Nkauj kho siab. Keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, nrov salons ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ua haujlwm niaj hnub salons

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ntau yam kev sau ntawv thiab cov voj voog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Russia rau ntau lub sijhawm. Thaum ntxov li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim, thawj lub voj voog pib tshwm sim.

History of tshwm sim

Nyob rau hauv peb caug xyoo, ib lub voj voog tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Av Gentry Corps tau tshwm sim - qhov no yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tub rog uas cov tub ntxhais kawm raug txhawb kom lawv nyiam cov ntawv nyeem thiab tib neeg.

Tib lub sijhawm, lwm lub koom haum tau tshwm sim, suav nrog kev sau ntawv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv I. I. Shuvalov. Nws pib nws txoj hauj lwm raws li tus nyiam ntawm Empress Elizabeth, nws muaj nuj nqis rau nws txoj kev tsis txaus siab, kev ncaj ncees thiab kev nkag siab. Nws yog Shuvalov uas tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm M. V. Lomonosov, uas tau tsim lub Moscow University thiab Academy of Arts. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus huab tais, uas yog nws patroness, Shuvalov so haujlwm ntawm lub xeev thiab mob siab rau ntau lub sij hawm mus ncig teb chaws, kos duab thiab nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv salon ntawm tus kws sau ntawv I. I. Shuvalov sau cov neeg sawv cev ci ntsa iab ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntawv nyeem, philologists, neeg txhais lus, kws sau paj huam. G. R. Derzhavin, I. Bogdanovich, I. Dmitriev yog cov tsis tu ncua.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua thib kaum yim tsis txwv rau kev sib tham txog cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb, tib neeg kuj tau koom nrog hauv lub koom haum ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab qee zaum ob peb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv Moscow, tus kws sau paj lug M. M. Kheraskov tsim ib lub voj voog, uas suav nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Moscow University. Los ntawm 1760 lawv tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv xov xwm hu ua Kev Lom Zem Zoo, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm phau ntawv xov xwm, Leisure Teev. Nyob rau hauv lub seventies, lub voj voog tau luam tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Hmo ntuj". Pab neeg no suav nrog D. I. Fonvizin.

Nyob rau xyoo 70-80, thaum pej xeem lub neej tau ua haujlwm ntau dua nrog kev hloov kho ntawm Catherine II, ua tsaug rau cov neeg nyob hauv nroog thiab cov nom tswv tau txais ntau yam txiaj ntsig, suav nrog txoj cai rau kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Cov kev hloov pauv no kuj tau ua rau muaj kev nce qib ntawm kab lis kev cai, tshwj xeeb, ntau lub koom haum sau ntawv tshiab tau tshwm sim. Lub Rooj Sib Tham Dawb ntawm Lavxias Lavxias tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1771, Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Cov Tub Kawm Ntawv ntawm Moscow University Boarding School - hauv 1787.

Xyoo 1779, lub koom haum Masonic, uas suav nrog cov kws qhia ntawv xws li I. G. Schwartz thiab N. I. Novikov, tau tsim lub Koom Haum Zoo Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij los ntawm Moscow University. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub zej zog yog los pab cov txiv hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam, rau qhov no lawv pib txhais thiab luam tawm cov phau ntawv ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Xyoo 1784 yog cim los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm "Lub Tuam Txhab Luam Ntawv", uas tau coj los ntawm N. I. Novikov. Ua tsaug rau lub tsev luam ntawv no thiab cov zej zog nws tus kheej, ntau phau ntawv Lavxias tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.

Kev txhim kho ntxiv

Literary salons nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th twb ua lub luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, enlighteners thiab cov neeg sau ntawv muaj zog sib cav txog ntau txoj hauv kev uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem mus. Lub sijhawm no, muaj kev sib cav ntawm cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "archaic" lus thiab cov neeg koom nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab. Thawj suav nrog A. A. Shakhovskaya thiab A. S. Shishkov, qhov thib ob - N. M. Karamzin. Ntau hom kev sau ntawv tau nthuav dav sai. Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo yog xav tsis thoob: sentimentalism thiab classicism coexist nyob rau hauv nws, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm romanticism yog yug los. Qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas paub txog kev ua nom ua tswv tau loj hlob, kev xav tau nyob hauv huab cua hais txog qhov xav tau rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj txhua qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm serfdom. Yog li, qhov kev ua ntawm kev sau ntawv lub voj voog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo tau tshwm sim tsis yog hauv cov lus nug zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev nom kev tswv.

