Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels: "Manifesto of the Communist Party"

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

"Manifesto of the Communist Party" - cov hauj lwm nto moo Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov kws sau ntawv tau piav qhia txog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm cov koom haum ua nom tswv, uas nyob rau xyoo 1848, thaum txoj haujlwm no tau sau, tsuas yog tshwm sim. Rau Marxists, qhov no yog ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev cog lus

Lub "Manifesto of the Communist Party" yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab tias hauv txoj haujlwm no cov kws sau ntawv tau sib cav tias tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm noob neej txog qhov no tau tsom mus rau kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau pawg. Raws li Marx thiab Engels, kev tuag ntawm capitalism ntawm tes ntawm proletariat yog inevitable nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Vim li ntawd, lub zej zog communist uas tsis muaj chav kawm yuav raug tsim, thiab txhua yam khoom yuav raug rau pej xeem.

Karl Marx hauv "Manifesto of the Communist Party" tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm qhov tsis muaj peev xwm hloov pauv cov qauv tsim khoom thiab cov cai ntawm kev loj hlob hauv zej zog. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv daim ntawv cog lus no yog nyob los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas kom ntxawstxhua yam tsis yog Marxist txoj kev xav ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, nrog rau cov lus qhia uas cov kws sau ntawv hu ua pseudo-socialist. Piv txwv li, lawv thuam cov khoom ntiag tug, thaum lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug tsis tsim nyog txuas rau txhua tus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Marx hauv txoj haujlwm no hu rau cov neeg communist qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg proletariat, uas nyob txhua qhov chaw txhawb nqa kev hloov pauv hloov pauv txhawm rau rhuav tshem cov kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo tam sim no. Nws kuj tau sau tseg tias lawv tab tom nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev pom zoo ntawm ob tog kev ywj pheej ntawm ntau lub tebchaws.

thawj lo lus ntawm "Communist Manifesto" dhau los ua tis.

Ib tug dab haunts Europe - dab ntawm communism. Txhua lub zog ntawm cov teb chaws Europe qub tau sib sau ua ke rau kev tsim txom dawb ceev ntawm tus dab no: pope thiab tsar, Metternich thiab Guizot, Fabkis radicals thiab German tub ceev xwm.

Nws tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv London xyoo 1848, tom qab ntawd nws tau rov luam tawm dua, thaum tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau nws. Nyob rau hauv 1872, Friedrich Engels, nyob rau hauv lub preface rau lub tom ntej no tsab ntawm lub Communist Manifesto, sau tseg tias cov treatise tau ua ib tug keeb kwm ntaub ntawv, uas tsis muaj leej twg muaj cai hloov.

History of Creation

Txoj hauj lwm no tau sau los ntawm Marx thiab Engels sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum tshaj tawm "Union of the Just", uas tau teeb tsa hauv tebchaws Askiv los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw German. Thaum cov kws sau ntawv tau koom nrog nws, lub koom haum tau hloov npe hu ua Union of Communists.

BXyoo 1847, thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm Union tau tshwm sim, uas Engels tau qhia kom kos cov ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab cuam rau lub koom haum. Interestingly, qhov no yog Ameslikas hu ua "Lub Communist Creed Project".

Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws tau raug tsim los ntawm lub rooj sib tham thib ob. Nws dhau los ua qhov kev pab cuam ntawm lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb ntawm lub revolutionary proletariat. Marx ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm "Manifesto of the Communist Party" thaum ntxov 1848, thaum nws nyob hauv Belgium.

Edition of the manifesto

Nws yog thawj zaug luam tawm tsis qhia npe hauv London. Cov haujlwm tau luam tawm ua lus German. Nws yog phau ntawv npog ntsuab nrog 23 nplooj.

Lub Peb Hlis, cov ntawv tau luam tawm los ntawm German émigré cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab hnub tom qab, Marx raug ntiab tawm ntawm Belgium los ntawm tub ceev xwm.

Ntxim qab kawg, cov lus ua ntej tau sau tseg tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm yuav tsum tau luam tawm ua ntau hom lus. Tsis ntev no yuav muaj kev txhais lus hauv Danish, Polish, Swedish thiab Askiv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub preface ntawm lus Askiv tsab, tawm los ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab socialist Helen Macfarlane, uas luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub pseudonym Howard Morton, cov npe ntawm cov sau phau ntawv manifesto thawj lub npe. Yav tas los, lawv tseem tsis tau paub.

Pobulary

Thaum kev hloov pauv thoob plaws tebchaws nyob rau xyoo 1848, txoj haujlwm no tau nrov heev. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev muaj tiag, ob peb muaj lub sijhawm los paub txog nws, yog li nws tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej. Kev zam suav nrogkom lub npe tsuas yog lub nroog German ntawm Cologne, uas muaj cov ntawv xov xwm hauv zos tau tshaj tawm thoob plaws, qhuas txog cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Communist ntawm Karl Marx hauv txhua txoj hauv kev.

