Architect Klein: biography, tus kheej lub neej, kev sib raug zoo, cov duab ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Roman Ivanovich Klein yog tus kws kos duab Lavxias thiab Soviet, nws txoj haujlwm tau txawv los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws originality. Qhov dav thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm nws cov kev txaus siab hauv architecture ua rau nws cov neeg kawm tiav. Tau 25 xyoos, nws tau ua tiav ntau pua txoj haujlwm, sib txawv ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab hauv kev daws teeb meem.

Lub lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kws kos duab R. Klein yog Moscow Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts. Pushkin. Nws coj nws lub koob meej dav thiab lub npe ntawm kev kawm hauv architecture. Txoj kev ntawm tus neeg txawj ntse no mus rau qhov siab ntawm kev txawj ntse yog khaus thiab tsis qia dub. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog biography ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein yuav nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm.

Nws yug hauv 1858 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tub lag luam ntawm 1st guild Klein Ivan Makarovich. Leej niam ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse yav tom ntej, Emilia Ivanovna, tau kawm thiab khoom plig suab paj nruag. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam tuaj rau lawv lub tsev Moscow, nyob rau ntawm Bolshaya Dmitrovka. Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus ntawm lawv tau los ua neeg nto moo.

Hnub hmo ntawd, Roman Klein ntsib Vivien Alexander Osipovich, tus kws tsim vaj tsev. Nws yog sociable heev thiabua ke nrog tus tub nws mus xyuas kev tsim vaj tsev, piav qhia txog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho, qhia cov duab kos.

Youth Dream

Txij thaum ntawd los, tus tub hluas muaj lub siab xav los ua tus kws kos duab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws niam thiab txiv tau tawm tsam nws txoj kev npau suav. Tus thawj xav pom nws ua ib tug nkauj laus ncas, thiab tus thib ob xav hloov lub lag luam ua lag luam rau nws. Tab sis nws tau txiav txim siab tshaj tawm nws lub siab nyiam thiab tom qab ntawd ua txhua yam kom ua tiav nws.

Nyob hauv gymnasium, Klein kos tau zoo thiab muaj npe nrov los ntawm kev ua cov xibfwb qhia ntawv. Los ntawm qib 6, nws tau los ua tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Painting, Sculpture thiab Architecture. Tom qab chav kawm, nws tsis xav rov qab los tsev, qhov chaw tswj hwm nruj.

Tawm hauv tsev

Tus kws kes duab vajtse yav tom ntej Klein muaj kev ywj pheej thiab tso nws niam nws txiv, tsis kam lees lawv cov khoom siv. Nws ntseeg tias cov nyiaj ntawm nws niam nws txiv yuav txwv tsis pub nws los ua ib tus neeg muaj tswv yim. Roman xauj ib chav me me, yuav luag tsis muaj rooj tog. Nws niam tau poob siab, nws thov kom nws nqa tsawg kawg ib lub txaj ntawm nws niam nws txiv lub tsev.

Tab sis nws tsis kam thiab nqa mus rau nws lub txee dai khaub ncaws ib lub txaj pw uas yuav los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom khib nyiab. Hauv chav tsev tsuas muaj tshis ntawm daim duab kos, thiab ib lub txaj tau muab tso rau ntawm lawv. Thaum sawv ntxov, lub txaj tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub ces kaum, thiab daim duab kos tau rov qab mus rau cov tshis. Nov yog qhov novice architect ua haujlwm.

Junior draftsman

Meanwhile, Roman Ivanovich Klein tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub studio ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse, sculptor thiab painting V. I. Sherwood ua ib tug junior draftsman. Nws tab tom tsim lub tsev ntawm Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Red Square.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse yav tom ntej tau theej cov duab kos, tau txais qhov tsim nyogkev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse, kev kawm txawj txawj siv cov tswv yim architectural ntawm ancient architects nyob rau hauv niaj hnub qauv, uas tom qab manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tej yaam num.

Tom qab thawj cov nyiaj tau los, nws chav ua haujlwm pib hloov pauv. Ua ntej, cov ntaub pua plag pheej yig tau yuav los npog lub txaj, thiab tom qab ntawd tuav thiab rov qab tshwm rau ntawm lub rooj zaum ua haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd nws tau muab cov yeeb yuj damask thiab zaum ntawm qhov rais.

Raws li tus poj niam ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein nco qab, lub rooj zaum relic no yeej nyob hauv nws tus txiv lub chaw ua haujlwm, thiab nws nyiam qhia zaj dab neeg txog nws thaum nws nto moo.

Tus kws kho mob

Tom qab ua haujlwm tau ob xyoos ua tus kws sau ntawv, Klein muaj peev xwm txuag tau nyiaj los mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau Academy of Arts. Lub sij hawm ntawm kev kawm coincided nrog kev tsim kho boom uas pib nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov tsev tsev, tsev loj, tsev txhab nyiaj, khw muag khoom pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj, uas yog stylized li architecture ntawm txawv eras.