phooj ywg Literary Society

Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw sau ntawv hauv Moscow thaum ntxov xyoo pua 19th yog "Tus phooj ywg Literary Society". Tus thawj coj yog ib pab tub ntxhais hluas uas kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab Moscow University, ntawm lawv yog cov kwv tij Alexander thiab Andrei Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky thiab lwm tus. Andrei Turgenev nyob rau hauvNyob rau hauv 1797, ib tug sau ntawv sau lub voj voog tau tsim, nyob rau hauv 1801 nws tau los ua ib tug neeg sau ntawv. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog no feem ntau tau luam tawm nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv "Sawv ntxov kaj ntug" - phau ntawv journal ntawm University boarding school. Feem ntau, cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm kws sau paj lug, neeg sau xov xwm thiab tus txhais lus A. F. Voeikov. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog kev sau ntawv no tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ntxiv dag zog rau lub teb chaws txoj cai hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Rau qee qhov, lawv tau txhawb nqa Karamzin kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev hais lus, tab sis suav tias nws tsis yog rau kev lees txais cov qauv txawv teb chaws, thiab qhov no, hauv lawv lub tswv yim, yog qhov Karamzin tau ua. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, txoj haujlwm ntawm ob tog tau dhau los ua ze dua.

Nyob hauv St. Petersburg

Literary salons ntawm St. Petersburg kuj tseem ceeb heev rau pej xeem lub neej. Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub zej zog muaj zog heev ua haujlwm ntawm no, uas yog hu ua "Tus phooj ywg Society of Lovers of Fine Art." Tom qab ntawd, lub npe tau hloov mus rau "Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences thiab Arts". Lub voj voog no tau tsim los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab kws sau ntawv I. M. Born. Cov kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb, kws ua yeeb yam, archaeologists, sculptors, historians thiab txawm tias cov pov thawj yog cov tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev kos duab thiab kev sau ntawv. Kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog sib txawv heev. Thaum xub thawj, lub zej zog tuaj nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm A. N. Radishchev, vim hais tias ntawm cov tswv cuab yog ob tug ntawm cov kws sau ntawv cov tub, yog li tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub voj voog gravitated rau classic ntaub ntawv. Thiab txawm hais tias dhau sij hawm qhov kev xav thiab kev xav hauv zej zog tau hloov pauv ntau, qhov no tsis tau tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev ua tiav kom txog thaum 1825.xyoo, txawm tias tau so ntev hauv kev ua haujlwm.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Qee qhov chaw sau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. (nws thawj ib nrab) tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua, muaj ntau influential voj voog hu ua "Kev sib tham ntawm Lovers ntawm Lavxias teb sab lo lus", uas ua hauj lwm los ntawm 1811 txog 1816, thiab "Arzamas", uas tau pib nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1815 thiab xaus nws nyob rau hauv 1811. 1818. Cov zej zog no sawv cev diametrically tawm tsam kev xav hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv thiab tau nyob rau hauv kev sib cav tsis tu ncua. "Kev sib tham" tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau ntawv A. S. Shishkov, nws kuj yog tus thawj coj ntawm "archaistic" kev taw qhia hauv cov ntaub ntawv (Yu. N. Tynyanov tau qhia cov lus xws li "archaists"). Nyob rau hauv 1803, Shishkov tau thuam Karamzin txoj kev hloov kho thiab tau thov nws tus kheej, uas qhia txog ib txoj kab ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv, nrog rau kev siv cov lus pej xeem thiab cov lus qub es tsis txhob qiv cov lus txawv teb chaws. Shishkov tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lwm cov tswv cuab ntawm nws lub voj voog, xws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg laus xws li I. A. Krylov, G. R. Derzhavin, A. A. Shakhovskoy, N. I. Gnedich (tus neeg txhais lus nto moo ntawm Iliad), thiab tom qab ntawd lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav, suav nrog V. K. Kuchelbeker thiab A. S. Griboedov..

