Stanyukovich Konstantin Mikhailovich: biography, creativity

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, lub npe no yog inextricably txuas nrog ib hom ntawv ntawm seascapes. Nws tau dhau los ua banal kom lees paub tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kos duab muaj ob tug unsurpassed singers ntawm lub hiav txwv keeb, sib npaug ntawm cov txuj ci: nyob rau hauv painting - Ivan Aivazovsky, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv - Stanyukovich. Konstantin Mikhailovich los ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj hauv keeb kwm.

Nws yuav zoo li, nws yuav sau dab tsi ntxiv txog, tau pib ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm ua tub rog tub rog, thaum nws xav tias muaj kev xav rau kev sau ntawv muaj tswv yim? Lub caij no, nws tsis pom nws lub ntsiab lus tam sim ntawd.

Admiral tus tub

Nws tau yug los hauv 1843 hauv lub nroog uas yog tus neeg ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws Russia - hauv Sevastopol. Leej Txiv - Admiral Mikhail Nikolayevich Stanyukovich - ua tub rog tswv xeev thiab commandant ntawm lub chaw nres nkoj tub rog Sevastopol. "Thiab Admiral", raws li tus kws sau ntawv tus tub tom qab hu nws, suav hais tias kev pabcuam tub rog yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau tus txiv neej, nruj kev ua tub rog - txoj kev raug tshaj plaws.lub koom haum ntawm lub neej haum rau tsev neeg. Ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ancient noble Polish-Lithuanian tsev neeg Stankovich, nws muaj ib tug hlau yuav thiab ib tug muaj zog ua cim. Kev lag luam Maritime yog ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm tsev neeg: txawm tias nws tus poj niam, Lyubov Fedorovna, yog tus ntxhais ntawm tub rog tub rog.

Lub dynasty yuav tsum txuas ntxiv - Admiral Stanyukovich tau ntseeg qhov no. Konstantin Mikhailovich, uas los ntawm thaum yau yog ib tug cus ciav thiab ceev-witted me nyuam, los ua nyob rau hauv no hwm nws txiv lub ntsiab kev cia siab. Nws coj kev ntsuas rau kev kawm thawj zaug ntawm nws tus tub, muab rau nws ua tus cob qhia thiab tus kws qhia hauv tsev uas kawm tau zoo Ippolit Matveyevich Deba, uas tuaj ntawm St. Petersburg intelligentsia. Nws raug ntiab tawm mus ua tub rog zoo tib yam, tom qab ua haujlwm raug tshem tawm. Qhov txuas yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau lub txim tuag nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Petrashevites (1949) - lub voj voog ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas socialists coj los ntawm Mikhail Butashevich-Petrashevsky, qhov twg F. M. Dostoevsky yog Deboux tus phooj ywg hauv lub voj voog. Debu tsis instill nws radical views nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm kaum xyoo, tab sis nws instilled rau nws saj rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo.

Medal rau Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Sevastopol

Nyob rau xyoo 1853, Kev Tsov Rog Crimean tau pib, uas tau los ua lub cim ntawm cov teeb meem kev sib raug zoo hauv tebchaws Russia cuam tshuam nrog txoj cai nruab nrab ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej, uas ua rau muaj kev cia siab ntawm ntu siab ntawm cov neeg rau kev hloov kho txawm tias tom qab yeej. nyob rau hauv tsov rog ntawm 1812. Qhov no tom qab ntawd yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary zog ntawm lub 1860s, lub hwj chim ntawm Stanyukovich yuav tsis khiav. Konstantin Mikhailovich yuav ua siab ntev rau cov tswv yim hloov kho, tab sis tam sim no nws muaj 11 xyoos, thiab nws tab tom saib British mus rau Sevastopol. Fabkis pab tub rog.

Thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv lub nroog, Konstantin nrog nws txiv thiab feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg xa xov, xa tshuaj mus rau qhov chaw hnav khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam. Nws saib nrog nws tus kheej ob lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj Lavxias thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm Lub surrendering ntawm lub nroog, pom cov legendary thawj coj ntawm kev tiv thaiv - Admirals Kornilov thiab Istomin. Thaum, tom qab kev khiav tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv Fleet nyob rau hauv 1856, nws tau cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv lub St. Petersburg Page Corps, nws tau txais cov puav pheej "Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm lub Eastern War" thiab "Rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm Sevastopol" nyob rau ntawd. Raws li qhov kev thov ntawm nws txiv, uas npau suav ntawm ib tug naval hauj lwm rau nws tus tub, nyob rau hauv 1857 Stanyukovich los ua ib tug tub rog ntawm lub Naval Corps.

