Alexander Herzen: biography, cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev sau ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Russian keeb kwm yog tag nrho ntawm cov devotees uas npaj txhij tso lawv lub neej rau lawv lub tswv yim.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (1812-1870) yog thawj Lavxias teb sab socialist uas tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib luag thiab kev ua kwv tij. Thiab txawm hais tias nws tsis tau koom tes ncaj qha rau hauv cov kev ua ub no, nws yog cov uas npaj av rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Westernizers, tom qab ntawd nws tau tsis txaus siab nrog cov tswv yim ntawm European txoj kev ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Russia, tsiv mus rau qhov opposite camp thiab tau los ua tus tsim ntawm lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv peb keeb kwm - populism.

Cov ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Alexander Herzen tau sib txuas nrog cov duab ntawm Lavxias thiab lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig xws li Ogaryov, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, nws pheej sim nrhiav txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los txhim kho tib neeg kom ncaj ncees. Tab sis nws yog precisely lub ardent kev hlub rau ib tug tib neeg, selfless kev pab cuam rau lub xaiv lub hom phiaj - qhov no yog dab tsi Alexander Ivanovich Herzen yeej kev hwm ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Biography thiabkev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yuav ua rau tus nyeem ntawv paub txog tus neeg xav paub Lavxias zoo dua. Tom qab tag nrho, tsuas yog hauv peb lub cim xeeb lawv tuaj yeem nyob mus ib txhis thiab txuas ntxiv cuam tshuam lub siab.

Gerzen Alexander Ivanovich: biography ntawm Lavxias teb sab xav

A. I. Herzen yog tus tub tsis raug cai ntawm tus tswv av nplua nuj Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev thiab tus ntxhais ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom, 16-xyoo-laus German Henrietta Haag. Vim hais tias kev sib yuav tsis tau sau npe, leej txiv tuaj nrog nws tus tub lub npe. Nws txhais tau tias "tus me nyuam ntawm lub siab" ua lus German.

Tus tshaj tawm thiab sau yav tom ntej tau coj los rau hauv nws txiv ntxawm lub tsev ntawm Tverskoy Boulevard (tam sim no nws nyob hauv Gorky Literary Institute).

Txij thaum yau nws pib ntxhov siab los ntawm "kev ywj pheej-hlub kev npau suav", uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob - tus kws qhia ntawv, I. E. Protopopov, tau qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm rau cov paj huam ntawm Pushkin, Ryleev, Busho. Cov tswv yim ntawm Fabkis Revolution tau tas li nyob rau hauv huab cua ntawm Alexander lub chav kawm. Twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, Herzen tau los ua phooj ywg nrog Ogaryov, ua ke lawv tau npaj los hloov lub ntiaj teb. Kev tawm tsam Decembrist ua rau muaj kev xav tsis zoo rau cov phooj ywg, tom qab ntawd lawv tau tua hluav taws nrog kev tawm tsam thiab cog lus los tuav txoj kev ywj pheej thiab cov kwv tij mus txog thaum kawg ntawm lawv lub neej.

Phau ntawv ntawm Fab Kis Kev Txawj Ntse yog Alexander cov phau ntawv txhua hnub - nws nyeem ntau Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. Nws tsis dhau los ntawm German romanticism thaum ntxov - Goethe thiab Schiller tej hauj lwm tau teeb tsa nws lub siab nyiam.

Universityncig

Xyoo 1829, Alexander Herzen nkag mus hauv Moscow University hauv chav haujlwm ntawm physics thiab lej. Thiab nyob ntawd nws tsis koom nrog nws tus phooj ywg thaum yau Ogaryov, nrog rau lawv sai sai tau teeb tsa ib lub voj voog ntawm tib neeg lub siab. Nws kuj suav nrog tus kws sau keeb kwm yav dhau los uas paub zoo V. Passek thiab tus txhais lus N. Ketcher. Ntawm lawv cov rooj sib tham, cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog tau sib tham txog cov tswv yim ntawm Saint-Simonism, kev sib luag ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug - feem ntau, cov no yog thawj socialists hauv Russia.