Karamzin tsis ntshai ntawm Russification ntawm ntau lo lus qiv los ntawm txawv teb chaws, thiab qhia txog lub teeb, kev sib tham hauv Lavxias cov ntawv nyeem. Nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tau koom nrog lub npe nrovCov neeg sau ntawv hu ua "Arzamas". Nws tshwm sim tom qab tso tawm ntawm comedy "Lipetsk Waters, los yog ib tug Lesson rau Coquettes", tus sau uas yog A. A. Shakhovsky, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm "Kev Sib Tham". Ntev ntev adherents ntawm Karamzin lub tswv yim, thiab txawm cov neeg uas ib zaug tsis nyiam cov tswv yim, los ua Arzamas cov neeg nyob. Lub zej zog muaj ntau tus kws sau paj huam, uas Yu. N. Tynyanov hu ua "innovators": K. N. Batyushkov, P. A. Vyazemsky, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin thiab nws txiv ntxawm. Qhov tseeb lom zem: txhua tus Arzamas muaj lub npe menyuam yaus ua si. Piv txwv li, Zhukovsky tau hu ua Svetlana (yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog nws nto moo ballad), thiab Alexander Turgenev hu ua Aeolian Harp. Nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus no vim nws yws yws hauv nws lub plab tas li.

kev xav

Tau qee lub sijhawm, keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv sau tseg tsis yog keeb kwm ntawm kev koom tes ntawm cov duab rau kev sib tham txog kev kos duab. Ntau tus neeg hauv zej zog kev sau ntawv tau koom ua ke tsis yog los ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev xav txog kev nom kev tswv. Qhov no tau pom meej meej hauv cov zej zog kev sau ntawv thaum tig ntawm 10s thiab 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshwm sim no tau txuam nrog Decembrist zog. Piv txwv li, lub teeb ntsuab ntsuab, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1819 nyob rau hauv St. Vsevolozhsky, ib tug zoo connoisseur thiab connoisseur ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. "Green Teeb" muaj ntau yamenlighteners thiab sau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, xws li A. A. Delvig thiab A. S. Pushkin. Ntawm cov rooj sib tham hauv zej zog, tsis yog tsuas yog kev sau ntawv thiab kev ua yeeb yaj kiab thawj zaug tau tham, tab sis kuj muaj cov ntawv xov xwm, thiab kev sib tham txog kev nom kev tswv.

Lwm lub voj voog kev sau ntawv - Lub Koom Haum Dawb ntawm Cov Neeg nyiam sau ntawv Lavxias. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Moscow University hauv 1811 thiab suav nrog ntau tus neeg Decembrists, xws li K. F. Ryleev, V. K. Kuchelbeker, A. A. Bestuzhev, F. N. Glinka.

Twenties

Ntau xyoo nruab nrab yog cim los ntawm kev hloov pauv loj hauv kev sib raug zoo. Alexander kuv tsis kam lees qhov kev hloov kho uas nws tau txiav txim siab rau ob xyoo dhau los. Txoj cai tswjfwm hauv tebchaws tau dhau los ua nruj dua, kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov kws tshaj lij kev ywj pheej tab tom pib, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab tau nce zuj zus, thiab txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv uas ua raws txhua lub hom phiaj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm zej zog kuj nyuaj.

Lub koom haum loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws sau ntawv xyoo no yog Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev Ntseeg. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1823 los ntawm cov kawm tiav Moscow University, thiab lub hom phiaj yog mus kawm ntawv nyeem thiab kev xav. Ib tug ntawm cov ideological kev tshoov siab yog D. V. Venevitinov, kws sau paj lug thiab philosopher, V. F. Odoevsky thiab I. V. Kirievsky, thaum lub sij hawm tseem tsuas yog ib tug kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv, uas tom qab ntawd los ua ib tug txhawb nqa ntawm lub Slavophiles. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog cov tub ntxhais hluas kws tshawb fawb uas tom qab ntawd los ua xibfwb - M. P. Pogodin thiab S. P. Shevyrev. Cov rooj sib tham hauv zej zog tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm philosopher Venevitinov. Cov koom haum koom siab tiag tiagWestern lub tswv yim tau kawm, cov hauj lwm ntawm Kant, Spinoza thiab Fichte tau kawm, tab sis cov tswv yim ntawm German philosopher F. Schelling muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov tswv yim ua rau muaj kev xav zoo heev rau tag nrho tiam neeg ntawm 20s thiab 30s, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kev xav ntawm Slavophiles, uas nyuam qhuav tshwm sim rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Lub voj voog tau hu ua Society of Philosophy, uas ua tim khawv tsis yog tsuas yog rau kev txaus siab ntawm kev xav hauv kev xav, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai thiab kev xav. V. F. Odoevsky, ua ke nrog V. K. Kuchelbecker, luam tawm ib tug almanac nyob rau hauv lub npe "Mnemosyne" nyob rau hauv 1824 thiab 1825. Nws luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau tus tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Philosophy.