Kev kawg ntawm tus tub ceev xwm txoj haujlwm

Nyob rau thaum xyoo 1860, nws twb mob siab rau kev tsim cov lus. Xyoo 1859, phau ntawv journal "Northern Paj" tau luam tawm nrog nws thawj zaug luam tawm - paj huam "Tus Tub Rog Laus". Ib xyoos tom qab, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim ntawm Konstantin Mikhailovich thiab nws txiv, uas yog qhov pib ntawm kev txias txias hauv lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo, uas yuav xaus tom qab ib ntus nrog kev so tiav. Tus tub tshaj tawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab hloov mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem - mus rau St. Petersburg University, tawm tsam uas Admiral Stanyukovich sharply khoom. Konstantin Mikhailovich yuav raug yuam kom mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Kalevala corvette, nyob rau hauv cov neeg coob uas nws yuav tau cuv npe ntawm nws txiv insistence ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1860.

Tus neeg tsav nkoj qub cia siab tias nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv muaj zog cua nws tus tub lub taub hau yuav raug tshem tawm ntawm ntau yam tsis muaj tseeb, thiab Stanyukovich dynasty ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog yuav txuas ntxiv mus. Tab sis rau Constantine, kev koom tes hauvpeb xyoos mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais kev paub tshiab thiab kev xav rau koj txoj haujlwm sau ntawv. Thiab nws twb tau pib: cov ntawv tshaj tawm nrov "Hiav Txwv Sau" tshaj tawm cov ntawv thiab sau ntawv los ntawm midshipman Stanyukovich, thiab nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm spare nws nkees nkees sau nws impressions ntawm qhov nws pom thiab hnov.

Nyiaj laus

Nyob rau hauv 1864 midshipman Stanyukovich, tau kov yeej txoj kev tawm tsam ntawm nws txiv, raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub nkoj. Pib lub neej tshiab tsis yooj yim. Nws pib koom tes nrog ntau yam kev tshaj tawm - "Lub Suab", "Petersburg Leaflet", "Tswb Tswb", thiab lwm yam. Zaj dab neeg "Storm" los ntawm Konstantin Stanyukovich tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv "Hiav txwv Collection". Tab sis tsis ntev, kev sib yuav rau Lyubov Nikolaevna Artseulova ua raws li, tom qab ntawd yug ntawm nws thawj tus ntxhais, thiab cov tub ntxhais sau ntawv ntsib txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim nyog nyiaj txiag pab rau tsev neeg. Ua li no, nws ob peb zaug nkag mus rau qhov kev pabcuam hauv ntau lub tuam tsev.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj muaj tswv yim rau Stanyukovich, kev tshawb nrhiav cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txuas ntxiv mus. Txawm hais tias nws qhov kev xav ntawm kev ua tub rog, luam tawm ua ib phau ntawv cais hauv xyoo 1867 nyob rau hauv lub npe "Los ntawm kev ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb", tau ntsib nrog kev txaus siab, nws tau nce siab nrog lub siab xav sau txog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv. Nws xav tias qhov tseeb ntawm cov tswv yim qhia los ntawm cov neeg txhawb zog ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, uas tau txais ntau thiab ntau lub zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov tis radical - populism. Muaj ib zaug, nws txawm ua hauj lwm ua ib tug xib hwb hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem qis hauv ib lub zos hauv Murom koog tsev kawm ntawv.

Editor of Delo magazine

Maj mam, cov ntsiab lus marine ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau. Txij li thaum 1872, Stanyukovich pib ua hauj lwm nquag nyob rau hauv Delo magazine, thiab txij li thaum 1877, nws cov ntawv thiab feuilletons tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv txhua txhua qhov teeb meem. Ntawm lawv yog "Cov Ntawv Sau los ntawm Noble Txawv Teb Chaws" thiab "Duab ntawm Pej Xeem Lub Neej", uas coj Stanyukovich koob meej raws li kev thuam hnyav ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev muaj tiag tom qab kev hloov kho ntawm 1861. Cov ntawv tshiab "Omut" thiab "Ob Kwv Tij", luam tawm thaum ntxov 80s, tau mob siab rau cov ncauj lus zoo sib xws.

Nyob rau hauv 1880, Stanyukovich tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov editors ntawm "Delo", thiab peb xyoos tom qab - nws editor-in-chief. Nws twb muaj qee qhov hnyav thiab txoj cai ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, thiab cov tub ceev xwm thiab tub ceev xwm cov koom haum tau pom tias yog "tus neeg ntawm kev tawm tsam tsoomfwv txoj kev xav."

ntes thiab tawm mus

Thaum ntxov 80s, tus kws sau ntawv tau mus txawv tebchaws ntau zaus vim nws tus ntxhais hlob muaj mob. Nyob ntawd nws ntsib nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm nom tswv tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Russia, suav nrog cov radical tshaj plaws, cov uas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm Narodnaya Volya - cov neeg koom ncaj qha thiab cov koom haum ntawm cov neeg ua phem tawm tsam tawm tsam cov nom tswv tseem ceeb - S. Kravchinsky, V. Zasulich thiab lwm tus.

Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem khiav tawm ntawm tub ceev xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab kev sim tua neeg thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1881 ntawm Alexander II, thiab nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1884 Stanyukovich raug ntes thiab muab tso rau hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Qhov no tau tshwm sim thaum tus kws sau ntawv rov qab los ntawm txawv teb chaws, tau npaj txhij txog heev, thiab tsev neeg tsis paub txog nws qhov chaw nyob rau qee lub sijhawm. Kev nug ntev pib, xaus tsuas yog tom qabxyoo.

Kev yug dua tshiab

Xyoo 1885, tus kws sau ntawv raug xa mus rau Siberia tau peb xyoos nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas tub ceev xwm thiab nyob hauv Tomsk. Ntawm no qhov kev yug tiag tiag ntawm tus kws sau ntawv seascape tau tshwm sim. Nws ua haujlwm ntau, thiab tsim ua haujlwm nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm Siberian lub neej, tab sis lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg yog lub neej ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj.

Nws nto moo masterpieces los ntawm cov sau "Hiav txwv Tales" tshwm sim: "Tus txiv neej Overboard!", "Ntawm Pob Zeb", "Kev khiav tawm" thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg nyeem thiab cov neeg thuam thuam tau sau tseg tias Stanyukovich cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg tsis yog nrog tus ntsuj plig xwb. ntawm hiav txwv romance, qhov tseeb thiab kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj yog tib neeg tus cwj pwm, kev ntshaw rau kev ncaj ncees, mloog rau cov txiv neej.

Nws tsis yog xav xwb, nws nyob hauv marine life

Tom qab rov qab los ntawm kev raug ntiab tawm hauv xyoo 1888, Stanyukovich tau txais kev txaus siab hauv lub nroog, tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tiav zoo ntawm nws Hiav Txwv Tales. Ob tus neeg tsav nkoj thiab cov kws sau ntawv hais lus zoo txog nws cov khoom sau. Lub qub zoo li tus masterful depiction ntawm nyuaj marine lub neej, lub tom kawg - ib tug meej thiab intelligible lus, lub amazing novelty ntawm zaj duab xis txav. Xws li cov dab neeg xws li "Tus txiv neej Overboard!", "Ntawm Cov Phooj Ywg", "Kev Tuag ntawm Hawk", thiab lwm yam, tau sau tseg rau qhov tseeb ntawm tib neeg cov cim, qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm lub neej. Lawv yog cov neeg nyob uas qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog nyob ntawm keeb kwm lossis kev kawm.

tawm tswv yim zoo ntawm cov dab neegStanyukovich tau muab tso rau hauv kev tshaj tawm ntawm ntau yam kev nom kev tswv. "Maximka", "American Duel", "Ib tug neeg Lavxias teb sab tiag tiag" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm pom kev nkag siab ntawm cov Slavophiles, uas qhuas cov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lawv rau lub siab ncaj ncees zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg tsav nkoj. Kev ua siab zoo, kev ua siab loj thiab kev ua siab zoo ntawm lawv tus ntsuj plig tau muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseeb rau lawv. "Lub Jack ntawm Lub Siab", "Rau Thaj Av Faraway", raws li lwm tus, muaj qhov siab ntawm tus ntsuj plig, uas yog cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig thoob ntiaj teb. Lub tswv yim dav dav yog hais txog kev kawm thiab kev kawm tus nqi ntawm Stanyukovich's prose.

cuab yeej cuab tam thiab nco

Lub xyoo dhau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv lub neej tau muaj kev sib zog ua haujlwm, kev hwm los ntawm cov npoj yaig, kev hlub los ntawm cov nyeem, kev mob thiab kev poob ntawm cov neeg hlub. Konstantin Mikhailovich Stanyukovich, uas nws biography tseem txuas nrog Russia los ntawm thawj mus rau lub xeem ua pa, tuag nyob rau hauv Naples, nyob rau hauv 1903.

Nws tsis suav tias yog ib tus neeg txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau theem ntawm Tolstoy, Dostoevsky lossis Chekhov, tab sis tsis muaj Stanyukovich lub hiav txwv cua hais lus, Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xyoo pua 19th yuav poob ntau ntawm nws qhov dav thiab ntau yam. Thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov neeg laus thiab cov me nyuam nyiam nws, cov yeeb yaj kiab yog tsim los ntawm cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg pleev kob zoo nkauj seascape, thiab hnub no lawv caw cov neeg tsav nkoj yav tom ntej mus rau hauv hiav txwv.