Konstantin Makovsky: lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab. Konstantin Makovsky: zoo tshaj plaws paintings, biography

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov ntawv sau txog tus kws kos duab Makovsky Konstantin niaj hnub no tsis pom tseeb los ntawm nws tus tij laug Vladimir, tus neeg sawv cev paub zoo ntawm Wanderers. Txawm li cas los xij, Konstantin tau tso qhov cim pom hauv kev kos duab, ua tus neeg pleev kob loj, ywj siab.

Makovsky Tsev Neeg

lub xeem Makovsky yog paub zoo nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kos duab. Leej txiv ntawm tsev neeg, Yegor Ivanovich Makovsky, yog ib tug nto moo artist nyob rau hauv Moscow, amateur artist. Nws tau teeb tsa "Natural School" rau cov neeg pleev kob, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub npe hu ua Moscow Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Painting, Sculpture thiab Architecture.

Lub siab muaj tswv yim yeej ib txwm kav hauv tsev neeg thiab nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tag nrho peb tus menyuam ntawm Yegor Ivanovich tau los ua yeeb yam. Lub tsev feem ntau tuaj xyuas cov phooj ywg ntawm leej txiv - cov kws ua yeeb yam Karl Bryullov thiab Vasily Tropinin, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsib tus kws sau ntawv Gogol, tus neeg ua yeeb yam Shchepkin, tus sau Glinka ntawm no. Cov ntawv nyeem thiab suab paj nruag yav tsaus ntuj tau teem caij tas li hauv tsev neeg, thiab muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev kos duab. Tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov menyuam yaus. Cov neeg laus Konstantin Makovsky tau hais tias nrog nws txoj kev vam meej hauv kev pleev xim nwstshuav nws tus txiv xwb, tus muaj peev xwm instill instill in him an indestructible love for art.

Muaj peb tus menyuam hauv tsev neeg: tus tub hlob Konstantin, tus ntxhais Alexandra thiab tus yau - Vladimir. Cov kev nplua nuj nyob hauv tsev neeg yog tus me me, tab sis kev tswj hwm tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev kos duab tau them nyiaj rau txhua qhov kev tsis txaus siab hauv tsev.

Konstantin thaum yau

Los ntawm thaum yau, Konstantin Makovsky tau raus hauv kev kos duab, qhov tseeb, nws tsis paub lwm lub neej, thiab nws tau destined xaiv txoj kev ntawm ib tug neeg pleev kob. Txhua tus menyuam hauv tsev neeg pib kos duab ntxov heev.

Kostya, ua thawj tus menyuam hauv tsev neeg, pib los ntawm kev nyob ib sab ntawm nws txiv thiab nws cov phooj ywg, thaum lawv sib tham txog kev kos duab thiab lawv cov tswv yim, pom cov duab kos thiab duab. Tag nrho cov no ua rau lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj thiab nyiam ntawm tus tub.

Nrhiav khoom siv tes ua

Xyoo 1851, Konstantin Makovsky nkag mus rau nws txiv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting, duab puab thiab architecture. Nws cov neeg cob qhia nyob ntawd - V. Tropinin, M. Scotty, S. Zaryanko, A. Mokritsky. Ntawm no, tau xya xyoo, ib tug kws kos duab tsim los ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub nrog nws tus kheej, thawj saib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab qhia nws lub hauv paus ntawm pictorial art.

Nws yog thawj tus menyuam kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm, tau txais txhua yam khoom plig. Nyob rau hauv 1858, Konstantin nkag mus rau lub Academy ntawm Arts nyob rau hauv St. Thaum nws kawm, nws tsis tu ncua nthuav tawm nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Academy lub rooj nthuav qhia txhua xyoo thiab txawm tau txais Grand Gold Medal rau nws txoj haujlwm "Dmitry tus neeg ua yeeb yam tua neeg Boris Godunov tus tub."

Xyoo 1862, Makovsky pib nrhiavnws txoj hauv kev kos duab, raws li kev kawm zoo li tho txawv thiab dhau mus rau nws.

Txoj Kev hauv Art

Konstantin Makovsky (cov duab kos duab, biography ntawm tus kws kos duab tau nthuav tawm hauv peb tsab xov xwm) tab tom nrhiav nws tus kheej style, nws xav qhia nws lub ntiaj teb sab hauv. Xyoo 1863, nws, nrog rau kaum peb lwm tus kws ua yeeb yam tau xaiv los koom rau hauv kev sib tw rau Great Gold Medal ntawm Academy of Arts, tsis kam pleev xim ib daim duab ntawm lub ntsiab lus pom zoo los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.

Nws yuav tsum tau tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab Makovsky yeej tsis muaj peev xwm tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj kev kawm. Qhov xwm txheej no tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua "Riot of the Fourteen". Qhov kev tawm tsam yog tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam xav kom tau txais kev ywj pheej thiab sau ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus pub dawb, tab sis Academy tsis xav ntsib lawv ib nrab. Qhov tseeb, nws yog ib qho kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov shackles ntawm kev kawm txuj ci thiab yog lub cim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab ntawm kev muaj tiag, uas Konstantin Makovsky yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau xyoo 1863 tus kws kos duab koom nrog I. Kramskoy pawg thiab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv tshiab ntawm kev pleev xim txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv 1870, Makovsky tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj thiab ideological inspirers ntawm lub creation ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Traveling Artists thiab ua hauj lwm nyuaj, piav txog lub scenes ntawm lub neej txhua hnub.

