Vanguard hauv architecture: keeb kwm, piav qhia ntawm style, duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Hlawv txuas txuas thiab tsis lees paub yav dhau los, saib tshiab lub sijhawm tshiab, cov tsiaj nyaum txaus ntshai nrog lub suab qw - tag nrho cov no yog avant-garde hauv architecture.

Tom qab xyoo 1917 kiv puag ncig, kev ua yeeb yam hauv lub tebchaws tau hloov pauv sai: cov tub ntxhais hluas ua yeeb yam tau tsim lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim cov duab tshiab uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev niaj hnub. Lawv tsim lub neej tshiab, sim hloov lawv ib puag ncig. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau striking phenomenon - architecture.

Kev Tsim Kho Kev Lag Luam

Ntau tus kws kos duab thiab cov kws tsim qauv hauv 20s lig ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tau kawm txog kev paub ntawm Malevich thiab Tatlin ua piv txwv ua raws. Cov tub ntxhais hluas tsim tau sim tsim cov ntawv geometric paub daws teeb, qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv avant-garde architecture. Ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam tshiab tau tso tseg tag nrho cov easel ntau lawm ntawm txhua yamtej hauj lwm: easel paintings, graphics thiab, ntawm chav kawm, lub tsev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub thiaj li hu ua industrial art yog tsim, uas yog hu ua avant-garde nyob rau hauv architecture. Kev taw qhia muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no.

New Current

Kev kos duab - kev ua yeeb yam hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm USSR hauv 20s. Cov neeg koom ntawm lub zog tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm: txhawm rau cuam tshuam kev lag luam nrog kev pab los ntawm avant-garde hauv architecture. Lawv ntseeg tias kev tsim cov rooj tog zaum, khaub ncaws thiab vaj tsev ntawm hom tshiab yuav pab tsim ib tus neeg tshiab thiab lub neej tshiab.

Txog tam sim no, kos duab ntawm Lavxias avant-garde tau nrov heev thiab paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab Malevich thiab Kandinsky yog cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab. Nws yog lawv cov uas tuaj nrog ib tug kiag li tshiab artistic lus, uas tsis yog ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Ua tsaug rau lawv uas tau los ua lub neej tshiab rau hauv kab lis kev cai.

Vanguard hauv architecture

Thaum lub sijhawm yeej ntawm lub Peb Hlis Ntuj tshiab tam sim no, kwv yees li 500 yam khoom tau tsim thoob plaws tebchaws Russia, txog ib puas ntawm lawv hauv Petrograd (thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tseem nyob hauv Leningrad). Lub nroog no tsis raug xaiv los ntawm lub sijhawm, vim nws yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv architecture.

Lub xeev ntawm ntau lub tsev niaj hnub no nyuaj siab, yuav luag txhua qhov yuav tsum tau kho, vim lawv raug kev txom nyem txoj hmoo tsis txaus ntseeg: lub tsev nto moo Kirov, uas tau ua raws li tag nrho cov cai ntawm architecture ntawm Leningrad avant-garde., yog ib lub monument uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yog ib lub tsev lag luam zoo tib yam uas tau xauj tawm. Cov chaw raug xauj rau txhua tus, cov npe ntawm cov tuam txhab xauj tsev muaj ntau haiv neeg: ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom lub club billiard, tsev noj mov, khw, thiab cov khw muag tsheb.

cov chaw lag luam muaj nyob hauv Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws sau lub tsev - nws txawm hais tias tsis zoo.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lo lus "avant-garde"

Hnub no, saib rov qab mus rau yav dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, peb cov neeg tuaj koom tuaj yeem hais txog kev lag luam zoo li kev kos duab tau hloov mus rau qhov kev taw qhia no, tias qhov zoo li ntawm Lavxias teb sab avant-garde nyob rau hauv architecture yog inevitable. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum to taub tias qhov kev tuaj txog ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev kos duab rau cov zej zog hauv ntiaj teb yog zoo li lub piano ntog ntawm koj lub taub hau - lub piano uas muaj suab nrov thiab hnyav heev …

Xyoo 1885, Fabkis thuam Théodore Duret thawj zaug siv lo lus "avant-garde" hauv kev thuam kev kos duab. Lub sij hawm yog los ntawm cov tub rog. "Vanguard" hauv Fabkis txhais tau tias "vanguard". Cov no yog cov tub rog cov tub rog uas tab tom txav ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txhawm rau rov hais dua qhov xwm txheej thiab tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam.

Thaum xub thawj, lo lus tsis tau siv hauv paus hauv kev kos duab: nws tshwm sim tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam avant-garde tsis tau hu lawv tus kheej li ntawd thiab txawm tawm tsam lo lus no. Lub sij hawm pib siv tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog lub teeb txhais tes ntawm Fabkis critic Michel, Lavxias teb sab kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th pib hu ua avant-garde. Lub npe tau pib sai sai, txawm hais tias tus tsim ntawm cov kev taw qhia tshiab tau tawm tsam nws.

Avant-garde style hauv architecture

Hnub no lub tswv yim nokoom ua ke tag nrho cov chaw sib txawv, tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv ntawm cov tsev, tab sis kuj rau painting, ntaub ntawv, thiab cinematography. Lawv txawv heev uas ib tug contradicts rau lwm tus. Yuav luag txhua yam uas tau tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog qee zaum hu ua avant-garde, cov kev taw qhia feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog kev niaj hnub, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm.