Cov paj laum ntau hauv cov lus cog tseg tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1870, thaum Thawj International thiab Paris Commune pib lawv cov haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, "Manifesto of the Communist Party" ntawm Karl Marx tau tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem tawm tsam Social Democratic Party ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Cov lus foob tau nyeem cov ntsiab lus los ntawm nws.

Tom qab ntawd, raws li kev cai lij choj German, nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau ua tiav. Xyoo 1872, Marx thiab Engels tau npaj ib tsab ntawv tshiab sai sai hauv German. Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej no, cuaj tsab tau luam tawm ua rau yam lus. Xyoo 1872, tus kws sau ntawv Victoria Woodhull tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug hauv Asmeskas.

Kev faib tawm

Tawm los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws, cov koom haum kev ywj pheej tau pib nthuav tawm cov lus tshaj tawm. Interestingly, Engels, nyob rau hauv lub preface rau cov lus Askiv tsab nyob rau hauv 1888, tau sau hais tias lawv cov hauj lwm qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm niaj hnub kev txav, los ua ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov hauj lwm ntawm socialist cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no. Txoj haujlwm no tau lees paub los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm California mus rau Siberia.

Lub treatise yog thawj zaug txhais ua Lavxias teb sab los ntawm anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, uas yog ib tug npoj yaig ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Thawj International. Nyob rau hauv 1869, Lavxias teb sab version ntawm treatise tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm lub Kolokol magazine.

Hauv xyoo 1882, tsab thib ob tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib qhov chaw, txhais los ntawm Georgy Plekhanov. Nws twb muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb preface nyob rau hauv uas Marx thiabEngels sim teb cov lus nug ntawm seb lub zej zog Lavxias puas muaj peev xwm txav mus rau hauv daim ntawv Communist ntawm kev ua tswv cuab thoob ntiaj teb, hla lub peev txheej, uas txhua lub teb chaws ntawm Western Europe mus dhau.

Thawj tsab ntawm lub manifesto hauv Ukrainian tau npaj los ntawm tus kws sau Lesya Ukrainka.

Kev sib tw

Tau kawg, lub sijhawm dhau los, kev ncig ntawm lub manifesto tau dhau los ua qhov loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv USSR. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm. Nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Soviet Union los ntawm 1973 muaj 447 tsab ntawm cov haujlwm no nrog rau tag nrho cov kev xa tawm ntawm yuav luag 24 lab luam.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st txoj hauj lwm ntawm Marx thiab Engels tau txais kev txaus siab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 2012 lub British edition tau nrog ib tug foreword los ntawm historian, ib tug Marxist los ntawm kev txiav txim, Eric Hobsbawm. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2010, ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm no treatise tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Canada los ntawm ib tug publishing tsev uas tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv publishing radical keeb kwm ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm manga los yog comics.

Cov ntsiab lus tshaj tawm

Daim Ntawv Qhia Communist muaj plaub tshooj. Thawj yog hu ua "Bourgeois thiab Proletarians", thiab thib ob - "Proletarians thiab Communists".

Tshooj thib peb - "Socialist thiab communist cov ntaub ntawv" - muab faib ua ob peb ntu. Cov no yog "Reactionary Socialism", "Conservative los yog Bourgeois Socialism", "Critically Utopian Socialism thiab Communism".

Tshooj kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm no hu ua "Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg communist rau ntau yamCov tog neeg tawm tsam".

Kev tsis lees paub kev peev txheej

Kev tsis lees paub cov neeg muaj peev txheej yog ib lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev cog lus no. Qhov kev pab cuam rau kev hloov mus rau kev tsim kev sib raug zoo hauv tebchaws yog muab nyob rau hauv tshooj thib ob. Cov kws sau ntawv hais tias txhua yam yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev quab yuam, tus yuam sij yuav yog kev tsim tsa kev tswj hwm ntawm cov proletariat.

Txoj kev hloov pauv nws tus kheej muaj kaum lub ntsiab lus, lossis theem. Cov no yog qhov expropriation ntawm cov cuab yeej, kev taw qhia txog kev nce qib se, kev txeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tshem tawm cov cai qub txeeg qub teg, kev kawm dawb ntawm cov menyuam yaus, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, kev loj hlob ntawm tus lej. ntawm lub xeev kev lag luam, kev taw qhia txog kev yuam ua hauj lwm rau tag nrho cov, lub centralization ntawm credit nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov tsev txhab nyiaj.

Marx thiab Engels hauv lawv cov lus cog tseg tau xav tias los ntawm kev ua lag luam kev lag luam, kev tswj hwm ntawm proletariat yuav tso nws tus kheej, muab txoj hauv kev rau "kev koom tes ntawm tib neeg". Txawm li cas los xij, tus sau tsis sau dab tsi txog nws.