Hom kev kos duab thiab kos duab: cov ntaub ntawv kos duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev kos duab thiab kos duab yog ob qho kev qhia hauv kev kos duab zoo. Txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv: cov txheej txheem, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Hom kev kos duab thiab pleev xim, qhov zoo thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab, nrog rau nws cov khoom zoo nkauj nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv kos duab uas tus kws kos duab siv.

Kev kos duab thiab kos duab: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv?

Kev kos duab yog hom duab, uas yog xim dub-thiab-dawb lossis xim duab ntawm daim ntawv, duab los qhia, ua los ntawm tes. Lub tswv yim no suav nrog ob qho tib si kos duab yooj yim lossis kos duab, thiab cov duab kos duab siv qhov kev xav. Rau kev kos duab siv cov ntaub ntawv xws li:

• plain graphite mem hluav;
• xaum xim;
• xov cwjmem;
• ink, number case (siv rau daim ntawv nrog cwj mem lossis cwj mem);
• sanguine;
• coal.

Kev kos duab, tsis zoo li kev pleev xim, muaj daim ntawv thov dav dua. Daim duab hauv qab no qhia cov duab ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv y. Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm no pab cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub kawm kom nkag siab zoo dua cov lej sib npaug thiab lawv cov kev siv tau zoo.

miv kos duab

Ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab zoo yog qhov yooj yimxaum. Lawv pheej yig. Tsis tas yuav muaj kev txawj tuav tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm hardness, lawv muab faib ua 3 hom: mos (M, M2 los yog B, B2), nruab nrab nyuaj (TM los yog BH) thiab nyuaj (T, T2 los yog H, H2). Nrog ib tug cwj mem, koj tuaj yeem tsim txhua yam kev kos duab: los ntawm daim duab kos mus rau cov duab thaij duab.

Yuav siv li cas kom raug? Gennady Lee, hauv nws phau ntawv Fundamentals of Academic Drawing, qhia cov kws ua yeeb yam tshiab kom siv cov cwj mem mos (M2). Qhov no qhia koj kom muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm thiab ua tib zoo ua kom zoo dua. Lawv kawm kos kab thiab strokes nrog lub teeb txav, NW nyuam qhuav kov ntawm daim ntawv. Ib qho graphite trace yog yooj yim dua los lwv nrog ib tug eraser los yog nag (soft eraser). Txawm tias me ntsis siab ua rau cov kab tsaus thiab thicker. Cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov xav tau ntawm cov suab nrov uas siv cov cwj mem nyuaj tshaj plaws (T2).

miv txheej txheem

Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog xaum yog muab rau cov txheej txheem tua - hatching. Contours siv tsis yog nrog cov kab ntev, tab sis nrog luv strokes. Kuj hatching darken chaw ntawm ib daim ntawv. Nws yuav tsum qhia tsis tau tsuas yog lub suab, tab sis kuj zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Hauv qhov no, cov kab tau muab tso rau tib lub sijhawm thiab nruj rau ib leeg.

Daim duab qhia cov duab qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv lej nyuaj, uas tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia yam tsis tau siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, yam tsis tau coj koj txhais tes tawm ntawm daim ntawv. Qhov no tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm kev siv luv luv strokes rau daim duab. Tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm cov kab yooj yim, ovals lossis sinusoids uas txhua yam khoom pom muaj.

Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov xaum xim, cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem siv tib yam li cov graphite yooj yim. Qhov txawv tseem ceeb yog cov duab kos xim.

Felt-tip cwjmem

Cov kab ci ntsa iab nrog cov qia tawv uas tawm hauv cov xim nplua nuj ntawm daim ntawv tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj dab tsi sau txog lawv nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv kos duab qub. Cov kab ntawv thov nrog ib tus cwj mem-ntsuab muaj ib qho greasy cim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau saum npoo, tab sis kuj nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis haum rau pleev xim rau thaj chaw loj. Nws yog siv rau qhov tseem ceeb, xoob xim shading.

Felt-tip cwjmem yog siv thaum koj xav tau los tsim ib daim duab kos npe, cov ntawv sau. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev kos duab kos duab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yuav tsum kos ob peb kab ntawm lawv uas tso saib cov haujlwm sib txawv lossis suav cov txiaj ntsig.