Malovskaya dab neeg

Kev qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau qeeb thiab tsis paub. Ob peb tus kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem qhia cov kws qhia txog cov tswv yim zoo ntawm German kev xav. Herzen nrhiav lub qhov hluav taws xob rau nws lub zog los ntawm kev koom nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv pranks. Nyob rau hauv 1831 nws tau koom nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "Malov zaj dab neeg", nyob rau hauv uas Lermontov kuj coj ib feem. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tshem tus xibfwb ntawm kev ua txhaum cai los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Raws li Alexander Ivanovich nws tus kheej tom qab nco qab, Malov M. Ya yog ib tug kws tshaj lij, ruam thiab tsis tau kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm saib tsis taus nws thiab qhib siab luag rau nws hauv kev qhuab qhia. Cov neeg tawm tsam tau tawm yooj yim heev rau lawv txoj kev dag - lawv tau siv ob peb hnub hauv kev rau txim ntawm tes.

thawj link

Cov dej num ntawm Herzen tus phooj ywg lub voj voog muaj tus cwj pwm tsis ncaj ncees, tab sis Imperial Chancellery pom hauv lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau lub hwj chim. Xyoo 1834, txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum no raug ntes thiab raug ntiab tawm. Herzen tau ua thawj zaug hauv Perm, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau raug xaiv los ua haujlwm hauv Vyatka. Nyob ntawd nws npajib tug exhibition ntawm tej hauj lwm hauv zos, uas muab Zhukovsky ib tug yog vim li cas rau thov rau nws hloov mus rau Vladimir. Muaj Herzen coj nws tus nkauj nyab los ntawm Moscow. Cov hnub no tau dhau los ua qhov ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws thiab zoo siab tshaj plaws hauv lub neej ntxhov siab ntawm tus kws sau ntawv.

Kev sib cais ntawm Lavxias teb sab xav rau hauv Slavophiles thiab Westerners

Xyoo 1840 Alexander Herzen rov qab los rau Moscow. Ntawm no txoj hmoo tau coj nws mus ua ke nrog kev sau ntawv lub voj voog ntawm Belinsky, uas tau tshaj tawm thiab nquag tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm Hegelianism. Nrog rau Lavxias teb sab kev txaus siab thiab intransigence, cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog no pom cov tswv yim ntawm German philosopher txog qhov kev xav ntawm txhua qhov tseeb me ntsis ib sab. Txawm li cas los xij, Herzen nws tus kheej, los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Hegel, kos cov lus xaus. Yog li ntawd, lub voj voog tau tawg mus rau hauv Slavophiles, uas nws cov thawj coj yog Kirievsky thiab Khomyakov, thiab Westerners, uas koom ua ke nyob ib ncig ntawm Herzen thiab Ogaryov. Txawm hais tias qhov kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb rau yav tom ntej ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Russia, ob leeg tau koom ua ke los ntawm kev hlub tiag tiag, tsis yog los ntawm kev hlub tsis pom kev rau Lavxias teb sab xeev, tab sis ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog ntawm cov neeg. Raws li Herzen tau sau tom qab ntawd, lawv zoo li ob lub ntsej muag Janus, nws lub ntsej muag tau tig mus rau qhov sib txawv, thiab lub plawv dhia tib yam.

Kev tawg ntawm lub tswv yim

Gerzen Alexander Ivanovich, uas nws biography twb tag nrho ntawm nquag tsiv, siv sij hawm ib nrab ntawm nws lub neej sab nraum Russia. Xyoo 1846, tus kws sau ntawv txiv tuag, tawm hauv Herzen ib qho qub txeeg qub teg. Qhov no tau muab sijhawm rau Alexander Ivanovich mus ncigTeb chaws Europe. Qhov kev mus ncig radically hloov tus sau txoj kev xav. Nws cov phooj ywg sab hnub poob xav tsis thoob thaum lawv nyeem Herzen cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Otechestvennye Zapiski, hu ua "Leters from Avenue Marigny," uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub npe hu ua "Leters from France and Italy." Qhov pom tseeb tawm tsam bourgeois tus cwj pwm ntawm cov ntawv no tau ua tim khawv tias tus kws sau ntawv poob siab rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Western cov tswv yim. Thaum pom qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm cov saw hlau ntawm kev hloov pauv uas tau tawg thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1848-1849, lub npe hu ua "caij nplooj ntoo hlav ntawm cov neeg", nws pib tsim txoj kev xav ntawm "Lavxias teb sab socialism", uas tau muab lub neej rau txoj kev tshiab hauv Lavxias teb sab philosophical. xav - populism.