Txhua yam uas sib sau ua ke ntawm architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm avant-garde, mus rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov postulates qhov tsis lees paub ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab dogmatism. Tus daring style defies classical canons, tsis lees paub kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua zoo li tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ua ntej ib tus kws kos duab.

Late Current

Constructivism yog theem kawg ntawm avant-garde ntawm lig 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thaum qhov kev kos duab tiag tiag tshwm sim. Pib xyoo 1932, yuav luag txhua pab pawg neeg kos duab raug tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm, tag nrho tsuas yog socialist realism. Lub avant-garde nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, los yog theej, nws tom qab manifestation, kav tsawg tshaj li 12 xyoo.

Qhov tseeb, kev tsim kho vaj tse hauv architecture tau tshwm sim ua ntej: piv txwv - Eiffel Ntauwd hauv Paris thiab Crystal Palace hauv London's Hyde Park. Thawj cov qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab constructivist lub tsev belongs rau Vladimir Tatlin, ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab avant-garde.

Nyob rau xyoo 1920, nws tab tom yuav tsim ib lub monument rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Thib Peb hauv Petrograd - lub tsev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pej thuam uas yuav tshaj lub creation ntawm Eiffel los ntawm ib tug thib peb.

Style feature

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceebconstructivism tau dhau los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev, nws yog tus uas txiav txim siab nws cov tsos. Cov neeg ua raws li kev tsim kho tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo nkauj: kev yees duab, zoo nkauj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.

Lub ntsiab feature ntawm style yog qhov kev tawm tsam rau lub neej luxurious ntawm bourgeoisie nrog simplicity thiab practicality. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Russia ntawm avant-garde era. Yog tias peb tham txog lwm yam kev lag luam, tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv lub hom phiaj tshiab thiab tsis yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tseem khaws cia hauv kev sau ntawm Yekaterinburg Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Constructivism yog ib qho avant-garde tiam sis hauv Lavxias thiab ntiaj teb architecture. Nws tau tso lub cim pom ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov nroog European hauv 20-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Lub architecture ntawm sab qab teb ntawm Russia ntawm avant-garde era tsim ib tug tshiab haiv neeg, tsim tshiab kev txaus siab thiab muaj nuj nqis, piv txwv li, DK - Tsev ntawm Culture. Ib qhov chaw uas cov pej xeem Soviet tau siv sijhawm tag nrho hnub so.

Vanguard Ban

Qhov tseeb yog tias xyoo 1932 tsoomfwv tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm kev tsim cov koom haum muaj tswv yim ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam, cov kws sau ntawv, kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws tsim vaj tsev nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus zoo nkauj ntawm socialist realism, uas yog, txij li xyoo 1932, txhua yam avant-garde cov ntawv muaj. tiag ceased nyob. Nyob rau hauv Soviet kos duab thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev txwv nyob rau hauv innovation, ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tau tig tawm muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv thawj style. Qhov no tshwm sim rau ib tug yog vim li cas: nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1918 mus 1922, lub Soviet tsoom fwv, txhawb cov tshiab kos duab,officially yuav tej hauj lwm ntawm lub tshiab artists thiab muab faib rau lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub 40-50s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tom qab ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev cai txoj cai, txiav txim pib los ntawm Moscow los sau tawm tej hauj lwm tsim los ntawm avant-garde artists. Txoj hmoo ntxiv ntawm cov khoom khaws cia yog nyob ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev cia puav pheej, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau zais cov haujlwm txhawm rau khaws cia rau cov tiam tom ntej. Yog li, piv txwv li, tau ua Yekaterinburg Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts. Tab sis ib tug neeg nruj me ntsis ua raws li kev txiav txim thiab rhuav tshem txoj haujlwm. Cov paintings uas tseem muaj sia nyob tau raug txwv rau ntau xyoo thiab tsis tau nthuav tawm, txawm tias cov kws kos duab thiab cov kws kos duab keeb kwm tsis paub txog lawv txog thaum perestroika, thaum avant-garde tawm ntawm qhov nkaum thiab coj nws qhov chaw raug cai hauv keeb kwm ntawm ntiaj teb kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th..

modernism

Nyob rau hauv avant-garde ib tug yuav tsum nkag siab txog tus kws kos duab qhov kev tsis lees paub tag nrho ntawm kev zoo nkauj, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv paub thiab tsim cov tshiab. Avant-garde yog paub daws teeb meem, tsis tshua muaj sib xws nrog naturalness thiab xwm.

Kev tsis saib xyuas yog kev kos duab tshiab, qhov tsis yog daim ntawv tseem ceeb, tab sis cov ntsiab lus. Modernism, uas feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog avant-garde, transforms, txhim kho thiab ntxiv, uas yog, modernizes ib tug twb tsim lub tswv yim. Nws tsis nrhiav kev rhuav tshem kev sib txuas nrog cov canons, tab sis tsuas yog muab kev rov xav dua tshiab. Modernism preceded lub avant-garde, yog ib tug zoo nkauj ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv kos duab, thaum lub avant-garde yog ib tug tam sim no uas tawm tsam cov artistic kev lig kev cai nws tus kheej.

Modernism rov xav dua, thiab avant-garde nrhiav los tsim ib qho txuj ci los ntawm kos.

Avant-garde yug qhov twg tsis paub, tab sis keeb kwm ntawm qhov nokev vam meej tam sim no kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm kos duab ib leeg tawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thaum ntxov ua qhov pib ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev txav no.