Qhov kev taw qhia hauv architecture, zoo li nws zoo li, tsis txawv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm style, thiab nws tau txais lub npe ntawm eclecticism, uas txhais tau tias "xaiv, xaiv" hauv Greek thaum ub.

Los ntawm qhov kev xav niaj hnub no, eclecticism, uas Klein yog ib tus neeg koom nrog, yog qhov tseeb, ib qho kev ywj pheej. Nws suav nrog cov khoom ntawm kos duab hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque.

Lawv tau siv los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev uas suav nrog qhov ntsuas thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev niaj hnub thiab siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev tshiab xws li pob zeb, hlau, iav. Raws li qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov nostyle, koj tuaj yeem nqa Livadia Palace hauv Crimea. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1883-85. nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein.

private bookings

Thawj tus thawj coj ntiag tug tau tsim los ntawm Klein thaum nws muaj 25 xyoo, xyoo 1887. Nws yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj me me tsis deb ntawm St. Petersburg - lub ntxa ntawm Shakhovskys. Tab sis txhawm rau ua kom tau ib nqe lus tiag tiag, yuav tsum muaj kev sib raug zoo loj. Thiab sai li sai tau muaj lub cib fim qhia nws tus kheej.

Moscow Lub Nroog Duma tau tshaj tawm kev sib tw rau kev tsim kho Red Square. Klein tau txais qhov khoom plig thib ob rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam arcade thiab yog li nyiam cov neeg siv khoom ntiag tug. Nrog lawv cov nyiaj, lawv tsim lub khw muag khoom, lub npe hu ua Middle Rows.

Cov duab ntawm qhov rais, architraves, lub ru tsev siab, cov kab no tau txuas nrog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Basil's Cathedral, sawv ntsug, thiab tau sau zoo kawg nkaus hauv cov tsev qub qub.

Architect Roman Klein ua pov thawj tias yog tus kws tshaj lij. Nws ua tiav ib lub tsev loj ntawm txoj kab nqes uas ua rau tus dej. Tam sim no nws tau txais kev txiav txim tas li.

In the 1890s

Lub sijhawm no, Klein tau tsim ntau txoj haujlwm rau kev lag luam loj hauv Moscow. Cov no yog cov tsev thiab kev cob qhia ntawm cov lag luam xws li:

• Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya manufactory.
• Vysotsky's tea-packing factory.
• Jaco's factories.
• Goujon cog.

Tib lub sijhawm, nws tab tom tsim ntau lub tsev rau ntau lub hom phiaj, ntawm lawv:

• Mansions.
• Apartment tsev.
• Gymnasium.
• Hospitals.
• Kev lag luam warehouses.
• Student residences.

Nrog tag nrho cov vaj tse uas twb muaj lawm, lawv nthuav tawm qee qhov monotony ntawm kev daws teeb meem thiab cov tswv yim zoo nkauj uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntau tus tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tab sis lub tsev tsim los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein nyob rau hauv Moscow tseem txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lawv layout yog zoo heev xav tawm, thiab lub internal qhov chaw yog rationally tsim. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem qub yog cov tsev kho mob ntawm Shelaputin thiab Morozov, qhov twg lub kaum sab xis yog npog nrog iav domes, thiab hauv qab lawv yog chav ua haujlwm ci thiab dav.

Txij thaum ntawd los, kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus kws kos duab R. Klein los ntawm cov tub lag luam Moscow tau ua tas li.

Suav tsev

Nws tshwm sim ntawm Myasnitskaya Street hauv 1896. Lub tsev txawv txawv no, tsim los ntawm Klein, tau nto moo. Txog niaj hnub no, muaj ib lub khw Tea-Coffee, uas yog nrov. Ntawm qhov insistence ntawm tus neeg muas zaub Perlov, ib tug loj tshuaj yej tub lag luam, Klein stylized tus tsim thiab facades ntawm lub sab hauv raws li ib tug ancient Tuam Tshoj.

Tib lub sijhawm, tus kws tsim vaj tsev nws tus kheej thuam nws qhov kev tsim, ceeb toom nws qhov deb-fetchedness thiab clumsiness. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsev tshuaj yej tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho tus kws tsim vaj tsev cov ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim. Suav motifs ntse teem tawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein tsis yog cia li nkaum lub cib blocks ntawm lub tsev tom qab ib tug stylish facade, tab sis hais txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub décor. Tsis ntev muaj ib lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej.

Tsev khaws puav pheej

Xyoo 1898, kev tsim kho ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau pib, uas tau los ua txoj haujlwm ntawm Roman Klein. Nws muab nws txog 16 xyoo thiab tau txais lub npe ntawm kev kawm ntawm architecture. Lub tsev tau txhim tsa nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm ib lub tuam tsev qub. Cov kab ntawm nws lub façade zoo li lub colonnade ntawm lub tuam tsev hauv Acropolis ntawm Athens. Raws li tus sau, classical style thiab ancient Greek motifs zoo tshaj plaws haum lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev no.