Mid-Century

Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, kev nom kev tswv ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv tau nthuav tawm ntau dua. Piv txwv li, lub voj voog, uas tau ntsib rau hnub Friday ntawm Butashevich-Petrashevsky, muaj cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov kws sau ntawv (ntawm lawv yog M. E. S altykov-Shchedrin thiab F. M. Dostoevsky), tab sis lub hauv paus ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm lub zej zog no tsis yog ntau cov lus nug ntawm cov ntawv nyeem raws li cov teeb meem. ntawm cov teeb meem social-political. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog no tau nyeem thiab sib tham txog tej hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg xav txog kev xav, thiab tau mob siab rau cov hauj lwm ntawm Charles Fourier. Lawv kuj tau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau pib tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv. Lub sijhawm no, kev sau ntawv thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog tau sib cuam tshuam. Lub zej zog raug rhuav tshem los ntawm ib qho kev iab liam tawm tsam cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog, suav nrog F. M. Dostoevsky.

Sixties

Reform thisxyoo dhau los radically hloov qhov xwm txheej hauv lub xeev. Lub cib fim rau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav tau nce zuj zus, muaj kev txhawb nqa ntau dua hauv kev sib raug zoo (ob leeg liberal thiab kiv puag ncig). Daim ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab, vim tias ntau tus neeg thuam thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau pib tsis lees paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm "dawb huv". Ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm lub voj voog nrhiav tsis yog sau ntawv, tab sis cov hom phiaj hloov pauv. Cov chaw kho mob ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm rau qee qhov ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawv. Lub chaw kho mob ntawm Sovremennik magazine tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua neej nyob.

End of the century

Thaum kawg ntawm 19th thiab pib ntawm 20th centuries. nrhiav kev tshiab hauv kev kos duab. Nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no uas muaj coob tus neeg sau ntawv koom haum thiab lub voj voog tshwm sim. Nyob rau xyoo 1980 thiab 1990, cov kws sau ntawv St. Petersburg tau ntsib hnub Fridays ntawm Ya. P. Polonsky's. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv thiab kws ntaus suab paj nruag tau sib sau ua ke ntawm cov rooj sib tham txhua lub lim tiam no. Nyob rau hauv 1898, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, cov collections tau tsiv mus rau lub tsev ntawm nws tus phooj ywg K. K. Sluchevsky. Txawm tias muaj hnub nyoog ntawm tus tswv tsev, tsis tsuas yog nws cov phooj ywg tau tshwm sim hauv zej zog, tab sis kuj muaj ntau tus kws sau paj huam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tiam. N. S. Gumilyov kuj tau kho Sluchevsky nrog kev hwm thiab tuaj koom hnub Friday yav tsaus ntuj.

pib ntawm ib puas xyoo tshiab

Nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum, cov qauv tshiab hauv kev kos duab tshwm sim, thiab, ntxiv rau, muaj kev txhawb siab ntawm cov koom haum sau ntawv thiab cov khw. Qhov no yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov uas tau cog lus rau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv, nrog rau kev xav ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv sib sau ua ke kom sib pauv tswv yim. Lub neej "decadent" thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua tshiab, uas nws tus kheej tau los ua ib qho haujlwm zoo ntawm kev kos duab, kuj tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev txhawb siab ntawm salons. Txij li thaum 1901, nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Zinaida Gippius thiab D. Mereshkovsky nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, lub sij hawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm ib tug kev cai dab qhuas thiab philosophical txoj kev npaj, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv coj zoo nyob rau hauv lub "Kev cai dab qhuas thiab Philosophical Society". Lub npe ntawm lub koom haum no eloquently qhia txog lawv lub hom phiaj: kev daws teeb meem ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog tau koom nrog kev sib tham thiab tshawb nrhiav cov ntseeg tshiab, muaj kev sib tham ntawm cov thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg thiab cov neeg txawj ntse hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov neeg sau ntawv lawv tus kheej. Lawv kuj tau xav txog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub zej zog - Gippius thiab Mereshkovsky, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub trilogy ntawm lub tom kawg, uas yog hu ua "Christ thiab Antichrist".

