis ua haujlwm, thiab nws tsis kam lees txais lub luag haujlwm.

Senate hais lus

Yates cov lus hais hauv Senate ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab nws qhov kev ntsuas ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kab lis kev cai hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv nws hais tias nws tus kheej tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm kev pom ib lub koom haum Ireland, ntawm pom lub annexation ntawm Ulster; tab sis nws ntseeg tias thaum kawg nws yuav tshwm sim, thiab tsis yog vim Irish yuav tawm tsam rau nws, tab sis vim tias lawv yuav tswj hwm lawv lub teb chaws zoo. William Butler Yeats tau sau tseg tias qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim kab lis kev cai uas yuav sawv cev rau nws lub tebchaws thiab qhov ntawd yuav nyiam cov tub ntxhais hluas xav txog.

xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los ntawm lub neej thiab kev muaj tswv yim

Nyob rau kaum xyoo dhau los, nws lub neej zoo li mus tau zoo. Kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev txhawb nqa zoo heev yog Nobel nqi zog, uas nws tau txais hauv xyoo 1923. Tus kws sau paj huam rov qab muaj zog ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab lub cev, nws hais txog kev laus laus nrog kev lom zem. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog sab nraud xwb, lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tseem muaj kev nyuaj siab. Nyob rau hauv nws lub xyoo poob, ib tug revered sau,rov qab saib yav dhau los, xav txog yav tom ntej, nws nug nws tus kheej ib qho kev ntxhov siab ntau dua li lwm tus. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, cov ntsiab lus tshiab tshwm sim, cov tswv yim tshiab tau txhawb nqa, thiab cov txheej txheem poetic hloov pauv. Tus kws sau paj lug, raws li nws tau, tsis tu ncua refutes nws tus kheej. Lub xeev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tau tso nws mus txog thaum kawg.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov paj huam hais txog lub sijhawm lig ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej ntau dua li cov haujlwm ua ntej. Tshwj xeeb, lawv hais txog cov menyuam yaus ntawm William, nthuav qhia Yeats qhov kev xav ntawm nws qhov kev laus.

Rau kaum tsib xyoos dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, Yeats tau lees paub tias yog tus kws sau paj huam hauv tebchaws Irish. Nws feem ntau mob, tab sis txuas ntxiv tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws tsim tej hauj lwm uas cim los ntawm extraordinary txuj ci, zoo siab rau thiab kev xav. Ntawm lawv, xws li cov khoom sau xws li "Lub Ntauwd" (1928) thiab "Lub Kauv Staircase" tsim xyoo 1933 yuav tsum raug sau tseg.

Tus kws sau paj lug tuag ntawm Fab Kis Riviera, hauv nroog Cap-Martin, Lub Ib Hlis 28, 1939. Kev tuag los tom qab muaj lwm yam mob. Raws li lub siab nyiam ntawm Yeats, uas tau qhia hauv nws lub siab nyiam, xyoo 1948 nws cov seem raug muab rov faus rau hauv tebchaws Ireland.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam

Txoj kev hloov pauv tau ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm Yeats tus kws kos duab thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwm ze li 60 xyoo. Nws feem ntau tso tseg qhov nws tau ua tiav, hloov pauv thiab hloov nws txoj haujlwm. Qhov tseeb ntawm Yeats lub neej thiab kev sau ntawv keeb kwm yog qhov tsis sib xws. Tag nrho nws lub neej nwstau nyiam cov lus qhia mystical. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm thiab. Tshwj xeeb, William Yeats nyiam kev ntseeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig. "Lub zeem muag" yog ib phau ntawv luam tawm xyoo 1925 uas tus sau txhais lub sijhawm ntawm lub hlwb thiab keeb kwm los ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm mysticism. Thaum ib lub sij hawm, William Butler txawm ntseeg cov fascist primitive demagogy.

Raws li, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov neeg thuam txog nws txoj haujlwm ideological feem ntau tsis suav nrog ib leeg: Yeats tau nthuav tawm los ntawm kev tawm tsam, lossis kev tawm tsam, lossis raws li kev coj noj coj ua, lossis raws li niaj hnub. Cov lus txiav txim yog txhawb los ntawm kev xa mus rau cov ntawv, nqe lus, kab lus poetic. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob ib puag ncig tus cwj pwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm William Butler Yeats tau dhau los ua kev lig kev cai. Ib yam yog qhov tseeb - nws yog ib tug txiv neej tas li siv zog rau sab ntsuj plig tshiab. Thiab nws yog cov cuab yeej no uas ua rau nws tsim ib daim ntawv tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm paj huam, uas tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no.