Thaum tsim lub façade, Ionic porticos ntawm Erechtheion raug coj los ua qauv. Nov yog ib lub tuam tsev me me nyob ze ntawm Parthenon. Txhawm rau muab cov rooj sib tham hauv keeb kwm, cov kws tsim vaj tsev tsim cov vaj tsev Greek thiab Italian, nrog rau sab xub ntiag dawb thiab Egyptian halls. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev siv ntawm xws li ib tug lub tswv yim, lub sab hauv tsim nws tus kheej thiab lub facades ntawm lub tsev tau hloov mus rau hauv thawj exhibits. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau qhib rau xyoo 1912.

Ua haujlwm ntxiv

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm ib qho ntawm Moscow xinesmas loj tshaj plaws, Coliseum ntawm Chistye Prudy, tsim los ntawm Klein, tau txawv los ntawm cov phiaj xwm tsim kom pom tseeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim ib tug semi-rotunda, uas ntse zais qhov tseeb qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev, uas organically haum rau hauv keeb kwm ib puag ncig ntawm txoj kev qub.

Lwm qhov kev nthuav dav thiab txawv txawv ntawm Klein yog Borodino Choj, uas hloov lub qub pontoon choj xyoo 1912. Klein brilliantly coped nrog lub luag hauj lwm, nws siv tus tsim ntawm hlau trusses npaj los ntawm cov engineers. Tus qauv tsim ntawm tus choj tau hais los ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm ib puas xyoo ntawm kev yeej ntawm Napoleon.

Nkaujtau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog propylea (porticos thiab txhua kab symmetrical rau axis ntawm txav) ntawm grey granite. Nyob rau sab nraud, khub obelisks tau nyob, thiab cov kev sib sau tau muab cov tsos ntawm bastions. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Klein tsim ib qhov project ntawm obelisk monuments ntawm Borodino teb.

Trading House

Ib qho ntawm qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm tus kws kos duab Klein hauv Moscow yog Lub Tsev Lag Luam, uas koom nrog kev koom tes ntawm Muir thiab Merilize, ua rau xyoo 1908. Tam sim no hauv lub tsev no muaj TSUM khw. Qhov no yog tib lub tsev lag luam hauv kev coj ua ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev, uas nws tau txhim tsa rau ntawm tus ncej hlau.

Qhov no yog kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm Asmeskas cov kws ua haujlwm. Los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub sij hawm, tus qauv yog txawv txawv lub teeb thiab siab. Nyob rau hauv nws cov facades, cov ntsiab lus xws li pob zeb cladding ntawm piers thiab loj-scale glazing tau zoo correlated. Lub tsev tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug airy thiab constructive Gothic style. Nws cov motifs tuaj yeem nyeem hauv cov profiles ntawm cornices, lub qhov rais elongated, lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub façade.

Lub khw Keppen ntawm Myasnitskaya, tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Vygotsky Hoobkas (tea-packing), nyob rau ntawm Krasnoselskaya, 57, qhov chaw Babaevskaya Hoobkas tam sim no nyob, koom rau Art. Nouveau style. Lawv kuj yog cov tshiab hauv kev kos duab.

Antique motifs

Ua tiav txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshawb fawb muaj tswv yim, tus kws tsim vaj tsev Klein rov qab mus rau cov qauv ntawm cov vaj tsev qub qub, uas nws tau saib xyuas zoo. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm no yog lub qhov ntxa ntawm Yusupovs ze Moscow,nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk nrog semicircles ntawm colonnades.

Thiab kuj yog lub koom haum Geological ntawm Mokhovaya Street. Nws lub ntsej muag kawg ntsib txoj kab liab ntawm txoj kev. Nrog nws cov façade, nws yog stylistically txuas nrog cov vaj tse nyob sib ze yos rov qab mus rau 18th-20th centuries.

Thaum xa mus rau cov classics nruj, cov khoom tsim tsim vaj tsev twb tsis raug ua txhaum cai. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tswj kom haum rau hauv lub tsev tshiab nrog nws ib txwm tact. Qhov no qhia txog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus tswv kab lis kev cai, nws cov saj ilv, uas tsis tau ntxeev siab rau nws.

xyoo tshiab

Tus kws kes duab vajtse nyob hauv Olsufevsky Lane. Tag nrho lub tsev thib ob ntawm nws lub tsev tau nyob los ntawm kev cob qhia. Lub tsev tau tsim maj mam, pib los ntawm lub tsev tsis pom kev mus rau ib lub tsev loj nrog cov khoom siv sab nrauv, pob zeb thawj thiab thib ob. Tag nrho façade tau dai kom zoo nkauj hauv Tuscan style. Tag nrho cov kev tsim uas tsim tau lub koob meej ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse tau xeeb thiab tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev-rhiav nyob rau ntawm Maiden's Field.

Tom qab xyoo 1917, tus kws kes duab vajtse Klein kuj tau thov nrog tsoomfwv tshiab. Nws ua hauj lwm mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Pushkin raws li ib tug kws kes duab vajtse, coj lub department ntawm Moscow Higher Technical School, yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm lub Northern thiab Caucasian Railways. Nws tuag hauv Moscow xyoo 1924.