"Wednesdays" Ivanov

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo, kev xav thiab kev sau ntawv lub neej thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tau ua si los ntawm "Wednesdays" los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Vyacheslav Ivanov. Xyoo 1905, Symbolist tau nyob hauv St. Petersburg ntawm Tavricheskaya Street. Ib feem ntawm lub tsev no hu ua "towers". Cov rooj sib tham rau hnub Wednesday tau tshwm sim ntau xyoo, xws li cov kws sau ntawv Lavxias xws li Andrei Bely, Mikhail Kuzmin, Alexander Blok, Fedor Sologub tau koom nrog lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tsis yog yav tsaus ntuj sau ntawv xwb - paj huam, philosophical thiab keeb kwm ua haujlwm tau tham hauv zej zog no. Ouija séances kuj muaj nyob ntawm no.

Ob tsab

Thiab thaum lub sijhawm no, cov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tau ua siib lub luag haujlwm. Lawv kuj yog ib yam ntawm cov koom haum sau ntawv, kws kos duab, sau ntawv thiab cov neeg thuam tau ntsib ntawm no. Cov editors ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Apollo" thiab "Vesy" tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sawv tawm. Ntawm lwm yam kev sau ntawv, kuj muaj cov koom haum. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1911, N. S. Gumilyov, uas yav tas los mus xyuas Ivanov lub "Wednesdays" thiab lub editorial chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm "Vesy", tsim lub "Poets 'Rhiav" haiv neeg. Raws li lub npe no, cov kws sau ntawv uas tau mus dhau qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm Symbolists koom ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv tsim ib qho kev sau ntawv tag nrho - acmeism.

Xyoo 1914, ib haiv neeg pib sib sau ua ke ntawm Moscow chav tsev ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thuam E. F. Nikitina, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub npe hu ua "Nikitinsky Subbotniks". Nws ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1933. Philologists, artists thiab sau ntawv, suab paj nruag, professors thiab txawj ntse kawm tiav ntawm lub peev lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ntsib nyob rau hauv no suab paj nruas thiab sau ntawv salon. Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam tau koom nrog thaj chaw sib txawv.

Txawm hais tias qhov chaw sau ntawv hauv lub xyoo pua 19th tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab koom ua ke cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, txhua yam no tau xaus tom qab xyoo 1917 kiv puag ncig. Kev ua tsov ua rog hauv zej zog thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm ntau tus neeg muaj txuj ci kev coj noj coj ua - qhov no tau cuam tshuam qhov kawg rau cov neeg sau ntawv feem ntau.

Peb hnub

Kev nyiam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tsis ploj mus, txhais tau tias tib neeg tseem nyiam tham txog phau ntawv. Tam sim no tib neeg muaj lub sijhawm los siv Internet, muaj ntau lub voj voog nyob hauvNetworks. Piv txwv li, kev sau ntawv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Elena Rush tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lawv. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1948 nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug artist, tab sis nws pib sau lig heev, tab sis nws tso tawm peb collections ntawm cov dab neeg luv luv. Cov ntaub ntawv sau cia ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Elena Rush tau ua tiav kev ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo, txhua tus tuaj yeem mus rau qhov kev pabcuam hauv Internet no.

Kev sib tham sib txuas nrog tib neeg los ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv lub tebchaws, yog li nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov neeg nyiam phau ntawv tsim cov koom haum nyiam ntawm no thiab. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov sau ntawv salon "Book Pages". Lub zej zog no tau qhib hauv Odnoklassniki social network thiab muaj yuav luag ib puas txhiab tus neeg siv. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem tham txog phau ntawv, qhia koj lub tswv yim, koom nrog kev sib tham. Txhua hnub, cov thawj coj tshaj tawm cov lus nthuav tawm thiab cov ntsiab lus los ntawm ntau yam haujlwm. Ntawm chav kawm, kev sau ntawv salon "Nplooj ntawv ntawm Phau Ntawv" tsis yog tib tug. Muaj lwm cov zej zog zoo sib xws hauv kev sib tham. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas lub tsev sau ntawv yam tsis tau tawm hauv tsev!