Tus ciav dej thiab cov cwj mem ballpoint, uas siv tus cwj mem thiab tus cwj mem ua cov xim xim, tsis yog siv hauv kev sau ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog kos duab. Hais txog lawv lub peev xwm, lawv tsis yog qis dua rau xaum, tab sis lawv muaj qee qhov nta. Ink thiab number case poob rau ntawm daim ntawv los yog duab los qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug sib xws kab, tsis hais lub zog ntawm lub siab. Qhov ntawd yog, lub suab tsis hloov. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis tshua siv thaum tsim cov duab peb sab. Tab sis lawv tsim nyog rau hom kev kos duab xws li kos duab thiab kos duab.

Ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej, koj tuaj yeem siv ib daim ntawv, txawm tias sau ntawv. Tus cwj mem yog siv tau yooj yim yam tsis khawb daim ntawv, uas feem ntau tshwm sim thaum ua haujlwm nrog ntsesharpened mem hluav.

Sangina, thee

Sangina yog ib hom av nplaum. Cov nplaum yog tsim los ntawm nws thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm. Nws muaj xim liab lossis xim av-xim av.

Charcoal muab xim dub. Nws yog tau los ntawm roasting birch los yog aspen twigs nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw kiln. Nias charcoal yog tsim los ntawm charcoal yooj yim.

Txawm hais tias qhov no yog ob yam khoom sib txawv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tiav thiab hom kev kos duab tau txais nrog lawv cov kev pab yog tib yam. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim rau cov kws ua yeeb yam siv ob qho tib si ntawm tib daim ntawv ntawm cov duab los qhia nrog rau cov chalk. Yog li ntawd cov duab tsis crumble, nws yog kho nrog tshwj xeeb fixative adhesives. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv no kom zoo, vim nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov kos. Txawm tias ib tug nag yuav tsis pab, thiab cov lwv yuav tsuas smear txhua yam rau hauv ib qho av nkos. Saib hauv qab no seb daim duab ua los ntawm charcoal lossis sanguine zoo li cas.

Painting: cuab yeej, khoom siv, txheej txheem

Hauv kev pleev xim, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog txhuam, thiab cov khoom siv yog cov xim dej, gouache, acrylic lossis xim roj. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm 3, 6, 9, 12 lossis ntau xim. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov xim ntawm qhov xav tau ntxoov ntxoo, lawv sib xyaw rau ntawm palette. Ib tug palette yog ib tug yas los yog ntoo board nrog notches thiab ib tug ntiv tes qhov. Yog tias tsis muaj cov khoom zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem siv lub phaj plooj (porcelain) hloov.

Cov duab no yog siv rau daim duab los qhia, daim duab kos duab lossis canvas. Thaum siv cov roj pleev xim, lawv yog primed nrog tshwj xeeb gypsum-based compounds.

Yuav

Qhov no yog xim av. Peculiarityntawm cov khoom siv kos duab no yog tias nws yuav luag pob tshab. Siv nws rau daim duab los yog daim ntawv nrog squirrel plaub hau txhuam. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov xim dej: ntawm daim ntawv qhuav lossis ntub dej.

Txawm tias ib tug me nyuam yaus uas khaws txhuam hniav thawj zaug tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm daim duab los yog daim ntawv qhuav. Ib daim duab yog siv nrog ib tug cwj mem yooj yim. Feem ntau, nyob rau theem no ntawm kev ua haujlwm, xws li hom duab kos duab thiab kos duab yog siv. Ua ntej pleev xim rau thaj chaw teeb, tom qab ntawd cov tsaus nti. Qhov no yog ua kom cov xim tsis sib tov. Qhov yuam kev raug kho los ntawm kev taug qab daim ntawv nrog daim txhuam cev lossis txhuam txhuam hauv dej.

Kev kos duab rau ntawm daim ntawv ntub yog qhov nyuaj dua. Tsuas yog ib tus kws kos duab uas muaj kev paub dhau los nrog cov xim dej tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem no. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias cov khoom zoo li stains ntawm cov xim, yuav luag pob tshab ua si ntawm lub teeb. Ua li no, cov xim yog siv nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, maj mam darkening qhov sib thooj. Cov khoom dawb tsis pleev xim rau.