Nws tau nthuav tawm nws txoj haujlwm ob qho tib si ntawm kev nthuav qhia kev kawm thiab hauv tuam txhab nrog Wanderers. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, Makovsky los ua ib tug nrov heev sau ntawm salon portraits thiab paintings ntawm keeb kwm kawm. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1889 nws tau txais ib tug Grand Gold Medal nyob rau hauv ib tug kos duab exhibition nyob rau hauv Paris rau ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm.

Cov khoom ntawm Makovsky txhuam yog keeb kwm scenes, lub neej ntawm cov neeg, lub neej txhua hnub. Nws pleev xim rau cov cim 'cov khaub ncaws thiab chaw nrog kev hlub thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm haiv neeg. Thaum kawg ntawm 80s, tus kws kos duab tau hloov mus rau keeb kwm kev kawm, pleev xim rau cov duab ntxaws ntxaws, piv txwv li, "Boyar Wedding Feast nyob rau xyoo pua 17th", uas tau nrov heev nrog cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg thuam. Nws kuj tau tsim ntau cov duab ntawm ntau tus neeg.

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm Konstantin Makovsky muaj txog li ib puas daim duab, ntawm lawv ntau ntau daim duab loj, epic canvases (hnub no lawv tau tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom ntiag tug thiab tsev khaws puav pheej thoob ntiaj teb). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau koom nrog kev tsim lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Kua khoom

Konstantin Makovsky, uas nws cov duab kos yog tam sim no qhov khoom ntawm cov neeg sau khoom, nws tus kheej yog tus sau zoo. Nws tau txais txoj kev mob siab rau no los ntawm nws txiv, uas nyiam ntau yam kev kos duab thiab cov khoom qub.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab hauv cov lus: "zoo nkauj qub txeeg qub teg". Txaus siab rau cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm, nws tau sau ntau yam khoom siv thiab khoom siv, khaub ncaws, nrog rau txhua yam uas nyiam cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj.

Thaum lub sijhawm mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, Makovsky taug kev ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm Lavxias teb sab hinterland, yuav khoom hauv tsev thiab khaub ncaws. Ib qho kev mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntxiv rau kev sau ntau yam khoom ntawm lub neej oriental, ntaub pua plag, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab khaub ncaws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, los ntawm 80s, tus kws kos duab lub tsev yog ntau duantsia zoo li lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntau dua li tib neeg lub tsev.

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sau feem ntau yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov duab kos. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm "Boyar tshoob tsiab peb caug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th", cov neeg thuam hais txog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws coincidence ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog cov keeb kwm costume thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Makovsky yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg sau khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab nws cov dej num ua rau muaj kev npau taws rau kev sau ntawm bohemians thiab bourgeois.

Konstantin Egorovich zoo siab heev ntawm nws cov khoom sau, nws tau pom nws zoo siab thiab muab khoom rau ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws kos duab, kev sib tw tau tsim, uas tso 1,100 yam khoom, vim tias tus poj ntsuam tau txais ntau dua li ib nrab lab rubles, thiab cov khoom tau mus rau cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov neeg ntiag tug thiab tsev cia puav pheej. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev sau tau raug ua txhaum, thiab Makovsky txoj haujlwm ntau xyoo mus pov tseg.

ua haujlwm zoo tshaj

Konstantin Makovsky, cov duab zoo tshaj plaws, biography, uas tseem yog qhov khoom ntawm kev kawm los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab, tau tso tseg cov keeb kwm zoo. Ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog: "Kev tuag ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai", "Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Boyar Morozov", "Bulgarian Martyrs", "Minin ntawm Nizhny Novgorod Fair", "Kev xaiv ntawm tus nkauj nyab los ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich".

Lub neej ntiag tug ntawm tus kws kos duab

Konstantin Makovsky tau mus ncig ntau, nyob hauv Paris rau qee lub sijhawm, mus xyuas Africa peb zaug, thiab txhua yam no txhawb nqa nws txoj haujlwm, uas ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov yam ntxwv. Modernism tshwm sim. Rau nws txoj kev ua yeeb yam zoo, Makovsky tau txais qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Legion of Honour thiab St. Anne.

Tus kws kos duab tau sib yuav peb zaug. Thawj tus poj niam tuag ntawm tuberculosis, thiab nws sib nrauj zaum ob. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws muaj cuaj tus me nyuam, ntawm cov uas muaj cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov kab lis kev cai.

Cuaj hlis 30, raws li tus qauv tshiab ntawm xyoo 1915, lub tsheb ciav hlau tsoo ib tug txiv neej - qhov no yog li cas Konstantin Makovsky xaus nws txoj kev taug. Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab tseem nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting raws li nplooj ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntawm realism.