New Philosophy

Nyob Fab Kis teb, Alexander Herzen tau los ze rau Proudhon, uas nws pib tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Lub suab ntawm Cov Neeg". Tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam radical, nws tsiv mus rau Switzerland, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Nice, qhov chaw nws tau ntsib Garibaldi, tus naas ej fighter rau kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg Italian. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm tsab ntawv "Los ntawm Lwm Lub Nkoj" yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no, uas cov tswv yim tshiab tau txheeb xyuas, uas Alexander Ivanovich Herzen tau nqa mus. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis txaus siab rau tus kws sau ntawv lawm, thiab Herzen thaum kawg tau hais lus zoo rau nws txoj kev ntseeg siab. Nws pib xav txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov teb chaws Europe qub thiab lub peev xwm loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb Slavic, uas yuav tsum coj cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo rau lub neej.

A. I. Herzen - Lavxias teb sab publicist

Tom qab nws tus poj niam tuag, Herzen tsiv musLondon, qhov chaw nws pib tshaj tawm nws cov ntawv xov xwm nto moo The Tswb. Cov ntawv xov xwm nyiam qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Tom qab ntawd nws txoj kev ncig pib poob, kev tawm tsam ntawm Polish uprising ntawm 1863 tau muaj zog tshwj xeeb rau nws cov koob meej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Herzen lub tswv yim tsis pom kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov radicals lossis cov kev ywj pheej: rau yav dhau los, lawv tau hloov mus rau nruab nrab, thiab rau yav tom ntej, dhau lawm radical. Xyoo 1865, tsoomfwv Lavxias tau hais tawm tsam nws tus Huab tais huab tais ntawm Askiv kom cov neeg kho ntawm Lub Tswb raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tebchaws. Alexander Herzen thiab nws cov koom tes raug yuam kom tsiv mus rau Switzerland.

Herzen tuag vim mob ntsws hauv xyoo 1870 hauv Paris, qhov chaw nws tuaj ua lag luam hauv tsev neeg.

Keeb Kwm Literary

Phau Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm Alexander Ivanovich Herzen muaj ntau cov ntawv sau hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws. Tab sis cov phau ntawv coj nws lub koob meej tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txoj haujlwm kawg ntawm nws lub neej tag nrho, Yav dhau los thiab Kev Xav. Alexander Herzen nws tus kheej, uas nws biography tej zaum kuj ua unthinkable zigzags, hu ua txoj hauj lwm no ib tug lees txim uas ua rau muaj ntau yam ntawm "kev xav ntawm kev xav." Qhov no yog ib tug synthesis ntawm journalism, memoirs, literary portraits thiab keeb kwm chronicles. Tshaj qhov tshiab "Leej twg yuav liam?" tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm tau rau xyoo. Cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib txig sib luag ntawm cov poj niam thiab txiv neej, kev sib raug zoo hauv kev sib yuav, kev kawm, nws tawm tswv yim los daws cov hauj lwm no nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tswv yim siab ntawm tib neeg. Nws kuj tau sau cov ntawv dab neeg zoo nkauj "Tus Thieving Magpie", "Tus Kws Kho Mob Krupov", "Kev Txhaum Cai rau.ib khob ntawm grog", "dab ntxwg nyoog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm" thiab lwm yam.

Tej zaum tsis muaj ib tus neeg kawm ntawv uas, tsawg kawg los ntawm cov lus hais, tsis paub tias Alexander Herzen yog leej twg. Phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Brockhaus thiab Efron phau ntawv txhais lus, thiab koj yeej tsis paub dab tsi lwm qhov chaw! Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom paub nrog tus kws sau ntawv los ntawm nws cov ntawv - nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv tias nws tus cwj pwm nce mus rau nws qhov siab.