Gouache

Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog cov xim gouache, txhuam nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog siv. Nws nteg nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm opaque txheej. Nws yog siv rau daim ntawv los yog cardboard. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog gouache yog tib yam li thaum ua hauj lwm nrog watercolor rau ntawm daim ntawv qhuav, tab sis nrog ib co peculiarities. Txij li nws yog opaque, xim sib txawv tuaj yeem siv rau cov xim txheej. Ntau gouache nyob rau hauv daim duab, nrog rau kev ua yuam kev thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm, yog tshem tawm nrog ib tug scraper (lub ces kaum ntawm tus pas ntsuas yuav ua) los yog ib tug ntub txhuam. Siv rau hauv ib txheej tuab, nwstawg thaum qhuav. Yog tsis muab tshem tawm, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem poob.

Qhuav gouache nyob rau hauv ib lub hub yog diluted nrog dej mus rau ib tug creamy sib xws. Txij li cov xim sai sai ploj mus rau hauv lub hnub, so tawm, cov duab zoo li no yuav tsum tau dai rau hauv qhov chaw nkag tsis tau rau lub hnub ci ncaj qha hauv qab iav.

Oil paint

Feem ntau ntawm cov duab hauv Hermitage thiab Tretyakov Gallery yog pleev xim rau hauv cov roj. Qhov zoo ntawm cov xim roj yog tias nws xyaum tsis ploj hauv lub hnub, tab sis nws qhuav rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nws tuaj yeem siv tau ob qho tib si taw tes, thaum strokes ntawm cov xim sib txawv tau muab tso rau ntawm ib sab, thiab hauv txheej. Qhov yuam kev thiab (lossis) cov xim ntau dhau raug tshem tawm nrog rab riam palette. Ib rab riam palette yog ib qho tshwj xeeb spatula. Qee zaum nws yog siv rau kev pleev xim. Nws muab qhov txawv txav ntawm kev kos duab thaum nws nteg hauv cov blocks.

Siv tsis tsuas yog tuab, tab sis kuj ua kua roj pleev xim. Yuav kom nyias nyias, ntxiv zaub roj (sunflower, pob kws, linseed, thiab lwm yam). Thov nws hauv txheej. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua txoj kev glazing. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm daim duab zoo li cas, ua li no yog "Moonlight Night on the Dnieper" los ntawm A. I. Kuindzhi. Lub hli zoo li ci.

Ib qho roj pleev xim yuav siv li ib xyoos kom qhuav. Yog tias siv txoj kev glazing, ces txhua txheej dries txog li rau lub hlis. Cov txheej txheem ziab tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua los ntawm kev ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj rau cov xim, xws li turpentine lossis ntxhia dab. Tom qab ntawd cov xim yuav qhuav tawm hauv 2-3 hnub, thiab saum npoodaim duab yuav ua matte. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov chaw ntawm qhov tawg thaum ziab, nws yog npog nrog cov ntaub ntub dej.

Acrylic xim

Acrylic xim yog cov khoom siv kos duab niaj hnub. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov neeg ua yeeb yam tsim cov duab kos uas nyob ze rau hauv lawv cov duab nraaj rau kev yees duab, nrog rau tib lub meej meej thiab ci ntsa iab. Lawv qhuav sai. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog acrylics, tib txoj kev siv raws li thaum ua hauj lwm nrog roj.

Cov kws kos duab, nrog rau cov khoom siv ib txwm siv, siv niaj hnub, sib xyaw ua ke. Dab tsi ntawm cov duab kos tau txais nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tau los txiav txim siab thiab piav qhia. Piv txwv li, ib tug watercolor tseem muaj sia nyob, qhov twg contours ntawm cov khoom yog highlighted nrog ib tug xav-tip cwj mem. Cov khoom siv kos duab twg tau siv los pleev xim rau daim duab? Dab tsi ntawm cov duab kos tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi? Tab sis nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev yuav ua li cas thiab nrog dab tsi kos, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias kev kos duab coj kev zoo siab tsis yog rau tus kws kos duab, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg tuaj saib.